1
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Chen WY, Mei ZG, Ward L, Cauilan V, Wen J, Zaluzec NJ, Monsen B, Yacout AM, Li M. Computer Vision-aided in situ TEM Studies of Microstructure Evolution under Irradiation. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1495. [PMID: 37613834 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ying Chen
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Zhi-Gang Mei
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Logan Ward
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Vincent Cauilan
- University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | | | - Brandon Monsen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Meimei Li
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
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2
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Durham DB, Aabrar KA, Ravindran PV, Zaluzec NJ, Stan L, Khan AI, Datta S, Guha S, Phatak C. Quantitative Electrostatic Potential Mapping in Dense Polycrystalline Functional Materials and Devices. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:280-281. [PMID: 37613148 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Durham
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Khandker Akif Aabrar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Liliana Stan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Asif Islam Khan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suman Datta
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Supratik Guha
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
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3
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Utschig LM, Zaluzec NJ, Malavath T, Ponomarenko NS, Tiede DM. Solar water splitting Pt-nanoparticle photosystem I thylakoid systems: Catalyst identification, location and oligomeric structure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2023; 1864:148974. [PMID: 37001790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic conversion of light energy into chemical energy occurs in sheet-like membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids and is mediated by large integral membrane protein-pigment complexes called reaction centers (RCs). Oxygenic photosynthesis of higher plants, cyanobacteria and algae requires the symbiotic linking of two RCs, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), to split water and assimilate carbon dioxide. Worldwide there is a large research investment in developing RC-based hybrids that utilize the highly evolved solar energy conversion capabilities of RCs to power catalytic reactions for solar fuel generation. Of particular interest is the solar-powered production of H2, a clean and renewable energy source that can replace carbon-based fossil fuels and help provide for ever-increasing global energy demands. Recently, we developed thylakoid membrane hybrids with abiotic catalysts and demonstrated that photosynthetic Z-scheme electron flow from the light-driven water oxidation at PSII can drive H2 production from PSI. One of these hybrid systems was created by self-assembling Pt-nanoparticles (PtNPs) with the stromal subunits of PSI that extend beyond the membrane plane in both spinach and cyanobacterial thylakoids. Using PtNPs as site-specific probe molecules, we report the electron microscopic (EM) imaging of oligomeric structure, location and organization of PSI in thylakoid membranes and provide the first direct visualization of photosynthetic Z-scheme solar water-splitting biohybrids for clean H2 production.
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4
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Luo Y, Paunesku T, Antipova O, Liu Y, Zaluzec NJ, Di Z, Woloschak G, Chen S. A reliable workflow for improving nanoscale X-ray fluorescence tomographic analysis on nanoparticle-treated HeLa cells. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfac025. [PMID: 35751648 PMCID: PMC9434635 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) tomography provides powerful characterization capabilities in evaluating elemental distribution and differentiating their inter- and intra-cellular interactions in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Scanning XRF tomography encounters practical challenges from the sample itself, where the range of rotation angles is limited by geometric constraints, involving sample substrates or nearby features either blocking or converging into the field of view. This study aims to develop a reliable and efficient workflow that can (1) expand the experimental window for nanoscale tomographic analysis of local areas of interest within a laterally extended specimen, and (2) bridge 3D analysis at micrometer and nanoscales on the same specimen. We demonstrate the workflow using a specimen of HeLa cells exposed to iron oxide core and titanium dioxide shell (Fe3O4/TiO2) nanocomposites. The workflow utilizes iterative and multiscale XRF data collection with intermediate sample processing by focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation between measurements at different length scales. Initial assessment combined with precise sample manipulation via FIB allows direct removal of sample regions that are obstacles to both incident X-ray beam and outgoing XRF signals, which considerably improves the subsequent nanoscale tomography analysis. This multiscale analysis workflow has advanced bio-nanotechnology studies by providing deep insights into the interaction between nanocomposites and single cells at a subcellular level as well as statistical assessments from measuring a population of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Luo
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Olga Antipova
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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5
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Chapovetsky A, Kennedy RM, Witzke R, Wegener EC, Dogan F, Patel P, Ferrandon M, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Rui N, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Zaluzec NJ, Yu L, Wen J, Johnson C, Jenks CJ, Kropf AJ, Liu C, Delferro M, Kaphan DM. Lithium-Ion Battery Materials as Tunable, “Redox Non-Innocent” Catalyst Supports. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Chapovetsky
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Robert M. Kennedy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ryan Witzke
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fulya Dogan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Prajay Patel
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Magali Ferrandon
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nestor J. Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cynthia J. Jenks
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A. Jeremy Kropf
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David M. Kaphan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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6
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Zaluzec NJ. X-ray Spectrometry in the Era of Aberration-Corrected Electron Optical Beam Lines. Microsc Microanal 2022; 29:1-7. [PMID: 35535554 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762200068x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aberration correction in the analytical transmission electron microscope is most closely associated with improvements in high-resolution imaging. In this paper, the combination of that technology with new system designs, which optimize both electron optics and x-ray detection, is shown to provide more than a tenfold increase in performance over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
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7
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Zaluzec NJ. Quantitative Assessment and Measurement of X-ray Detector Performance and Solid Angle in the Analytical Electron Microscope. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:83-95. [PMID: 35177138 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762101360x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of X-ray detectors and geometries are available today on transmission/scanning transmission analytical electron microscopes. While there have been numerous reports of their individual performance, no single experimentally reproducible metric has been proposed as a basis of comparison between the systems. In this paper, we detail modeling, experimental procedures, measurements, and specimens which can be used to provide a manufacturer-independent assessment of the performance of an analytical system. Using these protocols, the geometrical collection efficiency, system peaks, and minimum detection limits can be independently assessed and can be used to determine the best conditions to conduct modern hyperspectral and/or spectrally resolved tomographic analyses for an individual instrument. A simple analytical formula and specimen is presented which after suitable system calibrations can be used to experimentally determine the X-ray detector solid angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Argonne National Laboratory, Photon Science Directorate, Argonne, IL60439, USA
