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Ciocarlan RG, Blommaerts N, Lenaerts S, Cool P, Verbruggen SW. Recent Trends in Plasmon-Assisted Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202201647. [PMID: 36626298 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic reduction of CO2 has become an highly active field of research. It is thus of utmost importance to maintain an overview of the various materials used to sustain this process, find common trends, and, in this way, eventually improve the current conversions and selectivities. In particular, CO2 photoreduction using plasmonic photocatalysts under solar light has gained tremendous attention, and a wide variety of materials has been developed to reduce CO2 towards more practical gases or liquid fuels (CH4 , CO, CH3 OH/CH3 CH2 OH) in this manner. This Review therefore aims at providing insights in current developments of photocatalysts consisting of only plasmonic nanoparticles and semiconductor materials. By classifying recent studies based on product selectivity, this Review aims to unravel common trends that can provide effective information on ways to improve the photoreduction yield or possible means to shift the selectivity towards desired products, thus generating new ideas for the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-George Ciocarlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natan Blommaerts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pegie Cool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Van Hal M, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW. Photocatalytic soot degradation under UV and visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:22262-22272. [PMID: 36282379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter is one of the most persistent global air pollutants that is causing health problems, climate disturbance and building deterioration. A sustainable technique that is able to degrade soot using (sun)light is photocatalysis. Currently, research on photocatalytic soot oxidation focusses on large band gap TiO2-based photocatalysts and thus requires the use of UV light. It would prove useful if visible light, and thus a larger fraction of the (freely available) solar spectrum, could additionally be utilised to drive this process. In this work, a visible light-active photocatalyst, WO3, is benchmarked to TiO2 under both UV and visible light. At the same time, the versatility and drastic improvement of a recently introduced digital image-based soot degradation detection method are demonstrated. An additional step correcting for non-soot related catalyst colour changes is applied, resulting in accurate detection and quantification of soot degradation for all studied photocatalysts, even for materials such as WO3 that are inherently coloured. With this study, we aim to broaden the scope of photocatalytic soot oxidation technology to visible light-active photocatalyst. Along with this study, we provide a versatile soot degradation detection methodology based on digital image analysis that is made widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe Van Hal
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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3
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Peeters H, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW. Benchmarking the Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Activity of Industrial and Experimental Materials with ISO 27448:2009. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1119. [PMID: 36770132 PMCID: PMC9919847 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various industrial surface materials are tested for their photocatalytic self-cleaning activity by performing the ISO 27448:2009 method. The samples are pre-activated by UV irradiation, fouled with oleic acid and irradiated by UV light. The degradation of oleic acid over time is monitored by taking water contact angle measurements using a contact angle goniometer. The foulant, oleic acid, is an organic acid that makes the surface more hydrophobic. The water contact angle will thus decrease over time as the photocatalytic material degrades the oleic acid. In this study, we argue that the use of this method is strongly limited to specific types of surface materials, i.e., only those that are hydrophilic and smooth in nature. For more hydrophobic materials, the difference in the water contact angles of a clean surface and a fouled surface is not measurable. Therefore, the photocatalytic self-cleaning activity cannot be established experimentally. Another type of material that cannot be tested by this standard are rough surfaces. For rough surfaces, the water contact angle cannot be measured accurately using a contact angle goniometer as prescribed by the standard. Because of these limitations, many potentially interesting industrial substrates cannot be evaluated. Smooth samples that were treated with an in-house developed hydrophilic titania thin film (PCT/EP2018/079983) showed a great photocatalytic self-cleaning performance according to the ISO standard. Apart from discussing the pros and cons of the current ISO standard, we also stress how to carefully interpret the results and suggest alternative testing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Peeters
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W. Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Perreault P, Kummamuru NB, Gonzalez Quiroga A, Lenaerts S. CO2 capture initiatives: are governments, society, industry and the financial sector ready? Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Hierarchically porous metals possess intriguing high accessibility of matter molecules and unique continuous metallic frameworks, as well as a high level of exposed active atoms. High rates of diffusion and fast energy transfer have been important and challenging goals of hierarchical design and porosity control with nanostructured metals. This review aims to summarize recent important progress toward the development of hierarchically porous metals, with special emphasis on synthetic strategies, hierarchical design in structure-function and corresponding applications. The current challenges and future prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologySun Yat‐sen University (SYSU)Zhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL), Department of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerp2020Belgium
