1
|
Yang M, Wu QZ, Zhang YT, Leskinen A, Wang XF, Komppula M, Hakkarainen H, Roponen M, Jin NX, Tan WH, Xu SL, Lin LZ, Liu RQ, Zeng XW, Dong GH, Jalava PI. Toxicological evaluation and concentration of airborne PM 0.1 in high air pollution period in Guangzhou, China. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171224. [PMID: 38402960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The emissions and exposure limits for airborne PM0.1 are lacking, with limited scientific data for toxicity. Therefore, we continuously monitored and calculated the number and mass concentrations of airborne PM0.1 in December 2017, January 2018 and March 2018 during the high pollution period in Guangzhou. We collected PM0.1 from the same period and analyzed their chemical components. A549, THP-1 and A549/THP-1 co-cultured cells were selected for exposure to PM0.1, and evaluated for toxicological responses. Our aims are to 1) measure and analyze the number and mass concentrations, and chemical components of PM0.1; 2) evaluate and compare PM0.1 toxicity to different airway cells models at different time points. Guangzhou had the highest mass concentration of PM0.1 in December 2017, while the number concentration was the lowest. Chemical components in PM0.1 vary significantly at different time periods, and the correlation between the chemical composition or source of PM0.1 and the mass and number concentration of PM0.1 was dissimilar. Exposure to PM0.1 disrupted cell membranes, impaired mitochondrial function, promoted the expression of inflammatory mediators, and interfered with DNA replication in the cell cycle. The damage caused by exposure to PM0.1 at different times exhibited variations across different types of cells. PM0.1 in March 2018 stimulated co-cultured cells to secrete more inflammatory mediators, and CMA was significantly related to the expression of them. Our study indicates that it is essential to monitor both the mass and number concentrations of PM0.1 throughout all seasons annually, as conventional toxicological experiments and the internal components of PM0.1 may not effectively reveal the health damages caused by elevated number levels of PM0.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yun-Ting Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nan-Xiang Jin
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wei-Hong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shu-Li Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jäntti H, Jonk S, Gómez Budia M, Ohtonen S, Fagerlund I, Fazaludeen MF, Aakko-Saksa P, Pebay A, Lehtonen Š, Koistinaho J, Kanninen KM, Jalava PI, Malm T, Korhonen P. Particulate matter from car exhaust alters function of human iPSC-derived microglia. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38360668 PMCID: PMC10870637 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is recognized as an emerging environmental risk factor for neurological diseases. Large-scale epidemiological studies associate traffic-related particulate matter (PM) with impaired cognitive functions and increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Inhaled components of PM may directly invade the brain via the olfactory route, or act through peripheral system responses resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Microglia are the immune cells of the brain implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains unknown how PM affects live human microglia. RESULTS Here we show that two different PMs derived from exhausts of cars running on EN590 diesel or compressed natural gas (CNG) alter the function of human microglia-like cells in vitro. We exposed human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia-like cells (iMGLs) to traffic related PMs and explored their functional responses. Lower concentrations of PMs ranging between 10 and 100 µg ml-1 increased microglial survival whereas higher concentrations became toxic over time. Both tested pollutants impaired microglial phagocytosis and increased secretion of a few proinflammatory cytokines with distinct patterns, compared to lipopolysaccharide induced responses. iMGLs showed pollutant dependent responses to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with CNG inducing and EN590 reducing ROS production. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that traffic-related air pollutants alter the function of human microglia and warrant further studies to determine whether these changes contribute to adverse effects in the brain and on cognition over time. This study demonstrates human iPSC-microglia as a valuable tool to study functional microglial responses to environmental agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henna Jäntti
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steffi Jonk
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mireia Gómez Budia
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Fagerlund
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Alice Pebay
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saveleva L, Sima M, Klema J, Krejčík Z, Vartiainen P, Sitnikova V, Belaya I, Malm T, Jalava PI, Rössner P, Kanninen KM. Transcriptomic alterations in the olfactory bulb induced by exposure to air pollution: Identification of potential biomarkers and insights into olfactory system function. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 104:104316. [PMID: 37981204 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how exposure to the ubiquitous air pollution component, ultrafine particles (UFPs), alters the olfactory bulb (OB) transcriptome. The study utilised a whole-body inhalation chamber to simulate real-life conditions and focused on UFPs due to their high translocation and deposition ability in OBs as well as their prevalence in ambient air. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to clean air or to freshly generated combustion derived UFPs for two weeks, after which OBs were dissected and mRNA transcripts were investigated using RNA sequencing analysis. For the first time, transcriptomics was applied to determine changes in mRNA expression levels occurring after subacute exposure to UFPs in the OBs. We found forty-five newly described mRNAs to be involved in air pollution-induced responses, including genes involved in odorant binding, synaptic regulation, and myelination signalling pathway, providing new gene candidates for future research. This study provides new insights for the environmental science and neuroscience fields and nominates future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klema