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8
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Barry E, Burns R, Chen W, De Hoe GX, De Oca JMM, de Pablo JJ, Dombrowski J, Elam JW, Felts AM, Galli G, Hack J, He Q, He X, Hoenig E, Iscen A, Kash B, Kung HH, Lewis NHC, Liu C, Ma X, Mane A, Martinson ABF, Mulfort KL, Murphy J, Mølhave K, Nealey P, Qiao Y, Rozyyev V, Schatz GC, Sibener SJ, Talapin D, Tiede DM, Tirrell MV, Tokmakoff A, Voth GA, Wang Z, Ye Z, Yesibolati M, Zaluzec NJ, Darling SB. Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems: The Central Role of Water/Solid Interfaces in Adsorption, Reactivity, and Transport. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9450-9501. [PMID: 34213328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure, chemistry, and charge of interfaces between materials and aqueous fluids play a central role in determining properties and performance of numerous water systems. Sensors, membranes, sorbents, and heterogeneous catalysts almost uniformly rely on specific interactions between their surfaces and components dissolved or suspended in the water-and often the water molecules themselves-to detect and mitigate contaminants. Deleterious processes in these systems such as fouling, scaling (inorganic deposits), and corrosion are also governed by interfacial phenomena. Despite the importance of these interfaces, much remains to be learned about their multiscale interactions. Developing a deeper understanding of the molecular- and mesoscale phenomena at water/solid interfaces will be essential to driving innovation to address grand challenges in supplying sufficient fit-for-purpose water in the future. In this Review, we examine the current state of knowledge surrounding adsorption, reactivity, and transport in several key classes of water/solid interfaces, drawing on a synergistic combination of theory, simulation, and experiments, and provide an outlook for prioritizing strategic research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Barry
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Raelyn Burns
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Guilhem X De Hoe
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Joan Manuel Montes De Oca
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - James Dombrowski
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Jeffrey W Elam
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Alanna M Felts
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - John Hack
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Qiming He
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Xiang He
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Eli Hoenig
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Aysenur Iscen
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Benjamin Kash
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Harold H Kung
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Nicholas H C Lewis
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Xinyou Ma
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Anil Mane
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Alex B F Martinson
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Julia Murphy
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, Kgs. Lyngby, Lyngby, Hovedstaden 2800, DK Denmark
| | - Paul Nealey
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Yijun Qiao
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Vepa Rozyyev
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Steven J Sibener
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Dmitri Talapin
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - David M Tiede
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Zifan Ye
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Murat Yesibolati
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, Kgs. Lyngby, Lyngby, Hovedstaden 2800, DK Denmark
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Seth B Darling
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
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9
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Seong H, Choi S, Zaluzec NJ, Lee S, Wu T, Shao H, Remias JE. Identification of engine oil-derived ash nanoparticles and ash formation process for a gasoline direct-injection engine. Environ Pollut 2021; 272:116390. [PMID: 33450641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil-derived ash particles emitted from internal combustion (IC) engines are unwanted by-products, after oil is involved in in-cylinder combustion process. Since they typically come out together with particulate emissions, no detail has been reported about their early-stage particles other than agglomerated particles loaded on aftertreatment catalysts and filters. To better understand ash formation process during the combustion process, differently formulated engine oils were dosed into a fuel system of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine that produces low soot mass emissions at normal operating conditions to increase the chances to find stand-alone ash particles separated from soot aggregates in the sub-20-nm size range. In addition to them, ash/soot aggregates in the larger size range were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-X-ray electron dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) to present elemental information at different sizes of particles from various oil formulations. The STEM-XEDS results showed that regardless of formulated oil type and particle size, Ca, P and C were always contained, while Zn was occasionally found on relatively large particles, suggesting that these elements get together from an early stage of particle formation. The S, Ca and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses were performed for bulk soot containing raw ash. The linear combination approach & cross-checking among XANES results proposed that Ca5(OH)(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2 and Zn3(PO4)2 are potentially major chemical compounds in raw ash particles, when combined with the STEM-XEDS results. Despite many reports that CaSO4 is a major ash chemical when ash found in DPF/GFP systems was examined, it was observed to be rarely present in raw ashes using the S K-edge XANES analysis, suggesting ash transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeje Seong
- Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Seungmok Choi
- Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | | | - Sungsik Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Tianpin Wu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
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10
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He X, Waldman RZ, Mandia DJ, Jeon N, Zaluzec NJ, Borkiewicz OJ, Ruett U, Darling SB, Martinson ABF, Tiede DM. Resolving the Atomic Structure of Sequential Infiltration Synthesis Derived Inorganic Clusters. ACS Nano 2020; 14:14846-14860. [PMID: 33170644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) is a route to the precision deposition of inorganic solids in analogy to atomic layer deposition but occurs within (vs upon) a soft material template. SIS has enabled exquisite nanoscale morphological complexity in various oxides through selective nucleation in block copolymers templates. However, the earliest stages of SIS growth remain unresolved, including the atomic structure of nuclei and the evolution of local coordination environments, before and after polymer template removal. We employed In K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure and atomic pair distribution function analysis of high-energy X-ray scattering to unravel (1) the structural evolution of InOxHy clusters inside a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host matrix and (2) the formation of porous In2O3 solids (obtained after annealing) as a function of SIS cycle number. Early SIS cycles result in InOxHy cluster growth with high aspect ratio, followed by the formation of a three-dimensional network with additional SIS cycles. That the atomic structures of the InOxHy clusters can be modeled as multinuclear clusters with bonding patterns related to those in In2O3 and In(OH)3 crystal structures suggests that SIS may be an efficient route to 3D arrays of discrete-atom-number clusters. Annealing the mixed inorganic/polymer films in air removes the PMMA template and consolidates the as-grown clusters into cubic In2O3 nanocrystals with structural details that also depend on SIS cycle number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruben Z Waldman