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiao‐Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
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6
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Chen J, Ying J, Xiao Y, Dong Y, Ozoemena KI, Lenaerts S, Yang X. Stoichiometry design in hierarchical CoNiFe phosphide for highly efficient water oxidation. Sci China Mater 2022; 65:2685-2693. [PMID: 35668742 PMCID: PMC9136762 DOI: 10.1007/s40843-022-2061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rational composition design of trimetallic phosphide catalysts is of significant importance for enhanced surface reaction and efficient catalytic performance. Herein, hierarchical Co x Ni y Fe z P with precise control of stoichiometric metallic elements (x:y:z = (1-10):(1-10):1) has been synthesized, and Co1.3Ni0.5Fe0.2P, as the most optimal composition, exhibits remarkable catalytic activity (η = 320 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and long-term stability (ignorable decrease after 10 h continuous test at the current density of 10 mA cm-2) toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is found that the surface P in Co1.3Ni0.5Fe0.2P was replaced by O under the OER process. The density function theory calculations before and after long-term stability tests suggest the clear increasing of the density of states near the Fermi level of Co1.3Ni0.5Fe0.2P/Co1.3Ni0.5Fe0.2O, which could enhance the OH- adsorption of our electrocatalysts and the corresponding OER performance. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s40843-022-2061-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shenzhen Research Institute & Joint Laboratory for Marine Advanced Materials in Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082 China
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082 China
| | - Yuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shenzhen Research Institute & Joint Laboratory for Marine Advanced Materials in Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Kenneth I. Ozoemena
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020 Belgium
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shenzhen Research Institute & Joint Laboratory for Marine Advanced Materials in Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
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7
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Borah R, Ninakanti R, Nuyts G, Peeters H, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Nuti S, Vande Velde C, De Wael K, Lenaerts S, Bals S, Verbruggen SW. Selectivity in the Ligand Functionalization of Photocatalytic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Phase Transfer and Self-Assembly Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:9011-9021. [PMID: 33880788 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of photocatalytic metal oxide nanoparticles of TiO2 , ZnO, WO3 and CuO with amine-terminated (oleylamine) and thiol-terminated (dodecane-1-thiol) alkyl-chain ligands was studied under ambient conditions. A high selectivity was observed in the binding specificity of a ligand towards nanoparticles of these different oxides. It was observed that oleylamine binds stably to only TiO2 and WO3 , whereas dodecane-1-thiol binds stably only to ZnO and CuO. Similarly, polar-to-nonpolar solvent phase transfer of TiO2 and WO3 nanoparticles could be achieved by using oleylamine, but not dodecane-1-thiol, whereas the opposite holds for ZnO and CuO. The surface chemistry of ligand-functionalized nanoparticles was probed by attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy, which enabled the occupation of the ligands at the active sites to be elucidated. The photostability of the ligands on the nanoparticle surface was determined by the photocatalytic self-cleaning properties of the material. Although TiO2 and WO3 degrade the ligands within 24 h under both UV and visible light, ligands on ZnO and CuO remain unaffected. The gathered insights are also highly relevant from an application point of view. As an example, because the ligand-functionalized nanoparticles are hydrophobic in nature, they can be self-assembled at the air-water interface to give nanoparticle films with demonstrated photocatalytic as well as anti-fogging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Borah
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rajeshreddy Ninakanti
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gert Nuyts
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation (AXES), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Peeters
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Nuti
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vande Velde
- Intelligence in Processes, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation (AXES), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Kummamuru NB, Perreault P, Lenaerts S. A New Generalized Empirical Correlation for Predicting Methane Hydrate Equilibrium Conditions in Pure Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nithin B. Kummamuru
- Sustainable Energy Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Patrice Perreault
- Faculty of Science, Instituut voor Milieu & Duurzame Ontwikkeling (IMDO), University of Antwerp, Campus Groenenborger, Building V.612, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, BlueApp, Middelheimlaan 1, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
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9
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Liu J, Wu S, Wang L, Tian G, Qin Y, Wu J, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Chang G, Wu L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Guo C, Janiak C, Lenaerts S, Yang X. Pd/Lewis Acid Synergy in Macroporous Pd@Na‐ZSM‐5 for Enhancing Selective Conversion of Biomass. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Si‐Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU) Zhuhai 519000 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Ge Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Gang‐Gang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Yue‐Xing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Zhao‐Fei Li
- Petrochemical Research Institute of PetroChina Changping District Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Cheng‐Yu Guo
- Petrochemical Research Institute of PetroChina Changping District Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Xiao‐Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge MA-02138 USA