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských partyzánů 1580/3, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Valeriia Sitnikova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pavel Rössner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Puris E, Saveleva L, Górová V, Vartiainen P, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Sippula O, Malm T, Jalava PI, Auriola S, Fricker G, Kanninen KM. Air pollution exposure increases ABCB1 and ASCT1 transporter levels in mouse cortex. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 96:104003. [PMID: 36283621 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are important for maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the passage of solutes into, out of, and within the brain. Growing evidence suggests neurotoxic effects of air pollution exposure and its contribution to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet limited knowledge is available on the exact cellular impacts of exposure. This study investigates how exposure to ubiquitous solid components of air pollution, ultrafine particles (UFPs), influence brain homeostasis by affecting protein levels of membrane transporters. Membrane transporters were quantified and compared in brain cortical samples of wild-type and the 5xFAD mouse model of AD in response to subacute exposure to inhaled UFPs. The cortical ASCT1 and ABCB1 transporter levels were elevated in wild-type and 5xFAD mice subjected to a 2-week UFP exposure paradigm, suggesting impairment of brain homeostatic mechanisms. This study provides new insight on the molecular mechanisms underlying adverse effects of air pollution on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Veronika Górová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hakkarainen H, Salo L, Mikkonen S, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Martikainen S, Marjanen P, Lepistö T, Kuittinen N, Saarnio K, Aakko-Saksa P, Pfeiffer TV, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156543. [PMID: 35679919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Tobias V Pfeiffer
- VSParticle B.V., Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ihantola T, Hirvonen MR, Ihalainen M, Hakkarainen H, Sippula O, Tissari J, Bauer S, Di Bucchianico S, Rastak N, Hartikainen A, Leskinen J, Yli-Pirilä P, Martikainen MV, Miettinen M, Suhonen H, Rönkkö TJ, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Martens P, Orasche J, Michalke B, Yildirim AÖ, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Jalava PI. Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of spruce and brown coal briquettes combustion aerosols on lung cells at the air-liquid interface. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150489. [PMID: 34844316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel usage in residential heating and cooking is one of the largest sources of ambient and indoor air particulate matter, which causes adverse effects on the health of millions of peoples worldwide. Emissions from solid fuel combustion, such as biomass or coal, are detrimental to health, but toxicological responses are largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the toxicological responses regarding cytotoxicity, inflammation and genotoxicity of spruce (SPR) and brown coal briquette (BCB) combustion aerosols on human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) as well as a coculture of A549 and differentiated human monocytic cells (THP-1) into macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI). We included both the high emissions from the first hour and moderate emissions from the third hour of the batch combustion experiment in one ALI system, whereas, in the second ALI system, we exposed the cells during the whole 4-hour combustion experiment, including all combustion phases. Physico-chemical properties of the combustion aerosol were analysed both online and offline. Both SPR and BCB combustion aerosols caused mild cytotoxic but notable genotoxic effects in co-cultured A549 cells after one-hour exposure. Inflammatory response analysis revealed BCB combustion aerosols to cause a mild increase in CXCL1 and CXCL8 levels, but in the case of SPR combustion aerosol, a decrease compared to control was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mika Ihalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jani Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saveleva L, Vartiainen P, Górová V, Chew S, Belaya I, Konttinen H, Zucchelli M, Korhonen P, Kaartinen E, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Sippula O, Malm T, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM. Subacute Inhalation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter Triggers Inflammation Without Altering Amyloid Beta Load in 5xFAD mice. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:55-66. [PMID: 34999154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal that air pollution exposure may exacerbate neurodegeneration. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are pollutants that remain unregulated in ambient air by environmental agencies. Due to their small size (<100 nm), UFPs have the most potential to cross the bodily barriers and thus impact the brain. However, little information exists about how UFPs affect brain function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which has been linked to air pollutant exposure, yet limited information is available on the mechanistic connection between them. This study aims to decipher the effects of UFPs in the brain and periphery using the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. In our study design, AD mice and their wildtype littermates were subjected to 2-weeks inhalation exposure of UFPs in a whole-body chamber. That subacute exposure did not affect the amyloid-beta accumulation. However, when multiple cytokines were analyzed, we found increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and periphery, with a predominant alteration of interferon-gamma in response to UFP exposure in both genotypes. Following exposure, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase was significantly upregulated only in the 5xFAD hippocampi, depicting oxidative stress induction in the exposed AD mouse group. These data demonstrate that short-term exposure to inhaled UFPs induces inflammation without affecting amyloid-beta load. This study provides a better understanding of adverse effects caused by short-term UFP exposure in the brain and periphery, also in the context of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Veronika Górová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sweelin Chew
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Henna Konttinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Martina Zucchelli
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Emma Kaartinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martikainen MV, Aakko-Saksa P, van den Broek L, Cassee FR, Carare RO, Chew S, Dinnyes A, Giugno R, Kanninen KM, Malm T, Muala A, Nedergaard M, Oudin A, Oyola P, Pfeiffer TV, Rönkkö T, Saarikoski S, Sandström T, Schins RPF, Topinka J, Yang M, Zeng X, Westerink RHS, Jalava PI. TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:311. [PMID: 35010571 PMCID: PMC8751045 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.Y.); (P.I.J.)
