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Yang W, Gupta R, Song Z, Wang B, Sun L. Mechanism of soot and particulate matter formation during high temperature pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from MSW. Waste Manag 2024; 182:21-31. [PMID: 38631177 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the formation mechanism of soot and particulate matter during the pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a laboratory scale drop tube furnace. Compared with CO2 gasification atmosphere, more ultrafine particles (PM0.2, aerodynamic diameter less than 0.2 μm) were generated in N2 atmosphere at 1200℃, which were mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), graphitic carbonaceous soot and volatile alkali salts. High reaction temperatures promote the formation of hydrocarbon gaseous products and their conversion to PAHs, which ultimately leads to the formation of soot particles. The soot particles generated by waste derived from MSW pyrolysis and gasification both have high specific surface area and well-developed pore structure. Compared with pyrolysis, the soot generated by gasification of waste derived from MSW had smaller size and higher proportion of inorganic components. The higher pyrolysis temperature led to the collapse of the mesoporous structure of submicron particles, resulting in a decrease in total pore volume and an increase in specific surface area. Innovatively, this research provides an explanation for the effect of reaction temperature/ CO2 on the formation pathways and physicochemical properties of soot and fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rajender Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zijian Song
- Resource and Environmental Branch, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lushi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Farrell CT, Hunter E, Wilson PB, White SJ. Genomic characterisation of bioaerosols within livestock facilities: A systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170722. [PMID: 38331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Livestock facilities are widely regarded as reservoirs of infectious disease, owing to their abundance in particulate matter (PM) and microbial bioaerosols. Over the past decade, bioaerosol studies have increasingly utilised high throughput sequencing (HTS) to achieve superior throughput, taxonomic resolution, and the detection of unculturable organisms. However, the prevailing focus on amplicon sequencing has limited the identification of viruses and microbial taxa at the species-level. Herein, a literature search was conducted to identify methods capable of overcoming the aforementioned limitations. Screening 1531 international publications resulted in 29 eligible for review. Metagenomics capable of providing rich insights were identified in only three instances. Notably, long-read sequencing was not utilised for metagenomics. This review also identified that sample collection methods lack a uniform approach, highlighted by the differences in sampling equipment, flow rates and durations. Further heterogeneity was introduced by the unique sampling conditions, which makes it challenging to ground new findings within the established literature. For instance, winter was associated with increased microbial abundance and antimicrobial resistance, yet less alpha diversity. Researchers implementing metagenomics into the livestock environment should consider season, the microclimate, and livestock growth stage as influential upon their findings. Considering the increasing accessibility of long-read sequencing, future research should explore its viability within a novel uniform testing protocol for bioaerosol emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor T Farrell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Elena Hunter
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Philippe B Wilson
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Samuel J White
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, UK.
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Chae E, Bae SH, Lee SW, Yun JH, Choi SS. Characteristics of particulate matter from asphalt pavement and tire of a moving bus through driving tests in city road and proving ground. Environ Pollut 2024; 344:123336. [PMID: 38211876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Non-exhaust PM emissions from vehicles in real road have been conducted, but heavy vehicles have rarely been tested. In this study, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were directly collected from a tire of a moving bus and the composition was analyzed to investigate the sources of PM emissions. Driving tests were conducted at a proving ground (PG) and a city road (CR). PM2.5 emissions considerably increased when the lateral force of the tire increased and the vehicle accelerated. The PM emission rate was higher in the PG test than in the CR test because of the harsher driving conditions at PG. The emission rates of PM10 in the PG and CR tests were higher than those of PM2.5 by approximately 6 and 11 times, respectively. In the PG and CR tests, the proportions of tire wear particles (TWPs) were 4.9% and 2.1% in the PM2.5 samples, and 6.8% and 8.2% in the PM10 samples, respectively. Furthermore, TWPs with PM (TWPPM) were generated by other sources: secondary production of TWPPM by fragmentation of TWPs and resuspension of TWPPM on the road. The contributions of other sources to TWP2.5 generation were at least 6% and 57% in the PG and CR tests, respectively, whereas that to TWP10 generation was at least 3.5% in the CR test. Iron derived from brake abrasion and mineral particles was observed in the PM samples, and the Fe concentrations were higher in the PM10 samples than in the PM2.5 samples by over 9 and 18 times for the PG and CR tests, respectively. Sulfur sources, such as TWPs, exhaust gas, and bitumen, were observed in the PM samples. Based on our findings, we recommend that road wear particles should be removed from roads to reduce PM emissions upon driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hu Bae
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ho Yun
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Weinmayr G, Chen J, Jaensch A, Skodda L, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O, Hoffmann B, Hvidtfeldt UA, Katsouyanni K, Ketzel M, Leander K, Magnusson PKE, Pershagen G, Rizzuto D, Samoli E, Severi G, Stafoggia M, Tjønneland A, Vermeulen R, Wolf K, Zitt E, Brunekreef B, Thurston G, Hoek G, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Nagel G. Long-term exposure to several constituents and sources of PM 2.5 is associated with incidence of upper aerodigestive tract cancers but not gastric cancer: Results from the large pooled European cohort of the ELAPSE project. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:168789. [PMID: 37996018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and gastric cancer are related to air pollution, due to few studies with inconsistent results. The effects of particulate matter (PM) may vary across locations due to different source contributions and related PM compositions, and it is not clear which PM constituents/sources are most relevant from a consideration of overall mass concentration alone. We therefore investigated the association of UADT and gastric cancers with PM2.5 elemental constituents and sources components indicative of different sources within a large multicentre population based epidemiological study. Cohorts with at least 10 cases per cohort led to ten and eight cohorts from five countries contributing to UADT- and gastric cancer analysis, respectively. Outcome ascertainment was based on cancer registry data or data of comparable quality. We assigned home address exposure to eight elemental constituents (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V and Zn) estimated from Europe-wide exposure models, and five source components identified by absolute principal component analysis (APCA). Cox regression models were run with age as time scale, stratified for sex and cohort and adjusted for relevant individual and neighbourhood level confounders. We observed 1139 UADT and 872 gastric cancer cases during a mean follow-up of 18.3 and 18.5 years, respectively. UADT cancer incidence was associated with all constituents except K in single element analyses. After adjustment for NO2, only Ni and V remained associated with UADT. Residual oil combustion and traffic source components were associated with UADT cancer persisting in the multiple source model. No associations were found for any of the elements or source components and gastric cancer incidence. Our results indicate an association of several PM constituents indicative of different sources with UADT but not gastric cancer incidence with the most robust evidence for traffic and residual oil combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Jaensch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Skodda
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sophia Rodopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zorana J Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; iClimate - interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Daniela Fecht
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy; Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ole Hertel
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gianluca Severi
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 3, LKH Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Thurston
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Depts of Medicine and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; The Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Huang W, Sun D, Zhao T, Long K, Zhang Z. Spatial-temporal distribution and source analysis of atmospheric particulate-bound cadmium from 1998 to 2021 in China. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:44. [PMID: 38227071 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most serious atmospheric heavy metal pollutants in China. PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particle (TSP) are all important media for population Cd exposure. However, no studies so far have systematically explored the spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric Cd bound to all these media in China, and the specific industrial sectors that contribute to the airborne Cd level are still unclear at present. In this study, we constructed the spatial and temporal distribution of PM (PM2.5, PM10, and TSP) binding Cd concentrations in China. Quantitative source apportionment of atmospheric Cd was carried out by analyzing the association of 23 industrial or energy-consuming sectors with Cd concentrations. Our results showed PM2.5, PM10, and TSP binding Cd concentrations decreased by 5.8%, 5.9%, and 6.1% per year at the national level, respectively. High PM-Cd concentrations were concentrated and distributed mainly in central and northwestern China. In addition, the medians of atmospheric PM2.5, PM10, and TSP binding Cd concentrations at the national level were 0.0026 μg/m3, 0.0036 μg/m3, and 0.0042 μg/m3, respectively. The main sources of PM-Cd include nonferrous metal smelting (Zn, Pb, Al) (47%), glass production (13%), pesticide production (12%), cement production (10%), and coal consumption (9%). This study analyzes comprehensively the atmospheric PM-bound Cd pollution, identifies the major industrial sectors that affect atmospheric Cd concentrations at the macroscale for the first time, and provides a basis for further reduction in the atmospheric Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianhe Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Keyan Long
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zunzhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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6
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Górka-Kostrubiec B, Werner T, Karasiński G. Measuring magnetic susceptibility of particulate matter collected on filters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:4733-4746. [PMID: 38108987 PMCID: PMC10794260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic susceptibility (κ) of particulate matter (PM) is a useful tool in estimation concentration of iron-rich particles and provides useful information on the emission sources and pathways of spread of PM in the atmosphere. However, there is currently no established protocol for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of PM collected on filters used in standard monitoring of PM concentration. This paper presents a step-by-step process for collecting PM on filters in automatic samplers and measuring their κ. The procedure outlines requirements for data quality, measurement uncertainty, exposure time and conditions, and the amount of material collected on the filters. The study analyzed a 2-year dataset of magnetic susceptibility measurements by MFK-1 kappabridge (Agico, Czech Republic) for PM10 and PM2.5 collected at two locations, Warsaw and Cracow, in Poland using low-volume PM samplers. By strictly following the procedure for conditioning filters, measuring magnetic susceptibility and mass of PM, the study found that it is possible to obtain repeatable data with good measurement accuracy and acceptable errors. This makes magnetic susceptibility an additional reliable parameter for tracking of emission sources of iron-rich particles. Successful implementation of this magnetic method as a standard procedure for monitoring PM in addition to the PM mass collected on filters could be used to analyze sources of emission of Fe-particles and their contribution to the PM mass, especially in urban and industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Górka-Kostrubiec