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seth B Darling
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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11
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Hoenig E, Strong SE, Wang M, Radhakrishnan JM, Zaluzec NJ, Skinner JL, Liu C. Controlling the Structure of MoS 2 Membranes via Covalent Functionalization with Molecular Spacers. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7844-7851. [PMID: 33021379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Restacked two-dimensional (2D) materials represent a new class of membranes for water-ion separations. Understanding the interplay between the 2D membrane's structure and the constituent material's surface chemistry to its ion sieving properties is crucial for further membrane development. Here, we reveal, and tune via covalent functionalization, the structure of MoS2-based membranes. We find features on both the ∼1 nm (interlayer spacing) and ∼100 nm (mesoporous voids between layers) length scales that evolve with the hydration level. The functional groups act as permanent molecular spacers, preventing local impermeability caused by irreversible restacking and promoting the uniform rehydration of the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the choice of functional group tunes the structure of water within the MoS2 channel and consequently determines the hydrated interlayer spacing. We demonstrate that MoS2 membranes functionalized with acetic acid have consistently ∼92% rejection of Na2SO4 with a flux of ∼1.5 lm-2 hr-1 bar-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Hoenig
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Steven E Strong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mingzhan Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Julia M Radhakrishnan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - J L Skinner
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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12
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Yesibolati MN, Laganá S, Kadkhodazadeh S, Mikkelsen EK, Sun H, Kasama T, Hansen O, Zaluzec NJ, Mølhave K. Electron inelastic mean free path in water. Nanoscale 2020; 12:20649-20657. [PMID: 32614016 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04352d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is rapidly developing as a powerful tool for probing processes in liquid environments with close to atomic resolution. Knowledge of the water thickness is needed for reliable interpretation and modelling of analytical studies in LPTEM, and is particularly essential when using thin liquid layers, required for achieving the highest spatial resolutions. The log-ratio method in electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is often applied in TEM to quantify the sample thickness, which is measured relative to the inelastic mean free path (λIMFP). However, λIMFP itself is dependent on sample material, the electron energy, and the convergence and divergence angles of the microscope electronoptics. Here, we present a detailed quantitative analysis of the λIMFP of water as functions of the EELS collection angle (β) at 120 keV and 300 keV in a novel nanochannel liquid cell. We observe good agreement with earlier studies conducted on ice, but find that the most widely used theoretical models significantly underestimate λIMFP of water. We determine an adjusted average energy-loss term Em, water, and characteristic scattering angle θE, water that improve the accuracy. The results provide a comprehensive knowledge of the λIMFP of water (or ice) for reliable interpretation and quantification of observations in LPTEM and cryo-TEM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Nulati Yesibolati
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Simone Laganá
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Shima Kadkhodazadeh
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Esben Kirk Mikkelsen
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Hansen
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Argonne National Laboratory, Photon Sciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Seong H, Choi S, Lee S, Zaluzec NJ, Toops TJ, Lance MJ, Kim D, Nguyen K. Deactivation of Three-Way Catalysts Coated within Gasoline Particulate Filters by Engine-Oil-Derived Chemicals. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Todd J. Toops
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael J. Lance
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daekun Kim
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 414 Dougherty Engineering Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ke Nguyen
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 414 Dougherty Engineering Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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14
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Song X, Smith JW, Kim J, Zaluzec NJ, Chen W, An H, Dennison JM, Cahill DG, Kulzick MA, Chen Q. Unraveling the Morphology-Function Relationships of Polyamide Membranes Using Quantitative Electron Tomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:8517-8526. [PMID: 30676014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of how complex nanoscale morphologies emerge from synthesis would offer powerful strategies to construct soft materials with designed structures and functions. However, these kinds of morphologies have proven difficult to characterize, and therefore manipulate, because they are three-dimensional (3D), nanoscopic, and often highly irregular. Here, we studied polyamide (PA) membranes used in wastewater reclamation as a prime example of this challenge. Using electron tomography and quantitative morphometry, we reconstructed the nanoscale morphology of 3D crumples and voids in PA membranes for the first time. Various parameters governing film transport properties, such as surface-to-volume ratio and mass-per-area, were measured directly from the reconstructed membrane structure. In addition, we extracted information inaccessible by other means. For example, 3D reconstruction shows that membrane nanostructures are formed from PA layers 15-20 nm thick folding into 3D crumples which envelope up to 30% void by volume. Mapping local curvature and thickness in 3D quantitatively groups these crumples into three classes, "domes", "dimples", and "clusters", each being a distinct type of microenvironment. Elemental mapping of metal ion adsorption across the film demonstrates that these previously missed parameters are relevant to membrane performance. This imaging-morphometry platform can be applicable to other nanoscale soft materials and potentially suggests engineering strategies based directly on synthesis-morphology-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew A Kulzick
- BP Corporate Research Center , Naperville , Illinois 60563 , United States
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15
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Zaluzec NJ. Improving the sensitivity of X-ray microanalysis in the analytical electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 203:163-169. [PMID: 30522788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A study of the influence of experimental parameters on the sensitivity of x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy in the analytical electron microscope from 20-200 kV is conducted. Optimization of conditions in the next generation of aberration corrected AEM instrument coupled with an array configuration of SDD detectors can potentially yield a 10-20 fold improvement over older Si(Li) systems still in use today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, United States.