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10
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Lu Y, Liu YX, He L, Wang LY, Liu XL, Liu JW, Li YZ, Tian G, Zhao H, Yang XH, Liu J, Janiak C, Lenaerts S, Yang XY, Su BL. Interfacial co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies in nanostructured TiO 2 for enhancement of carrier transport. Nanoscale 2020; 12:8364-8370. [PMID: 32239025 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial co-existence of oxygen and metal vacancies in metal oxide semiconductors and their highly efficient carrier transport have rarely been reported. This work reports on the co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies at the interface between TiO2 and rGO via a simple two-step calcination treatment. Experimental measurements show that the oxygen and titanium vacancies are formed under 550 °C/Ar and 350 °C/air calcination conditions, respectively. These oxygen and titanium vacancies significantly enhance the transport of interfacial carriers, and thus greatly improve the photocurrent performances, the apparent quantum yield, and photocatalysis such as photocatalytic H2 production from water-splitting, photocatalytic CO2 reduction and photo-electrochemical anticorrosion of metals. A new "interfacial co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies" phenomenon, and its characteristics and mechanism are proposed at the atomic-/nanoscale to clarify the generation of oxygen and titanium vacancies as well as the interfacial carrier transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing & School of materials science and engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Hofman J, Castanheiro A, Nuyts G, Joosen S, Spassov S, Blust R, De Wael K, Lenaerts S, Samson R. Impact of urban street canyon architecture on local atmospheric pollutant levels and magneto-chemical PM 10 composition: An experimental study in Antwerp, Belgium. Sci Total Environ 2020; 712:135534. [PMID: 31791747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As real-life experimental data on natural ventilation of atmospheric pollution levels in urban street canyons is still scarce and has proven to be complex, this study, experimentally evaluated the impact of an urban street canyon opening on local atmospheric pollution levels, during a 2-week field campaign in a typical urban street canyon in Antwerp, Belgium. Besides following up on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), ultrafine particles (UFPs) and black carbon (BC) levels, the magneto-chemical PM10 composition was quantified to identify contributions of specific elements in enclosed versus open street canyon sections. Results indicated no higher overall PM, UFP and BC concentrations at the enclosed site compared to the open site, but significant day-to-day variability between both monitoring locations, depending on the experienced wind conditions. On days with oblique wind regimes (4 out of 14), natural ventilation was observed at the open location while higher element contributions of Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sr were exhibited at the enclosed location. Magnetic properties correlated with the PM10 filter loading, and elemental content of Fe, Cr, Mn and Ti. Magnetic bivariate ratios identified finel-grained magnetite carriers with grain sizes below 0.1 μm, indicating similar magnetic source contributions at both monitoring locations. Our holistic approach, combining atmospheric monitoring with magneto-chemical PM characterization has shown the complex impact of real-life wind flow regimes, different source contributions and local traffic dynamics on the resulting pollutant concentrations and contribute to a better understanding on the urban ventilation processes of atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Solutions4IoT Lab, Imec, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Joosen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simo Spassov
- Division Environmental Magnetism, Department of Geophysics, Royal Meteorological Institute, Dourbes, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Blommaerts N, Vanrompay H, Nuti S, Lenaerts S, Bals S, Verbruggen SW. Unraveling Structural Information of Turkevich Synthesized Plasmonic Gold-Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles. Small 2019; 15:e1902791. [PMID: 31448568 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the synthesis of gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles, the Turkevich method has been the state-of-the-art method for several decades. It is presumed that this procedure results in a homogeneous alloy, although this has been debatable for many years. In this work, it is shown that neither a full alloy, nor a perfect core-shell particle is formed but rather a core-shell-like particle with altering metal composition along the radial direction. In-depth wet-chemical experiments are performed in combination with advanced transmission electron microscopy, including energy-dispersive X-ray tomography, and finite element method modeling to support the observations. From the electron tomography results, the core-shell structure can be clearly visualized and the spatial distribution of gold and silver atoms can be quantified. Theoretical simulations are performed to demonstrate that even though UV-vis spectra show only one plasmon band, this still originates from core-shell type structures. The simulations also indicate that the core-shell morphology does not so much affect the location of the plasmon band, but mainly results in significant band broadening. Wet-chemistry experiments provide the evidence that the synthesis pathway starts with gold enriched alloy cores, and later on in the synthesis mainly silver is incorporated to end up with a silver enriched alloy shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Blommaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans Vanrompay
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Nuti
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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De Smet J, Lenaerts S, Borremans A, Scholliers J, Van Der Borght M, Van Campenhout L. Stability assessment and laboratory scale fermentation of pastes produced on a pilot scale from mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Blommaerts N, Dingenen F, Middelkoop V, Savelkouls J, Goemans M, Tytgat T, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S. Ultrafast screening of commercial sorbent materials for VOC adsorption using real-time FTIR spectroscopy. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Borremans A, Lenaerts S, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Van Campenhout L. Marination and fermentation of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Xiao S, Lu Y, Li X, Xiao BY, Wu L, Song JP, Xiao YX, Wu SM, Hu J, Wang Y, Chang GG, Tian G, Lenaerts S, Janiak C, Yang XY, Su BL. Hierarchically Dual-Mesoporous TiO2