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Werner
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Karasiński
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland
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Yu SE, Athni TS, Mitchell MB, Zhou X, Chiang S, Lee SE. The Impact of Ambient and Wildfire Air Pollution on Rhinosinusitis and Olfactory Dysfunction. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:665-673. [PMID: 38047993 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With increasing industrialization, exposure to ambient and wildfire air pollution is projected to increase, necessitating further research to elucidate the complex relationship between exposure and sinonasal disease. This review aims to summarize the role of ambient and wildfire air pollution in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and olfactory dysfunction and provide a perspective on gaps in the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Based on an emerging body of evidence, exposure to ambient air pollutants is correlated with the development of chronic rhinosinusitis in healthy individuals and increased symptom severity in CRS patients. Studies have also found a robust relationship between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and olfactory dysfunction. Ambient air pollution exposure is increasingly recognized to impact the development and sequelae of sinonasal pathophysiology. Given the rising number of wildfire events and worsening impacts of climate change, further study of the impact of wildfire-related air pollution is a crucial emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Yu
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tejas S Athni
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret B Mitchell
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaodan Zhou
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Simon Chiang
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella E Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Petpiroon N, Netkueakul W, Sukrak K, Wang C, Liang Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Li Q, Kamran R, Naruse K, Aueviriyavit S, Takahashi K. Development of lung tissue models and their applications. Life Sci 2023; 334:122208. [PMID: 37884207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, alternative methods have been sought which are more time-effective, do not pose ethical issues for animals, do not involve species differences, and provide easy investigation of the pathobiology of lung diseases. Several national and international organizations are working to accelerate the development and implementation of structurally and functionally complex tissue models as alternatives to animal testing, particularly for the lung. Unfortunately, to date, there is no lung tissue model that has been accepted by regulatory agencies for use in inhalation toxicology. This review discusses the challenges involved in developing a relevant lung tissue model derived from human cells such as cell lines, primary cells, and pluripotent stem cells. It also introduces examples of two-dimensional (2D) air-liquid interface and monocultured and co-cultured three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, particularly organoid culture and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, it reviews development of the lung-on-a-chip model to mimic the microenvironment and physiological performance. The applications of lung tissue models in various studies, especially disease modeling, viral respiratory infection, and environmental toxicology will be also introduced. The development of a relevant lung tissue model is extremely important for standardizing and validation the in vitro models for inhalation toxicity and other studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinrat Petpiroon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sukrak
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Thailand Network Center on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chen Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yin Liang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yun Liu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Huang Y, Gong X, Liu L, Luo L, Leng S, Lin Y. Maternal exposure to metal components of PM 2.5 and low birth weight in New Mexico, USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:98526-98535. [PMID: 37608181 PMCID: PMC10829739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Infants with low birth weight (LBW) are more likely to have health problems than normal weight infants. In studies examining the associations between particulate matter (PM) exposures and LBW, there is a tendency to focus on PM2.5 as a whole. However, insufficient information is available regarding the effects of different components of PM2.5 on birth weight. This study identified the associations between maternal exposure to 10 metal components of PM2.5 and LBW in offspring based on small area (divided by population size) level data in New Mexico, USA, from 2012 to 2016. This study used a pruned feed-forward neural network (pruned-FNN) approach to estimate the annual average exposure index to each metal component in each small area. The linear regression model was employed to examine the association between maternal PM2.5 metal exposures and LBW rate in small areas, adjusting for the female percentage and race/ethnicity compositions, marriage status, and educational level in the population. An interquartile range increase in maternal exposure to mercury and chromium of PM2.5 increased LBW rate by 0.43% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.68%) and 0.63% (95% CI: 0.15-1.12%), respectively. These findings suggest that maternal exposure to metal components of air pollutants may increase the risk of LBW in offspring. With no similar studies in New Mexico, this study also posed great importance because of a higher LBW rate in New Mexico than the national average. These findings provide critical information to inform further epidemiological, biological, and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Huang
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xi Gong
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Lin Liu
- UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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10
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Ahmad N, Muhammad A, Zafar R, Afzal U, Aslam M. Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the breast milk in Pakistani women. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:85903-85909. [PMID: 37395883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of potentially toxic metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in healthy lactating mothers of Lahore city were estimated during 2020-2021 with the help of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Seventy samples of breast milk were collected from two different age groups, namely, G-1 (25-30 years) and G-2 (31-40 years). The results showed that Cd contents were below the detection limit of the measuring instrument; however, the Pb and Hg contents were detected with great ease. The mean concentrations of Pb and Hg in the G-1 corresponding to the age between 25 and 30 years were observed to be 1.914 ± 0.493 μg/L and 10.432 ± 3.249 μg/L, respectively. For the G-2 with an age limit between 31 and 40 years, the concentrations of Pb and Hg were estimated to be 2.045 ± 0.502 μg/L and 11.527 ± 3.231 μg/L, respectively. The T-test analysis of concentrations of these toxic metals indicated a significant correlation between the content levels of Pb and Hg (p < 0.05). The observed values of toxic metals were significantly more frequent than those suggested by WHO (World Health Organization). An increase in the concentrations of Pb and Hg is directly associated with the location of the target population. As a result, it is turned out that the majority of the lactating woman with significantly high levels of Pb and Hg belongs to industrial areas of Lahore. To avoid such conditions, residential areas must be at larger distances, in addition, to strictly abiding by the environmental policies of the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Muhammad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ramna Zafar
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Afzal
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Nithya R, Thirunavukkarasu A, Hemavathy RV, Sivashankar R, Kishore KA, Sabarish R. Functionalized nanofibers in gas sorption process: a critical review on the challenges and prospective research. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:969. [PMID: 37466735 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has become the most important environmental and human health threat as it is accounting for about 7 million deaths across the globe every year. Particulate matter (PM) derived from the combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and other agricultural residues pollutes the atmospheric air which affects the quality of the environment and poses a great threat to human health. Ecological imbalance, climatic variation, and cardiovascular and respiratory problems among humans are significant extortions due to PM pollution. Scientific approaches were initiated to limit the levels of PM in the atmospheric air and the use of nanofiber mats has received wide attention as these possess versatile properties including nanoscale-sized pore structure, homogeneity in their size distribution with high specific surface area, and low basis weight. To exploit their filtration potential towards wide classes of pollutants and also to enhance the capturing efficacy, functionalized nanofibers are currently in practice with tailor-made modifications on the surface. The present review provides a comprehensive report on the different fabrication processes of functionalized nanofibers along with the controlling factors affecting the efficacy of the gas separation process. Also, it provides technical insights on the mass transfer aspects of PM filtration by elucidation their mechanism which can provide vital information on the rate-controlling diffusive flux(es). Conclusively, the practical challenges encountered in the large-scale air filtration systems such as filter cleaning, flow-rate regulation, pressure drop, and extent of reusability are discussed, and the review has identified potential gaps in the current research and can be considered for the prospective research in the area of PM separation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarathinam Nithya
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - R V Hemavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - Raja Sivashankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - Kola Anand Kishore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - Radoor Sabarish
- Department of Materials and Production engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology, North Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Chae E, Choi SS. Comparison of polymeric components and tire wear particle contents in particulate matter collected at bus stop and college campus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16558. [PMID: 37251472 PMCID: PMC10220417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at two different places of a college campus (CC) and a bus stop (BS) nearby the college campus. The traffic volume of college campus was very low due to untact classes. Polymeric components and tire wear particle (TWP) contents in the PM2.5 samples were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Various polymeric components such as natural rubber (NR), bitumen, saturated hydrocarbons, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and plant-related particles (PRPs) were observed. NR and bitumen are key components of TWP of bus tire tread and asphalt pavement wear particle (APWP), respectively. The TWP contents in the PM2.5 samples collected at the bus stop were larger than those collected at the college campus. For the same sampling site, the TWP content in the PM2.5 sample collected for higher fine dust concentration in the air was greater than that for lower one. The TWP2.5 concentration in the air for the BS sampling was higher than those for the CC sampling, even when the PM2.5 concentration in the air for the former was lower than those for the latter. It can be concluded that the TWPs and APWPs in the PM2.5 samples collected at the college campus should be transferred mostly from the outside road.