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16
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Prestat E, Kulzick MA, Dietrich PJ, Smith MM, Tien ME, Burke MG, Haigh SJ, Zaluzec NJ. In Situ Industrial Bimetallic Catalyst Characterization using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at One Atmosphere and Elevated Temperature. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2151-2156. [PMID: 28605152 PMCID: PMC5577507 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new experimental platform for in situ scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) which allows real time, nanoscale, elemental and structural changes to be studied at elevated temperature (up to 1000 °C) and pressure (up to 1 atm). Here we demonstrate the first application of this approach to understand complex structural changes occurring during reduction of a bimetallic catalyst, PdCu supported on TiO2, synthesized by wet impregnation. We reveal a heterogeneous evolution of nanoparticle size, distribution, and composition with large differences in reduction behavior for the two metals. We show that the data obtained is complementary to in situ STEM electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and when combined with in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) allows correlation of bulk chemical state with nanoscale changes in elemental distribution during reduction, facilitating new understanding of the catalytic behavior for this important class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Prestat
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mr. Matthew Smith
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Mr. Eu‐Pin Tien
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - M. Grace Burke
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Nestor J. Zaluzec
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
- Argonne National LaboratoryPhoton Sciences DivisionArgonneIL60439USA
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17
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Schilling S, Janssen A, Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG. Practical Aspects of Electrochemical Corrosion Measurements During In Situ Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Aqueous Media. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:741-750. [PMID: 28784199 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617012314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The capability to perform liquid in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the real-time processes of physical and chemical/electrochemical reactions during the interaction between metal surfaces and liquid environments. This work describes the requisite steps to make the technique fully analytical, from sample preparation, through modifications of the electrodes, characterization of electrolytes, and finally to electrochemical corrosion experiments comparing in situ TEM to conventional bulk cell and microcell configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schilling
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - Arne Janssen
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - M Grace Burke
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
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18
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Suh HS, Kim DH, Moni P, Xiong S, Ocola LE, Zaluzec NJ, Gleason KK, Nealey PF. Sub-10-nm patterning via directed self-assembly of block copolymer films with a vapour-phase deposited topcoat. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:575-581. [PMID: 28346456 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of the domain structure in block copolymer (BCP) thin films is a promising approach for sub-10-nm surface patterning. DSA requires the control of interfacial properties on both interfaces of a BCP film to induce the formation of domains that traverse the entire film with a perpendicular orientation. Here we show a methodology to control the interfacial properties of BCP films that uses a polymer topcoat deposited by initiated chemical vapour deposition (iCVD). The iCVD topcoat forms a crosslinked network that grafts to and immobilizes BCP chains to create an interface that is equally attractive to both blocks of the underlying copolymer. The topcoat, in conjunction with a chemically patterned substrate, directs the assembly of the grating structures in BCP films with a half-pitch dimension of 9.3 nm. As the iCVD topcoat can be as thin as 7 nm, it is amenable to pattern transfer without removal. The ease of vapour-phase deposition, applicability to high-resolution BCP systems and integration with pattern-transfer schemes are attractive properties of iCVD topcoats for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Seon Suh
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Priya Moni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shisheng Xiong
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Leonidas E Ocola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Photon Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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19
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Zhong XL, Schilling S, Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG. Sample Preparation Methodologies for In Situ Liquid and Gaseous Cell Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Electropolished Specimens. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1350-1359. [PMID: 27819208 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies utilizing in situ liquid and/or gaseous cell scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) have been reported. Because of the difficulty in the preparation of suitable specimens, these environmental S/TEM studies have been generally limited to studies of nanoscale structured materials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, or sputtered thin films. In this paper, we present two methodologies which have been developed to facilitate the preparation of electron-transparent samples from conventional bulk metals and alloys for in situ liquid/gaseous cell S/TEM experiments. These methods take advantage of combining sequential electrochemical jet polishing followed by focused ion beam extraction techniques to create large electron-transparent areas for site-specific observation. As an example, we illustrate the application of this methodology for the preparation of in situ specimens from a cold-rolled Type 304 austenitic stainless steel sample, which was subsequently examined in both 1 atm of air as well as fully immersed in a H2O environment in the S/TEM followed by hyperspectral imaging. These preparation techniques can be successfully applied as a general procedure for a wide range of metals and alloys, and are suitable for a variety of in situ analytical S/TEM studies in both aqueous and gaseous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li Zhong
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Sibylle Schilling
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - M Grace Burke
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
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20