Microspheres for Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties and Lithium Storage. Chemistry 2018; 24:13246-13252. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Bing-Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Jian-Ping Song
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Yu-Xuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Si-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Gang-Gang Chang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Ge Tian
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL); Department of Bioscience Engineering; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; 40204 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science & Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122, Luoshi Road 430070 Wuhan China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI); University of Namur; 61, rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
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17
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Hofman J, Samson R, Joosen S, Blust R, Lenaerts S. Cyclist exposure to black carbon, ultrafine particles and heavy metals: An experimental study along two commuting routes near Antwerp, Belgium. Environ Res 2018; 164:530-538. [PMID: 29626819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments typically exhibit large atmospheric pollution variation, in both space and time. In contrast to traditional monitoring networks suffering from a limited spatial coverage, mobile platforms enable personalized high-resolution monitoring, providing valuable insights into personal atmospheric pollution exposure, and the identification of potential pollution hotspots. This study evaluated personal cyclist exposure to UFPs, BC and heavy metals whilst commuting near Antwerp, Belgium, by performing mobile measurements with wearable black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particle (UFP) instruments. Loaded micro-aethalometer filterstrips were chemically analysed and the inhaled pollutant dose determined from the exhibited heart rate. Considerable spatial pollutant variation was observed along the travelled routes, with distinct contributions from spatial factors (e.g. traffic intersections, urban park and market) and temporary events. On average 300% higher BC, 20% higher UFP and changing elemental concentrations are observed along the road traffic route (RT), when compared to the bicycle highway route (BH). Although the overall background pollution determines a large portion of the experienced personal exposure (in this case 53% for BC and 40% for UFP), cyclists can influence their personal atmospheric pollution exposure, by selecting less exposed commuting routes. Our results, hereby, strengthen the body of evidence in favour of further policy investments in isolated bicycle infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Joosen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology Purification (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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van Walsem J, Roegiers J, Modde B, Lenaerts S, Denys S. Integration of a photocatalytic multi-tube reactor for indoor air purification in HVAC systems: a feasibility study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:18015-18026. [PMID: 29691740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on an in-depth experimental characterization of multi-tube reactors for indoor air purification integrated in ventilation systems. Glass tubes were selected as an excellent photocatalyst substrate to meet the challenging requirements of the operating conditions in a ventilation system in which high flow rates are typical. Glass tubes show a low-pressure drop which reduces the energy demand of the ventilator, and additionally, they provide a large exposed surface area to allow interaction between indoor air contaminants and the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the performance of a range of P25-loaded sol-gel coatings was investigated, based on their adhesion properties and photocatalytic activities. Moreover, the UV light transmission and photocatalytic reactor performance under various operating conditions were studied. These results provide vital insights for the further development and scaling up of multi-tube reactors in ventilation systems which can provide a better comfort, improved air quality in indoor environments, and reduced human exposure to harmful pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Walsem
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Roegiers
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Modde
- Vento Ltd., Bedrijvenpark Coupure 5, B-9700, Oudenaarde, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Denys
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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19
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Dong Y, Chen SY, Lu Y, Xiao YX, Hu J, Wu SM, Deng Z, Tian G, Chang GG, Li J, Lenaerts S, Janiak C, Yang XY, Su BL. Hierarchical MoS2
@TiO2
Heterojunctions for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1609-1615. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Sheng-You Chen
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yu-Xuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Si-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhao Deng
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Ge Tian
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Gang-Gang Chang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; 40204 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI); University of Namur; 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
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20