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Huang CH, Bui T, Hwang D, Shirai J, Austin E, Cohen M, Gould T, Larson T, Novosselov I, Tan S, Fox J, Seto E. Assessing the effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners for reducing particulate matter exposure in King County, Washington homeless shelters: Implications for community congregate settings. Sci Total Environ 2023:164402. [PMID: 37244609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Over four thousand portable air cleaners (PACs) with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters were distributed by Public Health - Seattle & King County to homeless shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of these HEPA PACs in reducing indoor particles and understand the factors that affect their use in homeless shelters. Four rooms across three homeless shelters with varying geographic locations and operating conditions were enrolled in this study. At each shelter, multiple PACs were deployed based on the room volume and PAC's clean air delivery rate rating. The energy consumption of these PACs was measured using energy data loggers at 1-min intervals to allow tracking of their use and fan speed for three two-week sampling rounds, separated by single-week gaps, between February and April 2022. Total optical particle number concentration (OPNC) was measured at 2-min intervals at multiple indoor locations and an outdoor ambient location. The empirical indoor and outdoor total OPNC were compared for each site. Additionally, linear mixed-effects regression models (LMERs) were used to assess the relationship between PAC use time and indoor/outdoor total OPNC ratios (I/OOPNC). Based on the LMER models, a 10 % increase in the hourly, daily, and total time PACs were used significantly reduced I/OOPNC by 0.034 [95 % CI: 0.028, 0.040; p < 0.001], 0.051 [95 % CI: 0.020, 0.078; p < 0.001], and 0.252 [95 % CI: 0.150, 0.328; p < 0.001], respectively, indicating that keeping PACs on resulted in significantly lower I/OOPNC. The survey suggested that keeping PACs on and running was the main challenge when operating them in shelters. These findings suggested that HEPA PACs were an effective short-term strategy to reduce indoor particle levels in community congregate living settings during non-wildfire seasons and the need for formulating practical guidance for using them in such an environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
| | - Thu Bui
- Public Health - Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Public Health - Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Jeffry Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elena Austin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Martin Cohen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Timothy Gould
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Timothy Larson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Igor Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shirlee Tan
- Public Health - Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Julie Fox
- Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, Washington 98501, United States
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Anand U, Pal T, Zanoletti A, Sundaramurthy S, Varjani S, Rajapaksha AU, Barceló D, Bontempi E. The spread of the omicron variant: Identification of knowledge gaps, virus diffusion modelling, and future research needs. Environ Res 2023; 225:115612. [PMID: 36871942 PMCID: PMC9985523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognised variant B.1.1.529 of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a variant of concern, termed "Omicron", on November 26, 2021. Its diffusion was attributed to its several mutations, which allow promoting its ability to diffuse worldwide and its capability in immune evasion. As a consequence, some additional serious threats to public health posed the risk to undermine the global efforts made in the last two years to control the pandemic. In the past, several works were devoted to discussing a possible contribution of air pollution to the SARS-CoV-2 spread. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are still no works dealing with the Omicron variant diffusion mechanisms. This work represents a snapshot of what we know right now, in the frame of an analysis of the Omicron variant spread. The paper proposes the use of a single indicator, commercial trade data, to model the virus spread. It is proposed as a surrogate of the interactions occurring between humans (the virus transmission mechanism due to human-to-human contacts) and could be considered for other diseases. It allows also to explain the unexpected increase in infection cases in China, detected at beginning of 2023. The air quality data are also analyzed to evaluate for the first time the role of air particulate matter (PM) as a carrier of the Omicron variant diffusion. Due to emerging concerns associated with other viruses (such as smallpox-like virus diffusion in Europe and America), the proposed approach seems to be promising to model the virus spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Tarun Pal
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Suresh Sundaramurthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona, 17003, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), JordiGirona, 1826, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Kim J, Kim J, Kim Y, Go T, Lee SJ. Accelerated settling velocity of airborne particulate matter on hairy plant leaves. J Environ Manage 2023; 332:117313. [PMID: 36716541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation has emerged as an ecofriendly technique to reduce hazardous particulate matter (PM) in the air. Although previous studies have conducted statistical analyses to reveal PM removal capabilities of various plant species according to their leaf characteristics, the underlying physical mechanism of PM adsorption of plants remains unclear. Conventional methodologies for measuring PM accumulation usually require long-term field tests and provide limited understanding on PM removal effects of individual leaf traits of various plants. In this study, we propose a novel methodology which can compare the electrostatic interactions between PMs and plant leaves according to their trichome structures by using digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM). Surface characteristics of Perilla frutescens and Capsicum annuum leaves are measured to examine electrostatic effects according to the morphological features of trichomes. 3D settling motions of PMs near the microstructures of trichomes of the two plant species are compared in detail. To validate the PM removal effect of the hairy microstructures, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica model of a P. frutescens leaf is fabricated to demonstrate accelerated settling velocities of PMs near trichome-like microstructures. The size and electric charge distributions of PMs with irregular shapes are analyzed using DIHM. Numerical simulation of the PM deposition near a trichome-like structure is conducted to verify the empirical results. As a result, the settling velocities of PMs on P. frutescens leaves and a PDMS replica sample are 12.11 ± 1.88% and 34.06 ± 4.19% faster than those on C. annuum leaves and a flat PDMS sample, respectively. These findings indicate that the curved microstructures of hairy trichomes of plant leaves increase the ability to capture PMs by enhancing the electric field intensity just near trichomes. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed methodology can quantitatively evaluate the settling velocity of PMs on various plant leaves according to the morphological structure and density of trichomes within a short period of time. The present research findings would be widely utilized in the selection of suitable air-purifying plants for sustainable removal of harmful air pollutants in urban and indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Go
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Gui J, Liu J, Han Z, Yang X, Ding R, Yang J, Luo H, Huang D, Chen H, Cheng L, Jiang L. The dysfunctionality of hippocampal synapses may be directly related to PM-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory in juvenile rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 254:114729. [PMID: 36889211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to air particulate matter (PM) increases the incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and exerts a significant neurotoxic effect on the nervous system, especially on the immature nervous system. Here, we selected PND28 rats to simulate the immature nervous system of young children and used neurobehavioral methods to examine how exposure to PM affected spatial learning and memory, as well as electrophysiology, molecular biology, and bioinformatics to study the morphology of hippocampus and the function of hippocampal synapses. We discovered that spatial learning and memory were impaired in rats exposed to PM. The morphology and structure of the hippocampus were altered in the PM group. In addition, after exposure to PM, the relative expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) proteins decreased dramatically in rats. Furthermore, PM exposure impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 pathway. Interestingly, RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were rich in terms associated with synaptic function. Five hub genes (Agt, Camk2a, Grin2a, Snca, and Syngap1) that may play a significant role in the dysfunctionality of hippocampal synapses were identified. Our findings implied that exposure to PM impaired spatial learning and memory via exerting impacts on the dysfunctionality of hippocampal synapses in juvenile rats and that Agt, Camk2a, Grin2a, Snca, and Syngap1 may drive PM-caused synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Gui
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ziyao Han
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hanyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Dishu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hengsheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Wu N, Lyu Y, Lu B, Cai D, Meng X, Li X. Oxidative potential induced by metal-organic interaction from PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157768. [PMID: 35931153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has recently been proposed as a metric that may prove more indicative of human health effects than the routinely measured PM2.5 concentration. Observations of exposure to PM2.5 show most OP are originated from the contribution of transition metals and organics, but the pertinent coupling mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report laboratory observations in four simulated biological fluids (i.e., simulated saliva, surrogate lung fluid, artificial lysosomal fluid, and synthetic serum) that reveal OP of PM2.5 are significantly induced by prevalent metal complexes formed with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds in low acid environments. Analyses of mass spectra and interaction factors indicate that organic-metal mixture effect in PM2.5, leading to synergistic, additive to antagonistic effects, which may serve as the dominant mechanism for this OP formation. A metal-organic mixtures origin for OP could explain why PM2.5 emission controls should emphasize the reduction of key toxic components, rather than just PM2.5 mass concentration control. SYNOPSIS: This study has investigated the oxidative potential of inhaled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in four simulated biological fluids, which highlight the importance of metal-organic complexes to the formation of oxidative potential (OP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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18
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Hellebaut A, Boisson S, Mahy G. Do plant traits help to design green walls for urban air pollution control? A short review of scientific evidences and knowledge gaps. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:81210-81221. [PMID: 36215023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is often claimed that green walls (GW) and living wall systems (LWS) have a positive effect on urban air pollution problems if their plants composition is optimal (design of the LWS). An in-depth review of the knowledge on plants traits maximizing GW effects on air pollution shows that these might be hasty conclusions: there are still some important knowledge gaps. Robust conclusions can only be drawn for particulate matter (PM): the other pollutants are not analyzed by a sufficient number of studies. It can be concluded that leaves with hairs/trichomes are the most effective to capture PM. The rougher and the smaller the leaf is, the more PM it catches. The analysis of the plant composition of six LWS in Belgium indicated that these LWS supported a plant community dominated by only a few species, which do not exhibit in majority the most effective traits to maximize their PM capture. Regarding climbing plants, only three out of seven commonly used creepers in Belgium present hairs/trichomes on their leaves. Studies conducted on other pollutants and other traits are required to optimize the GW plant composition and to maximize their effects on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Hellebaut
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sylvain Boisson
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mahy
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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19
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Wang Q, Shi Q, Liu L, Qian Y, Dong N. FGF10 mediates protective anti-oxidative effects in particulate matter-induced lung injury through Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling. Ann Transl Med 2022; 10:1203. [PMID: 36544647 PMCID: PMC9761170 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Particulate matter (PM), a well-known environmental pollutant, is an independent risk factor associated with the morbidity of various respiratory diseases. Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism related to PM exposure, which mediates redox-sensitive inflammatory signaling, leading to lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), a paracrine fibroblast growth factor that mediates mesenchymal to epithelial signaling, participates in epithelial repair during lung injury. However, whether FGF10-mediated repair in PM-induced lung injury is related to the regulation of oxidative stress remains to be elucidated. Methods In vivo, the C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided, with intratracheal instillation of 5 mg/kg FGF10 1 h before 4 mg/kg PM for 2 consecutive days. In vitro, the BEAS-2B cells were pretreated with 10 ng/mL FGF10 before exposed to 200 µg/mL PM. Besides, the specific Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was adopted in vitro. The harvested lung tissues were pathologic grading scored. The state of oxidative stress was assessed with dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contents of IL-6 and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as culture supernatant were quantified by ELISA. The protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling from lung tissue as well as cell lysate were determined by Western blot. Results In this study, recombinant FGF10 administration relieved the degree of lung injury, which is characterized by bronchitis, in a mouse model of PM exposure. In addition, reduced ROS levels, which are indicative of restrained oxidative stress, were also observed. Moreover, two redox-sensitive signaling pathways, Nrf2 and NF-κB, were found to be differentially regulated by FGF10. Using a cellular model of PM exposure, we found that the anti-inflammatory effect of FGF10 on NF-κB signaling was mediated through the regulation of oxidative stress. The anti-oxidative effect relied on the stimulation of Nrf2 signaling. Blockade of Nrf2 signaling with ML385 significantly compromised the anti-inflammatory effect of FGF10. Conclusions These results underscore that the protective anti-oxidative effects of FGF10 in lung injury are mediated by the stimulation of Nrf2 signaling and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China;,Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Jinhua, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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20