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Slater TJ, Janssen A, Camargo PH, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. STEM-EDX tomography of bimetallic nanoparticles: A methodological investigation. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 162:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Zaluzec NJ. Theoretical and Experimental X-Ray Peak/Background Ratios and Implications for Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry in the Next-Generation Analytical Electron Microscope. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:230-236. [PMID: 26794345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical electron microscopes equipped with silicon drift detectors now allow for a wide range of geometrical configurations capable of performing quantitative X-ray spectrometry. Recent work has improved the collection solid angles of these detectors, however, the impact of increasing the solid angle on detection sensitivity as measured by the peak/background ratio has not been addressed. This work compares theoretical and experimental peak/background ratios for incident electron energies in the range of 20-200 keV, with X-ray detectors in both conventional orientations (on the electron entrance surface) as well as new geometries (the electron exit surface). The implications of these parameters on detectability limits for the next generations of "Lab-in-the-Gap" analytical microscope are also considered. It was found that theoretical calculations of the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung and their effects on the peak/background ratio match well with experimental measurements, and indicate that new geometries which can result in large solid angles provided an added benefit in addition to increased characteristic signal, namely increased sensitivity for the analyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Argonne National Laboratory,Electron Microscopy Center,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne,60439 Illinois,USA
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22
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Thersleff T, Rusz J, Rubino S, Hjörvarsson B, Ito Y, Zaluzec NJ, Leifer K. Erratum: Quantitative analysis of magnetic spin and orbital moments from an oxidized iron (1 1 0) surface using electron magnetic circular dichroism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15590. [PMID: 26512907 PMCID: PMC4625469 DOI: 10.1038/srep15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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Thersleff T, Rusz J, Rubino S, Hjörvarsson B, Ito Y, J. Zaluzec N, Leifer K. Quantitative analysis of magnetic spin and orbital moments from an oxidized iron (1 1 0) surface using electron magnetic circular dichroism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13012. [PMID: 26278134 PMCID: PMC4538391 DOI: 10.1038/srep13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ramifications of reduced crystalline symmetry on magnetic behavior is a critical step in improving our understanding of nanoscale and interfacial magnetism. However, investigations of such effects are often controversial largely due to the challenges inherent in directly correlating nanoscale stoichiometry and structure to magnetic behavior. Here, we describe how to use Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to obtain Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) signals as a function of scattering angle to locally probe the magnetic behavior of thin oxide layers grown on an Fe (1 1 0) surface. Experiments and simulations both reveal a strong dependence of the magnetic orbital to spin ratio on its scattering vector in reciprocal space. We exploit this variation to extract the magnetic properties of the oxide cladding layer, showing that it locally may exhibit an enhanced orbital to spin moment ratio. This finding is supported here by both spatially and angularly resolved EMCD measurements, opening up the way for compelling investigations into how magnetic properties are affected by nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thersleff
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Applied Materials, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Rusz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Rubino
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Applied Materials, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Yasuo Ito
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Nestor J. Zaluzec
- Electron Microscopy Center, NanoScience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Klaus Leifer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Lewis EA, Haigh SJ, Slater TJA, He Z, Kulzick MA, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ. Real-time imaging and local elemental analysis of nanostructures in liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10019-22. [PMID: 24831648 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new design of in situ liquid cells is demonstrated, providing the first nanometer resolution elemental mapping of nanostructures in solution. The technique has been applied to investigate dynamic liquid-phase synthesis of core-shell nanostructures and to simultaneously image the compositional distribution for multiple elements within the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lewis
- Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Segal-Peretz T, Winterstein J, Doxastakis M, Ramírez-Hernández A, Biswas M, Ren J, Suh HS, Darling SB, Liddle JA, Elam JW, de Pablo JJ, Zaluzec NJ, Nealey PF. Characterizing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Block Copolymers via Sequential Infiltration Synthesis and Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography. ACS Nano 2015; 9:5333-47. [PMID: 25919347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the three-dimensional structure of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is critical for utilizing these materials for sub-20 nm nanopatterning in semiconductor devices, as well as in membranes and solar cell applications. Combining an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-based technique for enhancing the contrast of BCPs in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) together with scanning TEM (STEM) tomography reveals and characterizes the three-dimensional structures of poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) thin films with great clarity. Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), a block-selective technique for growing inorganic materials in BCPs films in an ALD tool and an emerging technique for enhancing the etch contrast of BCPs, was harnessed to significantly enhance the high-angle scattering from the polar domains of BCP films in the TEM. The power of combining SIS and STEM tomography for three-dimensional (3D) characterization of BCP films was demonstrated with the following cases: self-assembled cylindrical, lamellar, and spherical PS-b-PMMA thin films. In all cases, STEM tomography has revealed 3D structures that were hidden underneath the surface, including (1) the 3D structure of defects in cylindrical and lamellar phases, (2) the nonperpendicular 3D surface of grain boundaries in the cylindrical phase, and (3) the 3D arrangement of spheres in body-centered-cubic (BCC) and hexagonal-closed-pack (HCP) morphologies in the spherical phase. The 3D data of the spherical morphologies was compared to coarse-grained simulations and assisted in validating the simulations' parameters. STEM tomography of SIS-treated BCP films enables the characterization of the exact structure used for pattern transfer and can lead to a better understating of the physics that is utilized in BCP lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Segal-Peretz
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jonathan Winterstein
- §Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Manolis Doxastakis
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Abelardo Ramírez-Hernández
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Jiaxing Ren
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Hyo Seon Suh
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Seth B Darling
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- §Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Juan J de Pablo
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Paul F Nealey
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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26