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Claes N, Asapu R, Blommaerts N, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S, Bals S. Characterization of silver-polymer core-shell nanoparticles using electron microscopy. Nanoscale 2018; 10:9186-9191. [PMID: 29726570 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver-polymer core-shell nanoparticles show interesting optical properties, making them widely applicable in the field of plasmonics. The uniformity, thickness and homogeneity of the polymer shell will affect the properties of the system which makes a thorough structural characterization of these core-shell silver-polymer nanoparticles of great importance. However, visualizing the shell and the particle simultaneously is far from straightforward due to the sensitivity of the polymer shell towards the electron beam. In this study, we use different 2D and 3D electron microscopy techniques to investigate different structural aspects of the polymer coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Claes
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ramesh Asapu
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natan Blommaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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21
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Asapu R, Ciocarlan RG, Claes N, Blommaerts N, Minjauw M, Ahmad T, Dendooven J, Cool P, Bals S, Denys S, Detavernier C, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW. Plasmonic Near-Field Localization of Silver Core-Shell Nanoparticle Assemblies via Wet Chemistry Nanogap Engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017. [PMID: 29119785 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.9b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are widely used in the field of plasmonics because of their unique optical properties. The wavelength-dependent surface plasmon resonance gives rise to a strongly enhanced electromagnetic field, especially at so-called hot spots located in the nanogap in-between metal nanoparticle assemblies. Therefore, the interparticle distance is a decisive factor in plasmonic applications, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this study, the aim is to engineer this interparticle distance for silver nanospheres using a convenient wet-chemical approach and to predict and quantify the corresponding enhancement factor using both theoretical and experimental tools. This was done by building a tunable ultrathin polymer shell around the nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer method, in which the polymer shell acts as the separating interparticle spacer layer. Comparison of different theoretical approaches and corroborating the results with SERS analytical experiments using silver and silver-polymer core-shell nanoparticle clusters as SERS substrates was also done. Herewith, an approach is provided to estimate the extent of plasmonic near-field enhancement both theoretically as well as experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Asapu
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Radu-George Ciocarlan
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Claes
- Department of Physics, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Natan Blommaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Matthias Minjauw
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tareq Ahmad
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pegie Cool
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Department of Physics, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Denys
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | | | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000, Belgium
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22
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Asapu R, Ciocarlan RG, Claes N, Blommaerts N, Minjauw M, Ahmad T, Dendooven J, Cool P, Bals S, Denys S, Detavernier C, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW. Plasmonic Near-Field Localization of Silver Core-Shell Nanoparticle Assemblies via Wet Chemistry Nanogap Engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:41577-41585. [PMID: 29119785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are widely used in the field of plasmonics because of their unique optical properties. The wavelength-dependent surface plasmon resonance gives rise to a strongly enhanced electromagnetic field, especially at so-called hot spots located in the nanogap in-between metal nanoparticle assemblies. Therefore, the interparticle distance is a decisive factor in plasmonic applications, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this study, the aim is to engineer this interparticle distance for silver nanospheres using a convenient wet-chemical approach and to predict and quantify the corresponding enhancement factor using both theoretical and experimental tools. This was done by building a tunable ultrathin polymer shell around the nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer method, in which the polymer shell acts as the separating interparticle spacer layer. Comparison of different theoretical approaches and corroborating the results with SERS analytical experiments using silver and silver-polymer core-shell nanoparticle clusters as SERS substrates was also done. Herewith, an approach is provided to estimate the extent of plasmonic near-field enhancement both theoretically as well as experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Asapu
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Radu-George Ciocarlan
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Claes
- Department of Physics, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Natan Blommaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Matthias Minjauw
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tareq Ahmad
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pegie Cool
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Department of Physics, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Denys
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | | | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000, Belgium
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23