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Woo SH, Jang H, Mun SH, Lim Y, Lee S. Effect of treadwear grade on the generation of tire PM emissions in laboratory and real-world driving conditions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156548. [PMID: 35688251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tires generally wear out due to the friction between the tire and the road surface. Minimizing tire wear could reduce the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from tires. Typically, tire treadwear grade can be used as an indicator of PM emissions from tires. Tires that wear out quickly will produce higher PM emissions than more durable tires. In this study, the effect of treadwear grade on the generation of tire PM emissions was investigated through laboratory and on-road driving measurements. In the laboratory measurements, a tire wear simulator installed in an enclosed chamber was used to eliminate artifacts caused by interfering particles during the generation and measurement of tire wear particles. For realistic on-road driving measurements, a mobile sampling vehicle was employed to sample road dust. The road dust was chemically analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the tire-road wear particles. Both measurements showed that the higher treadwear grade generated lower tire PM emissions due to the high strength of the rubber, except for the UTQG 700 tire. The UTQG 700 tire, which had the highest treadwear grade, produced higher PM emissions than the UTQG 350 and 500 tires because it readily formed the fine particles due to lamellar peeling rather than tearing or curling of tire treads. Notably, tire nanoparticles were observed in laboratory measurements due to the volatilization and nucleation of the sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) compounds in the tire tread due to the frictional heat between the tire and paved road surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Woo
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjoon Jang
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Mun
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Lim
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Lee
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Pan W, Chen X, Duan X, Xue Y, Jia L. Particulate matter exposure at urban traffic intersection during haze episodes: A case study in Changsha. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156006. [PMID: 35595146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban intersection has been identified as a major contributor to the total personal exposure and short-term high exposure of particulate matter (PM) in modern cities. The main aim of this study was to get a better understanding of the determinants of traffic-related PM temporal variations and personal exposure to PMs at a viaduct-covered intersection controlled by traffic signals during the winter haze episodes. A two-day field sampling campaign was conducted with a portable device during evening rush hour and measured the PMs in the 0.3-10 μm size range both on the surface crosswalk and underground passage. PM variations and related cumulative respiratory deposition dose (RDD) along two routes with six road crossing scenarios were estimated on a severe pollution day and a typical day for both adults and children, respectively. The PM concentration on the severe pollution day ranged 59.2-67.9 μg/m3 for PM1, 163.8-257.0 μg/m3 for PM2, and 258.2-469.1 μg/m3 for PM10, respectively, as compared to 47.9-57.9 μg/m3for PM1, 112.7-199.8 μg/m3 for PM2, and 151.0-301.0 μg/m3 for PM10 on the typical day, respectively. The variability could be explained largely by the built-up environment, traffic component, signal setting, and ventilation condition. Our data suggest that an appropriate setting of the traffic signal would help reduce the personal exposure dose on the surface crosswalk at urban intersections and the ventilation condition had a significant influence on local PM distributions inside the underground passage. Results here provide possible suggestions for the future design of a walkable city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, PR China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China; School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Duan
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, PR China
| | - Yu Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Lisi Jia
- Department of Information and Electromechanical Engineering, Guangxi Agricultural Vocational University, Nanning 530007, PR China
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22
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Del Real Á, Expósito A, Ruiz-Azcona L, Santibáñez M, Fernández-Olmo I. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in indoor and outdoor size-segregated aerosol samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:62973-62983. [PMID: 35449331 PMCID: PMC9023038 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in indoor and outdoor size-segregated aerosol samples (PM10-2.5, PM2.5). Five outdoor daily samples were collected between November and December 2020 in an urban/industrial area with relatively high PM10 levels (Maliaño, Santander, Spain) by using a PM impactor (air flowrate of 30 L/min). In a non-hospital indoor sampling surveillance context, 8 samples in classrooms and 6 samples in the central library-Paraninfo of the University of Cantabria (UC) were collected between April and June 2021 by using personal PM samplers (air flowrate of 3 L/min). Lastly, 8 samples in the pediatric nasopharyngeal testing room at Liencres Hospital, 6 samples from different single occupancy rooms of positive patients, and 2 samples in clinical areas of the COVID plant of the University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV) were collected between January and May 2021. N1, N2 genes were used to test the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR. SARS-CoV-2 positive detection was only obtained from one fine fraction (PM2.5) sample, corresponding to one occupancy room, where a patient with positive PCR and cough was present. Negative results found in other sampling areas such as the pediatric nasopharyngeal testing rooms should be interpreted in terms of air sampling volume limitation and good ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Del Real
- Medicine and Psychiatry Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Andrea Expósito
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros S/N, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Azcona
- Global Health Research Group. Dpto Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Miguel Santibáñez
- Global Health Research Group. Dpto Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Nursing Research Group, IDIVAL, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Olmo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros S/N, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
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23
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Yu SJ, Kwon MK, Choi W, Son YS. Preliminary study on the effect of using heat-not-burn tobacco products on indoor air quality. Environ Res 2022; 212:113217. [PMID: 35381261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the use of heat-not-burn (HnB) products on indoor air quality (IAQ) was evaluated. To do this, the concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), and vegetable glycerin (VG) directly emitted when using HnB products were analyzed and compared to those from conventional cigarettes. Furthermore, the levels of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle, and particulate matter (PM) detected when subjects used HnB products in the exposure chamber were evaluated the effect on IAQ. As a result, the range of nicotine levels transferred by HnB products (0.8-1.2 mg cigarette-1) is lower than that by conventional cigarettes (2.4-3.6 mg cigarette-1). On the other hand, the range of VG levels emitted from HnB products (3.1-5.9 mg cigarette-1) were higher than that emitted from conventional cigarettes (0.6-3.0 mg cigarette-1). In addition, although the amount generated from HnB products was small compared to those from conventional cigarettes, various kinds of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle and PM were produced, and these were confirmed to affect IAQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ji Yu
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Min-Ku Kwon
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Choi
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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24
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Dubey R, Patra AK, Joshi J, Blankenberg D. Evaluation of vertical and horizontal distribution of particulate matter near an urban roadway using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155600. [PMID: 35504396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of traffic emissions has gained a lot of interest in recent times due to its contribution to urban pollution. This paper reports the outcome from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based measurement of PM concentration near an urban roadway at Kolkata, India. A total of 54 flights were carried out for simultaneous measurements of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration and meteorological parameters in vertical as well as in horizontal direction. Results for the vertical flight up to 100 m showed that the PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at higher altitudes are less (mean; 24.6, 39.9 and 103.8 μg m-3) compared to the respective ground level concentrations (mean; 26.3, 50.4 and 201.9 μg m-3). For all the three particle sizes, the majority of the cases of higher PM concentration at higher altitudes happened during the evening flight. Low mixing height and low wind speed are suggested to be the reasons for the poor dispersion of pollutants in the evening. While there was a 7-10% fall of fine particles (PM1 and PM2.5) mass concentrations up to 90 m away from the road, no trend could be seen for PM10. The random forest model to predict the UAV/Ground concentration ratio showed high accuracy (R2 = 0.82-0.95) for all three particle sizes. This is an important finding from this study, which shows how UAV measurement data can be used to generate models that can predict the higher altitude concentrations from the ground based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravish Dubey
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Patra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
| | - Jayadev Joshi
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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25
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Ishmatov A. "SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by particulate air pollution": Misinterpretations of statistical data, skewed citation practices, and misuse of specific terminology spreading the misconception. Environ Res 2022; 204:112116. [PMID: 34562486 PMCID: PMC8489301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiology, there are still outdated myths associated with the spread of respiratory infections. Recently, we have witnessed the origination of a new misconception, to the effect that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted in the open air by way of particulate air pollution (atmospheric particulate matter (PM)). There is no evidence to support the idea behind this misconception. Nevertheless, more and more people are involved in animated debate and the number of studies concerning atmospheric PM as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2 is growing rapidly. In this work, the origin of the misconception was investigated, and the published papers which have contributed to the spread of this myth were analyzed. The results show that the following factors lie behind the origin and spread of the misconception: a) The specific terminology is not always clearly defined or consistently used by scientists. In particular, the terms 'particulate matter', 'atmospheric aerosol particles', 'air pollutants', and 'atmospheric aerosols' need to be clarified, and besides they are often equated to 'infectious aerosols', 'virus-bearing aerosols', 'bio-aerosols', 'virus-laden particles', 'respiratory aerosol/droplets', and 'droplet nuclei'. b) Authors misinterpret statistical data and information from other sources. Interpretation of the correlation between PM levels and the increasing incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection, is often changed from "PM may reflect the indirect action of certain atmospheric conditions that maintain infectious nuclei suspended for prolonged periods, parameters that also act on atmospheric pollutants" to "PM could cause an increase in infectious droplets/aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2." This is a dramatic change to the meaning. Moreover, it is often not taken into account that PM may reflect activities in areas with high population density and this population density at the same time contributes to the spread COVID-19. c) Skewed citation practices. Many authors cite a hypothetical conclusion from an original study, then other authors cite the papers of these authors as primary sources. This practice leads to the effect that there are many witnesses to a 'phenomenon' that did not ever occur. Thus, the terminology used in interdisciplinary communications should be more nuanced and defined precisely. Authors should be more careful when citing unconfirmed data (and hypotheses) as well as in interpreting statistical data so as to avoid confusion and spreading false information. This is especially important now in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ishmatov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Timakova St., Bild. 2., Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation; Togliatti State University, Belorusskaya St. 14, Togliatti, 445020, Russian Federation.