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Zaluzec NJ. The influence of C/C correction in analytical imaging and spectroscopy in scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 151:240-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Wen J, Miller DJ, Chen W, Xu T, Yu L, Darling SB, Zaluzec NJ. Visualization of hierarchical nanodomains in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:1507-1513. [PMID: 24950215 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional electron microscopy techniques such as bright-field imaging provide poor contrast for organic films and identification of structures in amorphous material can be problematic, particularly in high-performance organic solar cells. By combining energy-filtered corrected transmission electron microscopy, together with electron energy loss and X-ray energy-dispersive hyperspectral imaging, we have imaged PTB7/PC61BM blended polymer optical photovoltaic films, and were able to identify domains ranging in size from several hundred nanometers to several nanometers in extent. This work verifies that microstructural domains exist in bulk heterojunctions in PTB7/PC61BM polymeric solar cells at multiple length scales and expands our understanding of optimal device performance providing insight for the design of even higher performance cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wen
- 1Argonne National Laboratory,Electron Microscopy Center,Nanoscience and Technology Division,9700 South Cass Avenue,Argonne,IL 60439,USA
| | - Dean J Miller
- 1Argonne National Laboratory,Electron Microscopy Center,Nanoscience and Technology Division,9700 South Cass Avenue,Argonne,IL 60439,USA
| | - Wei Chen
- 2Argonne National Laboratory,Materials Science Division,9700 South Cass Avenue,Argonne,IL 60439,USA
| | - Tao Xu
- 3Department of Chemistry,The James Franck Institute,The University of Chicago,929 E 57th Street,Chicago,IL 60637,USA
| | - Luping Yu
- 3Department of Chemistry,The James Franck Institute,The University of Chicago,929 E 57th Street,Chicago,IL 60637,USA
| | - Seth B Darling
- 4Argonne National Laboratory,Center for Nanoscale Materials,Nanoscience and Technology Division,9700 South Cass Avenue,Argonne,IL 60439,USA
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1Argonne National Laboratory,Electron Microscopy Center,Nanoscience and Technology Division,9700 South Cass Avenue,Argonne,IL 60439,USA
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28
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Manfrinato VR, Wen J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Hobbs RG, Baker B, Su D, Zakharov D, Zaluzec NJ, Miller DJ, Stach EA, Berggren KK. Determining the resolution limits of electron-beam lithography: direct measurement of the point-spread function. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4406-12. [PMID: 24960635 DOI: 10.1021/nl5013773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One challenge existing since the invention of electron-beam lithography (EBL) is understanding the exposure mechanisms that limit the resolution of EBL. To overcome this challenge, we need to understand the spatial distribution of energy density deposited in the resist, that is, the point-spread function (PSF). During EBL exposure, the processes of electron scattering, phonon, photon, plasmon, and electron emission in the resist are combined, which complicates the analysis of the EBL PSF. Here, we show the measurement of delocalized energy transfer in EBL exposure by using chromatic aberration-corrected energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) at the sub-10 nm scale. We have defined the role of spot size, electron scattering, secondary electrons, and volume plasmons in the lithographic PSF by performing EFTEM, momentum-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), sub-10 nm EBL, and Monte Carlo simulations. We expect that these results will enable alternative ways to improve the resolution limit of EBL. Furthermore, our approach to study the resolution limits of EBL may be applied to other lithographic techniques where electrons also play a key role in resist exposure, such as ion-beam-, X-ray-, and extreme-ultraviolet lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R Manfrinato
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, MIT , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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29
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Zaluzec NJ. Analytical formulae for calculation of X-ray detector solid angles in the scanning and scanning/transmission analytical electron microscope. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:1318-1326. [PMID: 24848939 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Closed form analytical equations used to calculate the collection solid angle of six common geometries of solid-state X-ray detectors in scanning and scanning/transmission analytical electron microscopy are presented. Using these formulae one can make realistic comparisons of the merits of the different detector geometries in modern electron column instruments. This work updates earlier formulations and adds new detector configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Argonne National Laboratory,Electron Microscopy Center,Argonne,IL 60440,USA
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30
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Slater TJA, Camargo PHC, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. Understanding the limitations of the Super-X energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer as a function of specimen tilt angle for tomographic data acquisition in the S/TEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/522/1/012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG, Haigh SJ, Kulzick MA. X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry during in situ liquid cell studies using an analytical electron microscope. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:323-329. [PMID: 24564969 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of analytical spectroscopies during scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) investigations of micro- and nano-scale structures has become a routine technique in the arsenal of tools available to today's materials researchers. Essential to implementation and successful application of spectroscopy to characterization is the integration of numerous technologies, which include electron optics, specimen holders, and associated detectors. While this combination has been achieved in many instrument configurations, the integration of X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy and in situ liquid environmental cells in the S/TEM has to date been elusive. In this work we present the successful incorporation/modifications to a system that achieves this functionality for analytical electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1 Argonne National Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - M Grace Burke
- 2 School of Materials, Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- 2 School of Materials, Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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32