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Van Wesenbeeck K, Hauchecorne B, Lenaerts S. Study of positive and negative plasma catalytic oxidation of ethylene. Environ Technol 2017; 38:1554-1561. [PMID: 27691453 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1237553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of introducing a photocatalytically active coating inside a plasma unit is investigated. This technique combines the advantages of high product selectivity from catalysis and the fast start-up from plasma technology. In this study, a preselected TiO2 coating is applied on the collector electrode of a DC corona discharge unit as non-thermal plasma reactor, in order to study the oxidation of ethylene. For both positive and negative polarities an enhanced mineralization is observed while the formation of by-products drastically decreases. The plasma catalytic unit gave the best results when using negative polarity at a voltage of 15 kV. This shows the potential of plasma catalysis as indoor air purification technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Wesenbeeck
- a Research group of Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department Bioscience Engineering , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - B Hauchecorne
- a Research group of Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department Bioscience Engineering , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - S Lenaerts
- a Research group of Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department Bioscience Engineering , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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24
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Verbruggen SW, Van Hal M, Bosserez T, Rongé J, Hauchecorne B, Martens JA, Lenaerts S. Harvesting Hydrogen Gas from Air Pollutants with an Unbiased Gas Phase Photoelectrochemical Cell. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:1413-1418. [PMID: 28177581 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of an all-gas-phase photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell producing hydrogen gas from volatile organic contaminated gas and light is presented. Without applying any external bias, organic contaminants are degraded and hydrogen gas is produced in separate electrode compartments. The system works most efficiently with organic pollutants in inert carrier gas. In the presence of oxygen, the cell performs less efficiently but still significant photocurrents are generated, showing the cell can be run on organic contaminated air. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate new application opportunities of PEC technology and to encourage further advancement toward PEC remediation of air pollution with the attractive feature of simultaneous energy recovery and pollution abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy W Verbruggen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Myrthe Van Hal
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Bosserez
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Rongé
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Birger Hauchecorne
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Vandeweyer D, Lenaerts S, Callens A, Van Campenhout L. Effect of blanching followed by refrigerated storage or industrial microwave drying on the microbial load of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Keulemans M, Verbruggen SW, Hauchecorne B, Martens JA, Lenaerts S. Activity versus selectivity in photocatalysis: Morphological or electronic properties tipping the scale. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eynde EV, Lenaerts B, Tytgat T, Blust R, Lenaerts S. Valorization of Flue Gas by Combining Photocatalytic Gas Pretreatment with Microalgae Production. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:2538-2545. [PMID: 26838336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of flue gas for algae cultivation seems to be a promising route because flue gas from fossil-fuel combustion processes contains the high amounts of carbon (CO2) and nitrogen (NO) that are required for algae growth. NO is a poor nitrogen source for algae cultivation because of its low reactivity and solublilty in water and its toxicity for algae at high concentrations. Here, we present a novel strategy to valorize NO from flue gas as feedstock for algae production by combining a photocatalytic gas pretreatment unit with a microalgal photobioreactor. The photocatalytic air pretreatment transforms NO gas into NO2 gas and thereby enhances the absorption of NOx in the cultivation broth. The absorbed NOx will form NO2(-) and NO3(-) that can be used as a nitrogen source by algae. The effect of photocatalytic air pretreatment on the growth and biomass productivity of the algae Thalassiosira weissflogii in a semicontinuous system aerated with a model flue gas (1% CO2 and 50 ppm of NO) is investigated during a long-term experiment. The integrated system makes it possible to produce algae with NO from flue gas as the sole nitrogen source and reduces the NOx content in the exhaust gas by 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Eynde
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering and ‡Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Britt Lenaerts
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering and ‡Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Tytgat
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering and ‡Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering and ‡Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering and ‡Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Caretti I, Keulemans M, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S, Van Doorslaer S. Light-Induced Processes in Plasmonic Gold/TiO2 Photocatalysts Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Deng S, Verbruggen SW, He Z, Cott DJ, Vereecken PM, Martens JA, Bals S, Lenaerts S, Detavernier C. Atomic layer deposition-based synthesis of photoactive TiO2 nanoparticle chains by using carbon nanotubes as sacrificial templates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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30
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Van Eynde E, Lenaerts B, Tytgat T, Verbruggen SW, Hauchecorne B, Blust R, Lenaerts S. Effect of pretreatment and temperature on the properties of Pinnularia biosilica frustules. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Material characteristics of cleaned diatom Pinnularia frustules are investigated and evaluated as adsorbents to remove methylene blue from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Eynde
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Britt Lenaerts
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Tytgat
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W. Verbruggen
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
| | - Birger Hauchecorne