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26
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Zhang JJY, Sun L, Rainham D, Dummer TJB, Wheeler AJ, Anastasopolos A, Gibson M, Johnson M. Predicting intraurban airborne PM 1.0-trace elements in a port city: Land use regression by ordinary least squares and a machine learning algorithm. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150149. [PMID: 34583078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, and there is some evidence that spatially varying metals found in PM may contribute to adverse health effects. We developed spatially refined models for PM trace elements using ordinary least squares land use regression (OLS-LUR) and machine leaning random forest land-use regression (RF-LUR). Two-week integrated measurements of PM1.0 (median aerodiameter < 1.0 μm) were collected at 50 sampling sites during fall (2010), winter (2011), and summer (2011) in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. PM1.0 filters were analyzed for metals and trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. OLS- and RF-LUR models were developed for approximately 30 PM1.0 trace elements in each season. Model predictors included industrial, commercial, and institutional/ government/ military land use, roadways, shipping, other transportation sources, and wind rose information. RF generated more accurate models than OLS for most trace elements based on 5-fold cross validation. On average, summer models had the highest cross validation R2 (OLS-LUR = 0.40, RF-LUR = 0.46), while fall had the lowest (OLS-LUR = 0.27, RF-LUR = 0.31). Many OLS-LUR models displayed overprediction in the final exposure surface. In contrast, RF-LUR models did not exhibit overpredictions. Taking overpredictions and cross validation performances into account, OLS-LUR performed better than RF-LUR in roughly 20% of the seasonal trace element models. RF-LUR models provided more interpretable predictors in most cases. Seasonal predictors varied, likely due to differences in seasonal distribution of trace elements related to source activity, and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Y Zhang
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Liu Sun
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Rainham
- Healthy Populations Institute and the School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, , Canada
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Mark Gibson
- Division of Air Quality and Exposure Science, AirPhoton, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Markey Johnson
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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27
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Oluwadairo T, Whitehead L, Symanski E, Bauer C, Carson A, Han I. Effects of aerosol particle size on the measurement of airborne PM 2.5 with a low-cost particulate matter sensor (LCPMS) in a laboratory chamber. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:56. [PMID: 34989887 PMCID: PMC8842881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous validation studies found a good linear correlation between the low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMS) and other research grade particulate matter (PM) monitors. This study aimed to determine if different particle size bins of PM would affect the linear relationship and agreement between the Dylos DC1700 (LCPMS) particle count measurements (converted to PM2.5 mass concentrations) and the Grimm 11R (research grade instrument) mass concentration measurements. Three size groups of PM2.5 (mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD): < 1 µm, 1-2 µm, and > 2 µm) were generated inside a laboratory chamber, controlled for temperature and relative humidity, by dispersing sodium chloride crystals through a nebulizer. A linear regression comparing 1-min average PM2.5 particle counts from the Dylos DC1700 (Dylos) to the Grimm 11R (Grimm) mass concentrations was estimated by particle size group. The slope for the linear regression was found to increase as MMAD increased (< 1 µm, 0.75 (R2 = 0.95); 1-2 µm, 0.90 (R2 = 0.93); and > 2 µm, 1.03 (R2 = 0.94). The linear slopes were used to convert Dylos counts to mass concentration, and the agreement between converted Dylos mass and Grimm mass was estimated. The absolute relative error between converted Dylos mass and the Grimm mass was smaller in the < 1 µm group (16%) and 1-2 µm group (16%) compared to the > 2 µm group (32%). Therefore, the bias between converted Dylos mass and Grimm mass varied by size group. Future studies examining particle size bins over a wider range of coarse particles (> 2.5 µm) would provide useful information for accurately converting LCPMS counts to mass concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Oluwadairo
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cici Bauer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arch Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Abayalath N, Malshani I, Ariyaratne R, Zhao S, Zhong G, Zhang G, Manipura A, Siribaddana A, Karunaratne P, Kodithuwakku SP. Characterization of airborne PAHs and metals associated with PM10 fractions collected from an urban area of Sri Lanka and the impact on airway epithelial cells. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131741. [PMID: 34358888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) are significant contributors leading to many human health issues. Thus, this study was designed to perform chemical analysis and biological impact of airborne particulate matter 10 (PM10) in the World heritage City of Kandy City in Sri Lanka. 12 priority PAHs and 34 metals, including 10 highly toxic HMs were quantified. The biological effects of organic extracts were assayed using an in vitro primary porcine airway epithelial cell culture model. Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and gene expressions of selected inflammatory and cancer-related genes were also assessed. Results showed that the total PAHs ranged from 3.062 to 36.887 ng/m3. The metals were dominated by Na > Ca > Mg > Al > K > Fe > Ti, while a few toxic HMs were much higher in the air than the existing ambient air quality standards. In the bioassays, a significant cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) was observed at 300 μg/mL treatment, and significant (p < 0.05) DNA damages were noted in all treatment groups. All genes assessed were found to be significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) after 24 h of exposure and after 48 h, only TGF-β1 and p53 did not significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05). These findings confirm that the Kandy city air contains potential carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds and thus, exposure to Kandy air may increase the health risks and respiratory tract-related anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirodha Abayalath
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Indeepa Malshani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle, 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajitha Ariyaratne
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (SKLOG), Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (SKLOG), Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (SKLOG), Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Aruna Manipura
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Parakrama Karunaratne
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Gogoi D, Sazid A, Bora J, Deka P, Balachandran S, Hoque RR. Particulate matter exposure in biomass-burning homes of different communities of Brahmaputra Valley. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:856. [PMID: 34853951 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning for cooking prevalent in the developing countries is an issue which has been a concern for the past several decades for the noxious emissions and subsequent effects on the health of women and children due to the exposure of particulate matter (PM) and other gases. In this study, PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were measured in biomass-burning households for different communities of Brahmaputra Valley region northeast India by a 31-channel aerosol spectrometer. The levels of emission of PM in the case of different community households were found to be significantly different. Also, the emission characteristics of different cooking time of the day were found to be different across communities. The emission levels in the biomass-burning households were compared with emission in household using "clean" LPG fuel, and it was found that the biomass fuels emitted 10-12 times more PM2.5 and 6-7 times more PM10. The number densities of the emission were found to be more with smaller sizes of particulates which could explain why such biomass-burning emissions can pose with greater health risks. The exposure doses were calculated and were found to be about three times higher in biomass-burning houses than "clean" LPG fuel. It is important to note that the exposure from biomass burning while cooking has a gender perspective. The woman of the house generally takes care of the activities in the kitchen and get exposed to the noxious PM and the gases. Children often accompany their mothers and face the same fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitri Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Abdullah Sazid
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Jayanta Bora
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Pratibha Deka
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | | | - Raza R Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India.
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Hanfi MY, Yarmoshenko IV, Ilgasheva EO, Onishchenko AD, Seleznev AA, Ryanskaya AD. Gross alpha activity in urban sediments as an important indicator of urban environmental processes on the example of three Russian cities. J Environ Manage 2021; 294:113011. [PMID: 34116301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The protection of the urban environment from radioactive wastes (including technologically enhanced natural radionuclides) and potentially harmful elements have recently become very critical. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the radioactive levels in low-volume samples of dust and fine sand fractions of the urban surface deposited sediments (USDS) collected in three Russian cities. The detection was conducted via CR-39 and LR-115 type II solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) have been used to detect gross alpha activity concentrations. A statistically significant difference was observed between the average gross alpha activity concentrations in the dust fraction and the fine sand fraction in each city. The obtained results also illustrate the gross alpha activity concentration in the dust fraction is higher than in the fine sand fraction. This is consistent with the results of the chemical and mineralogical analysis. The dust fraction size has a higher gross alpha activity concentration than the fine sand fraction due to the natural partitioning of the main minerals constituting USDS with trace uranium and thorium content (feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole and others) and negligible uranium and thorium content (quartz). In some cases, USDS radioactivity is associated with monazite and zircon. A good correlation (0.58) was found between the gross alpha activity concentration and the effective content of uranium and thorium. Finally, an assessment of the gross alpha activity concentrations in the USDS size fractions was considered an essential indicator of environmental processes that are significant in terms of their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y Hanfi
- Ural Federal University, Mira St 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia; Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, 520, Egypt.