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Sun T, Treacy MMJ, Li T, Zaluzec NJ, Gibson JM. The importance of averaging to interpret electron correlographs of disordered materials. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:627-634. [PMID: 24552842 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613014116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective new tools for structural characterization of disordered materials and systems is becoming increasingly important as such tools provide the key to understanding, and ultimately controlling, their properties. The relatively novel technique of correlograph analysis (i.e., the approach of calculating angular autocorrelations within diffraction patterns) promises unique advantages for probing the local symmetries of disordered structures. Because correlograph analysis examines a component of the high-order four-body correlation function, it is more sensitive to medium-range ordering than conventional diffraction methods. As a follow-up of our previous publication, where we studied thin samples of sputtered amorphous silicon, we describe here the practical experimental method and common systematic errors of electron correlograph analysis. Using both experimental data and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that reliable structural information about the sample can only be extracted from the mean correlograph averaged over a sufficient number of individual results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- 1 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Tian Li
- 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 4 Electron Microscopy Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - J Murray Gibson
- 5 Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Wang C, van der Vliet D, More KL, Zaluzec NJ, Peng S, Sun S, Daimon H, Wang G, Greeley J, Pearson J, Paulikas AP, Karapetrov G, Strmcnik D, Markovic NM, Stamenkovic VR. Multimetallic Au/FePt3 nanoparticles as highly durable electrocatalyst. Nano Lett 2011; 11:919-26. [PMID: 20704335 DOI: 10.1021/nl102369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of multimetallic Au/Pt-bimetallic nanoparticles as a highly durable electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This system was first studied on well-defined Pt and FePt thin films deposited on a Au(111) surface, which has guided the development of novel synthetic routes toward shape-controlled Au nanoparticles coated with a Pt-bimetallic alloy. It has been demonstrated that these multimetallic Au/FePt(3) nanoparticles possess both the high catalytic activity of Pt-bimetallic alloys and the superior durability of the tailored morphology and composition profile, with mass-activity enhancement of more than 1 order of magnitude over Pt catalysts. The reported synergy between well-defined surfaces and nanoparticle synthesis offers a persuasive approach toward advanced functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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34
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Whittle KR, Lumpkin GR, Blackford MG, Aughterson RD, Smith KL, Zaluzec NJ. Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La2O3–Al2O3 and La2O3–TiO2. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Using electron correlograph analysis we show that coherent nanodiffraction patterns from sputtered amorphous silicon indicate that there is more local crystallinity in unannealed amorphous silicon than was previously suspected. By comparing with simulations for various models we show that within a typical unannealed amorphous silicon film a substantial volume fraction (>50%) is topologically crystalline with correlation lengths up to 2 nm. Electron correlograph analysis is a variant of the fluctuation electron microscopy technique and its sensitivity to local crystalline ordering is derived from its sensitivity to four-body correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gibson
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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36
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Abstract
With the advent of silicon drift X-ray detectors, a range of new geometries has become possible in electron optical columns. Because of their compact size, these detectors can potentially achieve high geometrical collection efficiencies; however, using traditional approximations detector solid angle calculations rapidly break down and at times can yield nonphysical values. In this article we present generalized formulas that can be used to calculate the variation in detection solid angle for contemporary Si(Li) as well as new silicon drift configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- Argonne National Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Center, Materials Science Division Bldg. 212, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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37
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N'Gom M, Ringnalda J, Mansfield JF, Agarwal A, Kotov N, Zaluzec NJ, Norris TB. Single particle plasmon spectroscopy of silver nanowires and gold nanorods. Nano Lett 2008; 8:3200-3204. [PMID: 18778109 DOI: 10.1021/nl801504v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The excitation of surface plasmons in individual silver nanowires and gold nanorods is investigated by means of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. The transverse and longitudinal modes of these nanostructures are resolved, and the size variation of the plasmon peaks is studied. The effect of electromagnetic coupling between closely spaced nanoparticles is also observed. Finally, the relation between energy-loss measurements and optical spectroscopy of nanoparticle plasmon modes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa N'Gom
- Applied Physics Department and Center for Ultrafast Optical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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38
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Lumpkin GR, Pruneda M, Rios S, Smith KL, Trachenko K, Whittle KR, Zaluzec NJ. Nature of the chemical bond and prediction of radiation tolerance in pyrochlore and defect fluorite compounds. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Allen LJ, Findlay SD, Oxley MP, Witte C, Zaluzec NJ. Modelling high-resolution electron microscopy based on core-loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2006; 106:1001-11. [PMID: 16843600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of factors affecting the formation of images based on core-loss spectroscopy in high-resolution electron microscopy. We demonstrate unambiguously the need to use a full nonlocal description of the effective core-loss interaction for experimental results obtained from high angular resolution electron channelling electron spectroscopy. The implications of this model are investigated for atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Simulations are used to demonstrate that core-loss spectroscopy images formed using fine probes proposed for future microscopes can result in images that do not correspond visually with the structure that has led to their formation. In this context, we also examine the effect of varying detector geometries. The importance of the contribution to core-loss spectroscopy images by dechannelled or diffusely scattered electrons is reiterated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Allen
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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40
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Walter P, Welcomme E, Hallégot P, Zaluzec NJ, Deeb C, Castaing J, Veyssière P, Bréniaux R, Lévêque JL, Tsoucaris G. Early use of PbS nanotechnology for an ancient hair dyeing formula. Nano Lett 2006; 6:2215-9. [PMID: 17034086 DOI: 10.1021/nl061493u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead-based chemistry was initiated in ancient Egypt for cosmetic preparation more than 4000 years ago. Here, we study a hair-dyeing recipe using lead salts described in text since Greco-Roman times. We report direct evidence about the shape and distribution of PbS nanocrystals that form within the hair during blackening. It is remarkable that the composition and supramolecular organization of keratins can control PbS nanocrystal growth inside a hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Walter
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France CNRS UMR171,14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.