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE)
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification
- Department of Bioscience Engineering
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Van Eynde E, Tytgat T, Smits M, Verbruggen SW, Hauchecorne B, Lenaerts S. Biotemplated diatom silica-titania materials for air purification. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:690-5. [PMID: 23128085 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel manufacture route for silica-titania photocatalysts using the diatom microalga Pinnularia sp. Diatoms self-assemble into porous silica cell walls, called frustules, with periodic micro-, meso- and macroscale features. This unique hierarchical porous structure of the diatom frustule is used as a biotemplate to incorporate titania by a sol-gel methodology. Important material characteristics of the modified diatom frustules under study are morphology, crystallinity, surface area, pore size and optical properties. The produced biosilica-titania material is evaluated towards photocatalytic activity for NOx abatement under UV radiation. This research is the first step to obtain sustainable, well-immobilised silica-titania photocatalysts using diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Eynde
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Hauchecorne B, Lenaerts S. Unravelling the mysteries of gas phase photocatalytic reaction pathways by studying the catalyst surface: A literature review of different Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic reaction cells used in the field. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Van Eynde E, Tytgat T, Smits M, Verbruggen SW, Hauchecorne B, Blust R, Lenaerts S. Diatom silica-titania materials for photocatalytic air purification. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2013; 78:141-147. [PMID: 23875311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Van Eynde
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air purification (DuEL), Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen
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Van Wesenbeeck K, Hauchecorne B, Lenaerts S. Study of a TiO2 photocatalytic coating for use in plasma catalysis. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2013; 78:227-233. [PMID: 23875323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Van Wesenbeeck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL), Department of Bio-science Engineering, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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36
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Smits M, Ling Y, Lenaerts S, Van Doorslaer S. Photocatalytic removal of soot: unravelling of the reaction mechanism by EPR and in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:4251-7. [PMID: 23150192 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic soot oxidation is studied on P25 TiO(2) as an important model reaction for self-cleaning processes by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Contacting of carbon black with P25 leads on the one hand to a reduction of the local dioxygen concentration in the powder. On the other hand, the weakly adsorbed radicals on the carbon particles are likely to act as alternative traps for the photogenerated conduction-band electrons. We find furthermore that the presence of dioxygen and oxygen-related radicals is vital for the photocatalytic soot degradation. The complete oxidation of soot to CO(2) is evidenced by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, no intermediate CO is detected during the photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Smits
- Research group DuEL, Department of Bioscience-engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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37
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Huyskens C, De Wever H, Fovet Y, Wegmann U, Diels L, Lenaerts S. Screening of novel MBR fouling reducers: Benchmarking with known fouling reducers and evaluation of their mechanism of action. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tytgat
- University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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39
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Smits M, Vanpachtenbeke F, Horemans B, De Wael K, Hauchecorne B, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Lenaerts S. Effect of operating and sampling conditions on the exhaust gas composition of small-scale power generators. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32825. [PMID: 22442670 PMCID: PMC3307720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small stationary diesel engines, like in generator sets, have limited emission control measures and are therefore responsible for 44% of the particulate matter (PM) emissions in the United States. The diesel exhaust composition depends on operating conditions of the combustion engine. Furthermore, the measurements are influenced by the used sampling method. This study examines the effect of engine loading and exhaust gas dilution on the composition of small-scale power generators. These generators are used in different operating conditions than road-transport vehicles, resulting in different emission characteristics. Experimental data were obtained for gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM mass concentration, elemental composition and nitrate content. The exhaust composition depends on load condition because of its effect on fuel consumption, engine wear and combustion temperature. Higher load conditions result in lower PM concentration and sharper edged particles with larger aerodynamic diameters. A positive correlation with load condition was found for K, Ca, Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb adsorbed on PM, elements that originate from lubricating oil or engine corrosion. The nitrate concentration decreases at higher load conditions, due to enhanced nitrate dissociation to gaseous NO at higher engine temperatures. Dilution on the other hand decreases PM and nitrate concentration and increases gaseous VOC and adsorbed metal content. In conclusion, these data show that operating and sampling conditions have a major effect on the exhaust gas composition of small-scale diesel generators. Therefore, care must be taken when designing new experiments or comparing literature results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Smits