| | - Ilia V Yarmoshenko
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, S. Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O Ilgasheva
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, S. Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | | | - Andrian A Seleznev
- Ural Federal University, Mira St 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia; Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, S. Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Ryanskaya
- Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, 15 Akademika Vonsovskogo Str., Ekaterinburg, 620016, Russia
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Kim J, Go T, Lee SJ. Volumetric monitoring of airborne particulate matter concentration using smartphone-based digital holographic microscopy and deep learning. J Hazard Mater 2021; 418:126351. [PMID: 34329034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has become a global environmental issue. This PM has harmful effects on public health and precision industries. Conventional air-quality monitoring methods usually utilize expensive equipment, and they are cumbersome to handle for accurate and high throughput measurements. In addition, commercial particle counters have technical limitations in high-concentration measurement, and data fluctuations are induced during air sampling. In this study, a novel smartphone-based technique for monitoring airborne PM concentrations was developed using smartphone-based digital holographic microscopy (S-DHM) and deep learning network called Holo-SpeckleNet. Holographic speckle images of various PM concentrations were recorded by the S-DHM system. The recorded speckle images and the corresponding ground truth PM concentrations were used to train deep learning algorithms consisting of a deep autoencoder and regression layers. The performance of the proposed smartphone-based PM monitoring technique was validated through hyperparameter optimization. The developed S-DHM integrated with Holo-SpeckleNet can be smartly and effectively utilized for portable PM monitoring and safety alarm provision under perilous environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Go
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Heibati B, Rivas I, Veysi R, Hoek G, Perez-Martinez PJ, Karimi A. Evaluating size-fractioned indoor particulate matter in an urban hospital in Iran. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:521. [PMID: 34313867 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals host vulnerable people with potentially enhanced sensitivity to air pollutants. We measured particulate matter (PM) including PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 with a portable device in a hospital, a nearby reference building, and ambient air in Shiraz, Iran. Indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio values were calculated to infer on the origin of size-fractioned PM. The mean hospital indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (4.7 and 38.7 μg/m3, respectively) but not PM1 were higher than in the reference building and lower than in ambient air. The highest hospital PM10 mean concentrations were found in the radiotherapy ward (77.5 μg/m3) and radiology ward (70.4 μg/m3) while the lowest were found in the bone marrow transplantation (BMT) ward (18.5 μg/m3) and cardiac surgery ward (19.8 μg/m3). The highest PM2.5 concentrations were found in the radiology (8.7 μg/m3) and orthopaedic wards (7.7 μg/m3) while the lowest were found in the BMT ward (2.8 μg/m3) and cardiac surgery ward (2.8 μg/m3). The I/O ratios and the timing of peak concentrations during the day (7 a.m. to 4 p.m.) indicated the main roles of outdoor air and human activity on the indoor levels. These suggest the need for mechanical ventilation with PM control for a better indoor air quality (IAQ) in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Heibati
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), C/ Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rahmat Veysi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3594cm, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Jose Perez-Martinez
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Rua Saturnino de Brito, SP, 224, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ali Karimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hashad K, Gu J, Yang B, Rong M, Chen E, Ma X, Zhang KM. Designing roadside green infrastructure to mitigate traffic-related air pollution using machine learning. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:144760. [PMID: 33940702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Communities located in near-road environments are exposed to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), causing adverse health effects. While roadside vegetation barriers can help mitigate TRAP, their effectiveness to reduce TRAP is influenced by site-specific conditions. To test vegetation designs using direct field measurements or high-fidelity numerical simulations is often infeasible since urban planners and local communities often lack the access and expertise to use those tools. There is a need for a fast, reliable, and easy-to-use method to evaluate vegetation barrier designs based on their capacity to mitigate TRAP. In this paper, we investigated five machine learning (ML) methods, including linear regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), and neural networks (NN), to predict size-resolved and locationally dependent particle concentrations downwind of various vegetation barrier designs. Data from 83 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was used to train and test the ML models. We developed downwind region-specific models to capture the complexity of this problem and enhance the overall accuracy. Our feature space was composed of variables that can be feasibly obtained such as vegetation width, height, leaf area index (LAI), particle size, leaf area density (LAD) and wind speed at different heights. RF, NN, and XGB performed well with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 6-7% and an average test R2 value >0.91, while SVM and LR had an NRMSE of approximately 13% and an average test R2 value of 0.56. Using feature selection, vegetation dimensions and particle size had the highest influence in predicting pollutant concentrations. The ML models developed can help create tools to aid local communities in developing mitigation strategies to address TRAP problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Hashad
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jiajun Gu
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Morena Rong
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edric Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - K Max Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Gat R, Kachko E, Kloog I, Erez O, Yitshak-Sade M, Novack V, Novack L. Differences in environmental factors contributing to preterm labor and PPROM - Population based study. Environ Res 2021; 196:110894. [PMID: 33609551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports indicate an association between ambient temperature (Ta) and air pollution exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth (PTB). Nevertheless, information regarding the association between environmental factors and specific precursors of spontaneous preterm birth is lacking. We aimed to determine the association between Ta and air pollution during gestation and the precursors of spontaneous preterm parturition, i.e. preterm labor (PTL) and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS From 2003 to 2013 there were 84,476 deliveries of singleton gestation that comprised the study cohort. Exposure data during pregnancy included daily measurements of temperature and particulate matter <2.5 μm and <10 μm, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Deliveries were grouped into PPROM, PTL and non-spontaneous preterm and term deliveries. Exposure effect was tested in windows of a week and two days prior to admission for delivery and adjusted to gestational age and socio-economic status. Poisson regression models were used for analyses. RESULTS There is an association of environmental exposure with the precursors of spontaneous preterm parturition; PPROM was more sensitive to Ta fluctuations than PTL. This effect was modified by the ethnicity, Bedouin-Arabs were susceptible to elevated Ta, especially within the last day prior to admission with PPROM (Relative Risk (RR) =1.19 [95% CI, 1.03; 1.37]). Jews, on the other hand, were susceptible to ambient pollutants, two (RR=1.025 [1.010; 1.040]) and one (RR= 1.017 [1.002; 1.033]) days prior to spontaneous PTL with intact membranes resulting in preterm birth. CONCLUSION High temperature is an independent risk factor for PPROM among Bedouin-Arabs; ambient pollution is an independent risk factor for spontaneous PTL resulting in preterm birth. Thus, the precursors of spontaneous preterm parturition differ in their association with environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Gat
- Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Eric Kachko
- Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Offer Erez
- Maternity Department "D" Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Maayan Yitshak-Sade
- Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Victor Novack
- Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
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Maher BA, O'Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Anne Kenny R. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Environ Res 2021; 192:110298. [PMID: 33039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air pollution is known to affect respiratory and cardiovascular health, but little is known about its effects on cognitive function. We measured the concentrations and magnetite content of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the indoor environment arising from burning peat, wood or coal in residential open fires. Highest indoor PM2.5 concentrations (60 μg/m3 i.e. 2.4 times the WHO-recommended 24-h mean) occurred when peat was burned, followed by burning of coal (30 μg/m3) and wood (17 μg/m3). Conversely, highest concentrations of coarser PM (PM10-2.5) were associated with coal burning (20 μg/m3), with lower concentrations emitted during burning of wood (10 μg/m3) and peat (8 μg/m3). The magnetic content of the emitted PM, greatest (for both PM size fractions) when coal was burned, is similar to that of roadside airborne PM. Exposure to PM, and to strongly magnetic airborne PM, can be greater for individuals spending ~5 h/day indoors with a coal-burning open fire for 6 months/year compared to those commuting via heavily-trafficked roads for 1 h/day for 12 months/year. Given these high indoor PM and magnetite concentrations, and the reported associations between (outdoor) PM and impaired neurological health, we used individual-level data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) to examine the association between the usage of open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Using a sample of nearly seven thousand older people, we estimated multi-variate models of the association between cognitive function and open fire usage, in order to account for relevant confounders such as socio-economic status. We found a negative association between open fire usage and cognitive function as measured by widely-used cognitive tests such as word recall and verbal fluency tests. The negative association was largest and statistically strongest among women, a finding explained by the greater exposure of women to open fires in the home because they spent more time at home than men. Our findings were also robust to stratifying the sample between old and young, rich and poor, and urban and rural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Maher
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Farrer Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Vincent O'Sullivan
- Department of Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University, LA1 4YX, UK.
| | - Joanne Feeney
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomasz Gonet
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Farrer Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Xia T, Catalan J, Hu C, Batterman S. Development of a mobile platform for monitoring gaseous, particulate, and greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutants. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 193:7. [PMID: 33313969 PMCID: PMC9987650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Michigan Pollution Assessment Laboratory (MPAL) is a mobile air quality monitoring platform designed to measure conventional, toxic, and greenhouse gas (GHG) air pollutants. The spatially and temporally resolved data collected can be used for multiple purposes, such as mapping spatial patterns and identifying peaks. The truck-based platform includes instrumentation for 11 gaseous pollutants and for particulate matter (PM), size distribution (7 nm to 20 μm), PM10, black and brown carbon, and trace metals. MPAL is equipped with meteorological instruments, a high-accuracy GPS, forward and reverse cameras, and a data logging and display system. We selected commercially available instrumentation based on sensitivity, response time, and robustness. The vehicle's power system allows ~ 6.5 h of continuous operation with all instruments operating. This article details the design, construction, and evaluation of MPAL and summarizes data collected in its first year (March 2019 to March 2020) of operation. We completed a series of runs on 84 days in Detroit, Michigan, an area with a diverse set of traffic, industrial, and commercial emission sources, and collected 265,816 1-s observations (excluding collocations, zero checks, and other quality assurance measurements). Using data from these runs as well as special tests, we present results of performance evaluations that examined the response time, PM losses, and wind measurements and compare results to stationary regulatory monitoring data. We highlight key issues and provide practical solutions to help evaluate and resolve these issues and share many lessons learned in developing and using a mobile platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - James Catalan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Shammi M, Robi MR, Tareq SM. COVID-19: socio-environmental challenges of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2020; 18:1709-1711. [PMID: 32837732 PMCID: PMC7292475 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multifaceted international and national collaborative responses and progress have sustained the world's largest densely populated refugee camps in the Cox's Bazar district, Bangladesh. Yet, the Rohingyas remain in an extremely precarious situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The refugees are living in highly challenging circumstances of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), natural disasters of the monsoon season as well as existing health and educational challenges of HIV, malnutrition and other diseases. Particulate matter PM2.5 in the sampling camps varied from 44 μg/m3 to 546 μg/m3, whereas PM10 in the sampling camps varied from 125 μg/m3 to 1122 μg/m3. Due to lock-down of Cox's Bazar, aid workers in and out of the camps were restrained with the only continuation of emergency food and medical service supplies. Largely dependent on aid during the ongoing pandemic, an investigation of the socio-environmental challenges of the refugee camps will identify the anticipatory impacts and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashura Shammi
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Mushfiqur Rahman Robi
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Shafi M Tareq
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
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Baron YM. Could changes in the airborne pollutant particulate matter acting as a viral vector have exerted selective pressure to cause COVID-19 evolution? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110401. [PMID: 33303307 PMCID: PMC7679512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution with particulate matter has been implicated in the incidence and the mortality due to COVID-19 infection. The levels of particulate matter have been shown to have decreased after regional and national lockdowns in a number of countries. COVID-19 possesses an elevated reproduction number (R0) due to its high transmission rate. COVID-19 genes have been found adherent to particulate matter which has been suggested as a vector for this virus’ transmission. Following lockdown in China, the original viral Clade D steadily decreased mirroring the decline in particulate matter. Two months after the COVID-19 index case was reported in Wuhan early December 2019, a persistent mutation was noted at the D614 gene position of the viral spike protein establishing the Clade G variant. Clade G started to appear early in February and steadily attained predominance after lockdown in late February. It may be postulated that the changes in the source of airborne particulate matter, possibly derived from tobacco smoking (66% of Chinese males are smokers), may have contributed to the appearance of Clade G. Once the pandemic spread beyond China, in all countries affected except for Iceland, a consistent pattern arose whereby the initial viral Clade D outbreak was rapidly displaced by Clade G. It is hypothesized that changes in the source of COVID-19’s vector in the form of particulate matter may have contributed to natural selection favouring Clade G. The “open orientation” of Clade G spike protein’s three peptides as opposed to the “closed orientation” of the Clade D may have allowed easier adherence of the viral mutant to cells and as a corollary also to particulate matter. There may also have been differences between both viral Clades in the spike protein’s hydrophobic properties. Experimental research on the hypothesis that particulate matter may potentially act as a COVID-19 vector needs to be undertaken. Besides the potential vector effect, the deleterious effects of particulate matter on respiratory immunity and cardiovascular health are well known and consequently airborne pollution in all its forms should be addressed on a global scale.