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41
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Firestone MA, Dietz ML, Seifert S, Trasobares S, Miller DJ, Zaluzec NJ. Ionogel-templated synthesis and organization of anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Small 2005; 1:754-60. [PMID: 17193519 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reduction of tetrachloroaurate (AuCl4-) ions in the highly constrained aqueous domains of a nanostructured ionogel template, formed via self-assembly of the ionic liquid 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C10mim+Cl-) in water, results in the formation of anisotropic gold nanoparticles with a variety of sizes and morphologies, which include previously unattainable trigonal prismatic nanorods. Unexpectedly, small-angle X-ray scattering studies of the Au-ionogel composite reveal that the in situ formation of the nanoparticles increases the mesoscopic order of the ionogel, which results in its conversion to a near-monodomain structure. The findings demonstrate that nanostructured, ionic liquid-based gels can be used to template the formation of new nanoparticle morphologies with technologically important optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. It may also be possible to design soft templates that permit the fabrication of highly ordered nanoparticle array-hydrogel composites, thereby enabling control and tuning of the collective properties of the encapsulated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent A Firestone
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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42
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McMillan RA, Howard J, Zaluzec NJ, Kagawa HK, Mogul R, Li YF, Paavola CD, Trent JD. A self-assembling protein template for constrained synthesis and patterning of nanoparticle arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2800-1. [PMID: 15740085 DOI: 10.1021/ja043827s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling biomolecules that form highly ordered structures have attracted interest as potential alternatives to conventional lithographic processes for patterning materials. Here, we introduce a general technique for patterning nanoparticle arrays using two-dimensional crystals of genetically modified hollow protein structures called chaperonins. Constrained chemical synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles is initiated using templates functionalized with polyhistidine sequences. These nanoparticles are ordered into arrays because the template-driven synthesis is constrained by the nanoscale structure of the crystallized protein. We anticipate that this system may be used to pattern different classes of nanoparticles based on the growing library of sequences shown to specifically bind or direct the growth of materials.
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43
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McMillan RA, Paavola CD, Howard J, Chan SL, Zaluzec NJ, Trent JD. Ordered nanoparticle arrays formed on engineered chaperonin protein templates. Nat Mater 2002; 1:247-52. [PMID: 12618787 DOI: 10.1038/nmat775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 10/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for fabricating nanoscale arrays are usually based on lithographic techniques. Alternative new approaches rely on the use of nanoscale templates made of synthetic or biological materials. Some proteins, for example, have been used to form ordered two-dimensional arrays. Here, we fabricated nanoscale ordered arrays of metal and semiconductor quantum dots by binding preformed nanoparticles onto crystalline protein templates made from genetically engineered hollow double-ring structures called chaperonins. Using structural information as a guide, a thermostable recombinant chaperonin subunit was modified to assemble into chaperonins with either 3 nm or 9 nm apical pores surrounded by chemically reactive thiols. These engineered chaperonins were crystallized into two-dimensional templates up to 20 microm in diameter. The periodic solvent-exposed thiols within these crystalline templates were used to size-selectively bind and organize either gold (1.4, 5 or 10nm) or CdSe-ZnS semiconductor (4.5 nm) quantum dots into arrays. The order within the arrays was defined by the lattice of the underlying protein crystal. By combining the self-assembling properties of chaperonins with mutations guided by structural modelling, we demonstrate that quantum dots can be manipulated using modified chaperonins and organized into arrays for use in next-generation electronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew McMillan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Center for Nanotechnology and Astrobiology Technology Branch, Mail Stop 239-15, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA.
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44
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45
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Abstract
Chaperonins are high molecular mass double-ring structures composed of 60-kDa protein subunits. In the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae the two chaperonin proteins represent approximately 4% of its total protein and have a combined intracellular concentration of >30 mg/ml. At concentrations >/= 0.5 mg/ml purified chaperonins form filaments in the presence of Mg2+ and nucleotides. Filament formation requires nucleotide binding (not hydrolysis), and occurs at physiological temperatures in biologically relevant buffers, including a buffer made from cell extracts. These observations suggest that chaperonin filaments may exist in vivo and the estimated 4600 chaperonins per cell suggest that such filaments could form an extensive cytostructure. We observed filamentous structures in unfixed, uranyl-acetate-stained S. shibatae cells, which resemble the chaperonin filaments in size and appearance. ImmunoGold (Janssen) labeling using chaperonin antibodies indicated that many chaperonins are associated with insoluble cellular structures and these structures appear to be filamentous in some areas, although they could not be uranyl-acetate-stained. The existence of chaperonin filaments in vivo suggests a mechanism whereby their protein-folding activities can be regulated. More generally, the filaments themselves may play a cytoskeletal role in Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Trent
- Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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46
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Zaluzec NJ, Strauss MG. Two-dimensional CCD arrays as parallel detectors in electron- energy-loss and X-ray wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(89)90285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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48
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Pei S, Zaluzec NJ, Jorgensen JD, Dabrowski B, Hinks DG, Mitchell AW, Richards DR. Charge-density waves and superconductivity in the Ba1-xKxBiO3-y system. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 39:811-814. [PMID: 9947239 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Morrison TI, Foiles CL, Pease DM, Zaluzec NJ. Relationships between local order and magnetic behavior in amorphous Fe0.30Y0.70: Extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and susceptibility. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1987; 36:3739-3744. [PMID: 9943309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.36.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Morrison TI, Brodsky MB, Zaluzec NJ, Sill LR. Iron d-band occupancy in amorphous FexGe1-x. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1985; 32:3107-3111. [PMID: 9937425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.32.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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