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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40
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Tytgat T, Hauchecorne B, Smits M, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S. Concept and validation of a fully automated photocatalytic test setup. J Lab Autom 2012. [PMID: 22357557 DOI: 10.1177/2211068211424554.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic activity can be studied by several methods, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. To study photocatalytic activity in an easy, user-friendly, and realistic way, a completely new setup has been built. The setup is modularly constructed around Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy at the heart of it, resulting in great versatility. Complementary software has been written for automatic control of the setup and for processing the generated data. Two pollutants, oil and n-octane, are tested to validate the performance of the setup. These validation experiments confirm the usefulness and added value of the setup in general and of the FTIR detection methodology as well. It becomes clear that a system of online measurements with good repeatability, accuracy, and user-friendliness has been created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tytgat
- University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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41
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Verbruggen SW, Masschaele K, Moortgat E, Korany TE, Hauchecorne B, Martens JA, Lenaerts S. Factors driving the activity of commercial titanium dioxide powders towards gas phase photocatalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Smits M, Vanpachtenbeke F, Hauchecorne B, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Lenaerts S. Exhaust composition of a small diesel engine. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2012; 77:85-88. [PMID: 22558761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Smits
- Research Group Sustainable Energy and Air Purification, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Jammaer J, Aprile C, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S, Pescarmona PP, Martens JA. A non-aqueous synthesis of TiO₂/SiO₂ composites in supercritical CO₂ for the photodegradation of pollutants. ChemSusChem 2011; 4:1457-1463. [PMID: 21598408 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Titania/silica composites with different Ti/Si ratios are synthesized via a nonconventional synthesis route. The synthesis involves non-aqueous reaction of metal alkoxides and formic acid at 75 °C in supercritical carbon dioxide. The as-prepared composite materials contain nanometer-sized anatase crystallites and amorphous silica. Large specific surface areas are obtained. The composites are evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous medium, and in the elimination of acetaldehyde from air. The highest photocatalytic activity in both processes is achieved with a composite containing 40 wt % TiO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Jammaer
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Huyskens C, Lenaerts S, Brauns E, Diels L, De Wever H. Study of (ir)reversible fouling in MBRs under various operating conditions using new on-line fouling sensor. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Buysse C, Kovalevsky A, Snijkers F, Buekenhoudt A, Mullens S, Luyten J, Kretzschmar J, Lenaerts S. Development, performance and stability of sulfur-free, macrovoid-free BSCF capillaries for high temperature oxygen separation from air. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Huyskens C, Brauns E, Van Hoof E, Lenaerts S, Diels L, De Wever H. Increasing the cost-efficiency of membrane bioreactors by advanced process control. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2011; 76:25-28. [PMID: 21539189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Huyskens
- Department Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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47
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Buysse C, Kovalevsky A, Snijkers F, Buekenhoudt A, Mullens S, Luyten J, Kretzschmar J, Lenaerts S. Fabrication and oxygen permeability of gastight, macrovoid-free Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ capillaries for high temperature gas separation. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Goemans M, Clarysse P, Joannès J, De Clercq P, Lenaerts S, Matthys K, Boels K. Catalytic NOx reduction with simultaneous dioxin and furan oxidation. Chemosphere 2004; 54:1357-1365. [PMID: 14659429 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The engineering, construction, performance and running costs of a catalytic flue gas cleaning component in the low dust area of a municipal waste incinerator is discussed. For this purpose, the case study of a Flemish incineration plant is presented, covering the history, the design procedure of the catalyst, relevant process data and the financial aspects. A reliable PCDD/F-destruction by means of oxidation by the catalyst to typical values of 0.001 ng TEQ/Nm3 has been demonstrated. At the same time, NOx- and CO-emissions are reduced by 90% and 20% to about 50 mg/Nm3 and below 10 mg/Nm3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Goemans
- SEGHERSbetter technology for Solids+Air, N.V. Hoofd 1, B-2830 Willebroek, Belgium.
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Goemans M, Clarysse P, Joannès J, De Clercq P, Lenaerts S, Matthys K, Boels K. Catalytic NO(chi) reduction with simultaneous dioxin and furan oxidation. Chemosphere 2003; 50:489-497. [PMID: 12685748 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The engineering, construction, performance and running costs of a catalytic flue gas cleaning component in the low dust area of a municipal waste incinerator is discussed. For this purpose, the case study of a Flemish incineration plant is presented, covering the history, the design procedure of the catalyst, relevant process data and the financial aspects. A reliable PCDD/F-destruction by means of oxidation by the catalyst to typical values of 0.001 ng TEQ/Nm3 has been demonstrated. At the same time, NO(chi)- and CO-emissions are reduced by 90% and 20% to about 50 mg/N m3 andbelow 10 mg/N m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Goemans
- SEGHERSbetter Technology for Solids + Air, N. V. Hoofd 1, B-2830 Willebroek, Belgium.
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