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Islam N, Saikia BK. Atmospheric particulate matter and potentially hazardous compounds around residential/road side soil in an urban area. Chemosphere 2020; 259:127453. [PMID: 32610175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient coarse and fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) causes premature death worldwide due to the nature of their particle size. It contains potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims to quantify the particulate matter (PM) loads on the surface of soil in twenty-five different locations including residential and roadside areas of an urban area in Northeast India. This study shows that the 24h mean concentration of PM (121 ± 49 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 153 ± 45 μg/m3 for PM10) exceeded more than three times the WHO's air quality standard limit for both PM2.5 (25 μg/m3) and PM10 (50 μg/m3) indicating poor air quality in the urban area during monsoon season. The health risk assessment of PAHs and PHEs including mutagenic or carcinogenic potency was observed to be higher as compared to other studies carried out on road traffic emissions in a similar type of urban area. This study also provides a brief database on the deposition of PM on the soil surfaces due to wet-deposition that would help to increase public awareness in such type of urban area for the control of PM pollution and further remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Champion WM, Warren SH, Kooter IM, Preston W, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Jetter JJ. Mutagenicity- and pollutant-emission factors of pellet-fueled gasifier cookstoves: Comparison with other combustion sources. Sci Total Environ 2020; 739:139488. [PMID: 32526531 PMCID: PMC7676151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from solid-fuel burning cookstoves are associated with 3 to 4 million premature deaths annually and contribute significantly to impacts on climate. Pellet-fueled gasifier stoves have some emission factors (EFs) approaching those of gas-fuel (liquid petroleum gas) stoves; however, their emissions have not been evaluated for biological effects. Here we used a new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) testing protocol to determine pollutant- and mutagenicity-EFs for a stove designed for pellet fuel, the Mimi Moto, and for two other forced-draft stoves, Xunda and Philips HD4012, burning pellets of hardwood or peanut hulls. The Salmonella assay-based mutagenicity-EFs (revertants/megajouledelivered) spanned three orders of magnitude and correlated highly (r = 0.99; n = 5) with EFs of the sum of 32 particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Mimi Moto/hardwood pellet combination had total-PAH- and mutagenicity-EFs 99.2 and 96.6% lower, respectively, compared to data published previously for the Philips stove burning non-pelletized hardwood, and 100 and 99.8% lower, respectively, compared to those of a wood-fueled three-stone fire. The Xunda burning peanut hull pellets had the highest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF (revertants/megajoulethermal) of the pellet stove/fuel combinations tested, which was between that of diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen, and a natural-draft wood stove. Although the Mimi Moto burning hardwood pellets had the lowest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF, this value was between that of utility coal and utility wood boilers. This advanced stove/fuel combination has the potential to greatly reduce emissions in contrast to a traditional stove, but adequate ventilation is required to approach acceptable levels of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Champion
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Sarah H Warren
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analyses, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Q Todd Krantz
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David M DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - James J Jetter
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Lee H, Hwang-Bo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Park C, Hong SH, Kim GY, Song KS, Hyun JW, Choi YH. Diesel particulate matter2.5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via generation of reactive oxygen species. Environ Pollut 2020; 262:114301. [PMID: 32155554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have linked PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) to ocular surface diseases such as keratitis and conjunctivitis, very few studies have previously addressed its effect on the retina. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PM2.5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involved in disorders of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) on APRE-19 cells. PM2.5 changed the phenotype of RPE cells from epithelial to fibroblast-like mesenchymal, and increased cell migration. Exposure to PM2.5 markedly increased the expression of mesenchymal markers, but reduced the levels of epithelial markers. Moreover, PM2.5 promoted the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated nuclear transcriptional factors. However, these PM2.5-mediated changes were completely reversed by LY2109761, a small molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor type I/II kinases, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Interestingly, NAC, but not LY2109761, effectively restored the PM2.5-induced mitochondrial defects, including increased ROS, decreased mitochondrial activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. Collectively, our findings indicate that the TGF-β/Smad/ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway is activated downstream of cellular ROS during PM2.5-induced EMT. The present study provides the first evidence that EMT of RPE may be one of the mechanisms of PM2.5-induced retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hwang-Bo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Seob Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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Odekanle EL, Sonibare OO, Odejobi OJ, Fakinle BS, Akeredolu FA. Air emissions and health risk assessment around abattoir facility. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04365. [PMID: 32685716 PMCID: PMC7358394 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed the impacts of abattoir activities on ambient air quality and health risk associated with exposure to PM2.5 and PM10, H2S, SO2 and NH3. Air samplings were done simultaneously around the abattoir at three points for sixty consecutive days (October to November) and standard methods adopted for the samplings and analysis. Health risks associated with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated, using attributable fractions, relative risk and the excess lifetime cancer risk. The non-carcinogenic risks induced by the inhalation of H2S, SO2 and NH3 were also evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ). The results indicated that the average concentrations of 18.75 μg/m3, 89.17 μg/m3 and 0.1ppm for PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 respectively, were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO), National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) permissible limits. Air Quality Index showed that the ambient air quality in respect of CO and NH3 was very good, moderate for PM10 and was very poor for NO2 and SO2. It was also shown that 0.32% of deaths from lung cancer, and 0.23% from cardiopulmonary could be avoided if PM2.5 is reduced to 3 μg/m3 and while about 0.14% of all-cause mortality could be avoided if PM10 is reduced to 10 μg/m3. In similar manner, at least 0.45% likelihood that an individual in a group of people exposed to PM2.5 100m away from the burning point may have health issue (lung cancer) than an individual from another set of people that is exposed to baseline concentration of 3 μg/m3. All the HQ values exceeded the threshold value, set at the unity, implying that H2S, SO2 and NH3 are likely to cause adverse health effects in the area. Conclusively, continuous operation of this abattoir within the residential area can constitute a great environmental menace to the residents of the area and can result in complication to those with existing health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Leke Odekanle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Landmark University Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ihantola T, Di Bucchianico S, Happo M, Ihalainen M, Uski O, Bauer S, Kuuspalo K, Sippula O, Tissari J, Oeder S, Hartikainen A, Rönkkö TJ, Martikainen MV, Huttunen K, Vartiainen P, Suhonen H, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Leskinen A, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Dilger M, Weiss C, Dittmar G, Beckers J, Irmler M, Buters J, Candeias J, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Abbaszade G, Jakobi G, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Kanashova T, Karg E, Streibel T, Passig J, Hakkarainen H, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32539833 PMCID: PMC7296712 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques. Methods We used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A whole-body mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome. Results We found that diluted (1:15) exposure pine combustion emissions (PM1 mass 7.7 ± 6.5 mg m− 3, 41 mg MJ− 1) contained, on average, more PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than spruce (PM1 mass 4.3 ± 5.1 mg m− 3, 26 mg MJ− 1) emissions, which instead showed a higher concentration of inorganic metals in the emission aerosol. Both A549 cells and mice exposed to these emissions showed low levels of inflammation but significantly increased genotoxicity. Gaseous emission compounds produced similar genotoxicity and a higher inflammatory response than the corresponding complete combustion emission in A549 cells. Systems biology approaches supported the findings, but we detected differing responses between in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo exposure studies with emission characterization and systems biology approaches revealed further information on the effects of combustion aerosol toxicity than could be achieved with either method alone. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo exposures showed the opposite order of the highest DNA damage. In vitro measurements also indicated that the gaseous fraction of emission aerosols may be more important in causing adverse toxicological effects. Combustion aerosols of different wood species result in mild but aerosol specific in vitro and in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mikko Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Ramboll Finland, P.O.Box 25 Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Present address: Savonia University of applied sciences, Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1 F, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Luxembourg institute of health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Buters
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Joana Candeias
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
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Russo A, Sousa PM, Durão RM, Ramos AM, Salvador P, Linares C, Díaz J, Trigo RM. Saharan dust intrusions in the Iberian Peninsula: Predominant synoptic conditions. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:137041. [PMID: 32065896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Iberian Peninsula (IP) is recurrently affected by dust transport from the Sahara Desert and from the semi-arid Sahel regions. African dust is one of the most important sources of particulate matter in the southern Mediterranean. Therefore, it is vital to understand the underlying processes that lead to episodes of air pollution associated to the occurrence of dust intrusions. This work proposes to make an extended characterization of the preferential circulation weather patterns associated to the onset of dust events affecting the IP between 2006 and 2016. Saharan dust intrusions were analysed and an automatic objective classification procedure was used to classify circulation weather patterns associated to dust events. The spatial distribution of intrusion episodes is not homogeneous throughout the IP, occurring less frequently at northern and northwestern locations than at central and southern sites. Moreover, days with Saharan dust intrusions were more frequent in summer months, and more probable to occur under regimes with a southerly component. Finally, two extreme events with high concentration of particulate matter were analysed relatively to their life-cycle and particle trajectories. The distinct extreme episodes can be associated to different synoptic situations. However, and despite different large-scale configurations, a south or south-easterly component over the region is responsible for the establishment of a dust transport from the Saharan region towards Iberia, and thus leading to the intrusion onset. These results were supported by the calculation of back-trajectories which allowed to source apportioning the particles' origin, through a clear trajectory of air parcels originating from northern Africa in both events. The proposed framework can be useful to the prediction of dust and air pollution events based on the forecast of circulation weather patterns, as the results show that these events across the IP are mainly induced by specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - P M Sousa
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R M Durão
- IPMA-Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitectura e Georrecursos, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Ramos
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Salvador
- Environmental Department of the Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Trigo
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Madureira J, Slezakova K, Silva AI, Lage B, Mendes A, Aguiar L, Pereira MC, Teixeira JP, Costa C. Assessment of indoor air exposure at residential homes: Inhalation dose and lung deposition of PM 10, PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles among newborn children and their mothers. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:137293. [PMID: 32092813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of particulate matter (PM) dose and respiratory deposition is essential to better understand the risks of exposure to PM and, consequently, to develop the respective risk-control strategies. In homes, this is especially relevant in regards to ultrafine particles (UFP; <0.1 μm) which origin in these environments is mostly due to indoor sources. Thus, this study aimed to estimate inhalation doses for different PM mass/number size fractions (i.e., PM10, PM2.5 and UFP) in indoor air of residential homes and to quantify the deposition (total, regional and lobar) in human respiratory tract for both newborn children and mothers. Indoor real-time measurements of PM10, PM2.5 and UFP were conducted in 65 residential homes situated in Oporto metropolitan area (Portugal). Inhalation doses were estimated based on the physical characteristics of individual subjects and their activity patterns. The multi-path particle dosimetry model was used to quantify age-specific depositions in human respiratory tract. The results showed that 3-month old infants exhibited 4-fold higher inhalation doses than their mothers. PM10 were primarily deposited in the head region (87%), while PM2.5 and UFP depositions mainly occurred in the pulmonary area (39% and 43%, respectively). Subject age affected the pulmonary region and the total lung deposition; higher deposition being observed among the newborns. Similarly, lower lobes (left lobe: 37% and right lobe: 30%) received higher PM deposition than upper and middle lobes; right lobes lung are prone to be more susceptible to respiratory problems, since asymmetric deposition was observed. Considering that PM-related diseases occur at specific sites of respiratory system, quantification of site-specific particle deposition should be predicted in order to better evidence the respective health outcomes resulting from inhaled PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Inês Silva
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto-University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lage
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lívia Aguiar
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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46
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Qin N, Liang P, Wu C, Wang G, Xu Q, Xiong X, Wang T, Zolfo M, Segata N, Qin H, Knight R, Gilbert JA, Zhu TF. Longitudinal survey of microbiome associated with particulate matter in a megacity. Genome Biol 2020; 21:55. [PMID: 32127018 PMCID: PMC7055069 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-01964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the physical and chemical properties of airborne particulate matter (PM) have been extensively studied, their associated microbiome remains largely unexplored. Here, we performed a longitudinal metagenomic survey of 106 samples of airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing over a period of 6 months in 2012 and 2013, including those from several historically severe smog events. RESULTS We observed that the microbiome composition and functional potential were conserved between PM2.5 and PM10, although considerable temporal variations existed. Among the airborne microorganisms, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Lactobacillus reuteri dominated, along with several viral species. We further identified an extensive repertoire of genes involved in antibiotic resistance and detoxification, including transporters, transpeptidases, and thioredoxins. Sample stratification based on Air Quality Index (AQI) demonstrated that many microbial species, including those associated with human, dog, and mouse feces, exhibit AQI-dependent incidence dynamics. The phylogenetic and functional diversity of air microbiome is comparable to those of soil and water environments, as its composition likely derives from a wide variety of sources. CONCLUSIONS Airborne particulate matter accommodates rich and dynamic microbial communities, including a range of microbial elements that are associated with potential health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Peng Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Guanqun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiao Xiong
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | | | - Moreno Zolfo
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Ting F Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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47
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Giorgis-Allemand L, Thalabard JC, Rosetta L, Siroux V, Bouyer J, Slama R. Can atmospheric pollutants influence menstrual cycle function? Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113605. [PMID: 31806466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A few experimental studies suggest that atmospheric pollutants could affect the endocrine system, and in particular stress hormones and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis, which could in turn influence menstrual cycle function. We aimed to study the possible short-term effects of atmospheric pollutants on the length of the follicular and luteal phases and on the duration of the menstrual cycle in humans. To do so, from a nation-wide study on couples' fecundity, we recruited 184 women not using contraception who collected urine samples at least every other day during one menstrual cycle, from which a progesterone metabolite was assayed, allowing estimation of the duration of the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Atmospheric pollution (nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with an aerodynamical diameter below 10 μm, PM10) levels were estimated from a dispersion model with a 1-km resolution combined with permanent monitoring stations measurements, allowing to estimate exposures in the 30-day, 1-10 and 11-30-day periods before the start of the menstrual cycle. Regression models allowed to quantify the change in cycle duration associated with atmospheric pollutants and adjusted for potential confounders. Follicular phase duration increased on average by 0.7 day (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.2; 1.3) for each increase by 10 μg/m3 in NO2 concentration averaged over the 30 days before the cycle and by 1.6 day (95% CI, 0.3; 2.9) for each increase by 10 μg/m3 in PM10. There was no strong evidence of associations of exposures in this time window with luteal phase or with total menstrual cycle durations (p > 0.2). Exposures in the 1-10 day period before the cycle start were also associated with increased follicular phase duration. This study is one of the first prospective studies to suggest short-term alterations in follicular phase duration following atmospheric pollutants exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giorgis-Allemand
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Joint Research Center (U1209), Grenoble (La Tronche), France; Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ifsttar, UMRESTTE, UMR T_9405, Bron, France
| | - J C Thalabard
- Endocrinological Gynaecology - Unit, PR1- Hôpital Cochin, APHP, 75014, Paris, France; MAP5 UMR CNRS 8145, Université de Paris, Paris, 75006, France
| | - L Rosetta
- UPR 2147, CNRS, Paris, 75014, France
| | - V Siroux
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Joint Research Center (U1209), Grenoble (La Tronche), France
| | - J Bouyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - R Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Joint Research Center (U1209), Grenoble (La Tronche), France.
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48
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Huang S, Garshick E, Vieira CLZ, Grady ST, Schwartz JD, Coull BA, Hart JE, Laden F, Koutrakis P. Short-term exposures to particulate matter gamma radiation activities and biomarkers of systemic inflammation and endothelial activation in COPD patients. Environ Res 2020; 180:108841. [PMID: 31655330 PMCID: PMC6983292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that particulate matter (PM) gamma activity (gamma radiation associated with PM) is associated with systemic effects. OBJECTIVE Examine short-term relationships between ambient and indoor exposures to PM gamma activities with systemic inflammation and endothelial activation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS In 85 COPD patients from Eastern Massachusetts, USA from 2012 to 2014, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured seasonally up to four times. We used US EPA RadNet data measuring ambient gamma radiation attached to PM adjusted for background radiation, and estimated in-home gamma radiation exposures using the ratio of in-home-to-ambient sulfur in PM2.5. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to determine associations between moving averages of PM gamma activities through the week before phlebotomy with these biomarkers. We explored ambient and indoor PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and NO2 as confounders. RESULTS Ambient and indoor PM gamma activities measured as energy spectra classes 3 through 9 were positively associated with CRP and IL-6. For example, averaged from phlebotomy day through previous 6 days, each IQR increase in indoor PM gamma activity for each spectra class, was associated with an CRP increase ranging from 7.45% (95%CI: 2.77, 12.4) to 13.4% (95%CI: 5.82, 21.4) and for ambient exposures were associated with an increase of 8.75% (95%CI: -0.57, 18.95) to 14.8% (95%CI: 4.5, 26.0). Indoor exposures were associated with IL-6 increase of 3.56% (95%CI: 0.31, 6.91) to 6.46% (95%CI:1.33, 11.85) and ambient exposures were associated with an increase of 0.03% (95%CI: -6.37, 6.87) to 3.50% (95%CI: -3.15, 10.61). There were no positive associations with sVCAM-1. Sensitivity analyses using two-pollutant models showed similar effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that short-term exposures to environmental PM gamma radiation activities were associated with systemic inflammation in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina L Z Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Grady
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Costa LG, Cole TB, Dao K, Chang YC, Garrick JM. Developmental impact of air pollution on brain function. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104580. [PMID: 31626830 PMCID: PMC6892600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is an important contributor to the global burden of disease, particularly to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, evidence is accumulating that air pollution may adversely affect the nervous system as shown by human epidemiological studies and by animal models. Age appears to play a relevant role in air pollution-induced neurotoxicity, with growing evidence suggesting that air pollution may contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Traffic-related air pollution (e.g. diesel exhaust) is an important contributor to urban air pollution, and fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) may possibly be its more relevant component. Air pollution is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation both in the periphery and in the nervous system, and fine and ultrafine PM can directly access the central nervous system. This short review focuses on the adverse effects of air pollution on the developing brain; it discusses some characteristics that make the developing brain more susceptible to toxic effects, and summarizes the animal and human evidence suggesting that exposure to elevated air pollution is associated with a number of behavioral and biochemical adverse effects. It also discusses more in detail the emerging evidence of an association between perinatal exposure to air pollution and increased risk of autism spectrum disorder. Some of the common mechanisms that may underlie the neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity of air pollution are also discussed. Considering the evidence presented in this review, any policy and legislative effort aimed at reducing air pollution would be protective of children's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Dept. of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Toby B Cole
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Khoi Dao
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Chang
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Garrick
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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50
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rodents used in scientific research are typically housed in cages containing natural bedding materials. Despite extensive evidence of biological harm from inhaled particulate matter (PM), relatively little work has been performed to measure bedding-generated PM exposure in caged animals used in basic science research. Our objectives were to determine whether bedding-generated PM was present in significant concentrations in rodent cages and to identify the main factors affecting the accumulation and attenuation of bedding-generated PM inside cages. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured PM2.5 concentrations in cages containing common bedding materials (pine, aspen, paper, and corncob) with filter top isolator absent or present on the cages. PM2.5 concentrations were monitored with rats inside cages as well as during artificial manipulation of the bedding (designed to simulate rodent activity). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Upon rodent digging or mechanical/manual stirring, all four bedding materials produced significant increases in PM2.5 concentrations (as much as 100-200 µg/m3 PM2.5, 50- to 100-fold higher than during periods of no rodent activity), and concentrations in cages fitted with filter tops were an order of magnitude higher than in cages without filter tops. Elevated concentrations were sustained for longer durations in cages with filter tops (5-10 minutes) compared to cages with only bar lids (0-2 minutes). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that standard laboratory housing conditions can expose rodents to substantial levels of PM2.5. Bedding-generated PM has potential implications as an environmental agent in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Hudda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - John L Durant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nemeth
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Phyllis Mann
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Petitto
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Brugge
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin C Nephew
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
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