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Roxana O. Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Sweelin Chew
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.C.); (K.M.K.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Rosalba Giugno
- Computer Science Department, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.C.); (K.M.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.C.); (K.M.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Ala Muala
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden; (A.M.); (A.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anna Oudin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden; (A.M.); (A.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Pedro Oyola
- Centro Mario Molina Chile, Strategic Studies Department, Santiago 602, Chile;
| | | | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden; (A.M.); (A.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.Y.); (P.I.J.)
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pasi I. Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.Y.); (P.I.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Timonen H, Mylläri F, Simonen P, Aurela M, Maasikmets M, Bloss M, Kupri HL, Vainumäe K, Lepistö T, Salo L, Niemelä V, Seppälä S, Jalava PI, Teinemaa E, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Household solid waste combustion with wood increases particulate trace metal and lung deposited surface area emissions. J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112793. [PMID: 34058452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In households, municipal solid waste (MSW) is often burned along with wood to get rid of waste, to help in ignition or simply to reduce fuel costs. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of household waste combustion, along with wood, on the physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions in a flue gas of a masonry heater. The MSW burning alongside wood increased average particulate matter (PM) mass (65%), lung deposited surface areas (LDSA, 15%), black carbon (BC, 65%) concentrations and the average particle size in the flue gas. The influence of MSW was smaller during ignition and burning phases, but especially during fuel additions, the mass, number, and LDSA concentrations increased significantly and their size distributions moved towards larger particles. For wood burning the trace metal emissions were relatively low, but significant increase (3.3-179 -fold increase over cycle) was seen when MSW was burned along the wood. High ratios were observed especially during fuel addition phases but, depending on compounds, also during ignition and burning end phases. The highest ratios were observed for chloride compounds (HCl, KCl, NaCl). The observed increase in light-absorbing particle, trace metal and BC concentrations in flue gas when adding wood with MSW are likely to have negative impacts on air quality, visibility, human health and climate. Furthermore, metals may also affect the condition and lifetime of the burning device due to corrosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland.
| | - F Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Maasikmets
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - M Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - H-L Kupri
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - K Vainumäe
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - T Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Niemelä
- Dekati Ltd, Tykkitie 1, Kangasala, Tampere, 36240, Finland
| | - S Seppälä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - P I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Teinemaa
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - S Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - T Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shahbaz MA, Martikainen MV, Rönkkö TJ, Komppula M, Jalava PI, Roponen M. Urban air PM modifies differently immune defense responses against bacterial and viral infections in vitro. Environ Res 2021; 192:110244. [PMID: 32980306 PMCID: PMC7516585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM) and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, to date, the underlying mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects of PM remain unclear. Our objective was to explore how exposure to relatively low doses of urban air PM alters innate responses to bacterial and viral stimuli in vitro. We used secondary alveolar epithelial cell line along with monocyte-derived macrophages to replicate innate lung barrier in vitro. Co-cultured cells were first exposed for 24 h to PM2.5-1 (particle aerodynamic diameter between 1 and 2.5 μm) and subsequently for an additional 24 h to lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3), and synthetic single-stranded RNA oligoribonucleotides (TLR7/8) to mimic bacterial or viral stimulation. Toxicological endpoints included pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α), cellular metabolic activity, and cell cycle phase distribution. We show that cells exposed to PM2.5-1 produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines following stimulation with bacterial TLR4 ligand than cells exposed to PM2.5-1 or bacterial ligand alone. On the contrary, PM2.5-1 exposure reduced pro-inflammatory responses to viral ligands TLR3 and TLR7/8. Cell cycle analysis indicated that viral ligands induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase. In PM-primed co-cultures, however, they failed to induce the G2-M phase arrest. Contrarily, bacterial stimulation caused a slight increase in cells in the sub-G1 phase but in PM2.5-1 primed co-cultures the effect of bacterial stimulation was masked by PM2.5-1. These findings indicate that PM2.5-1 may alter responses of immune defense differently against bacterial and viral infections. Further studies are required to explain the mechanism of immune modulation caused by PM in altering the susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1F, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rönkkö TJ, Hirvonen MR, Happo MS, Ihantola T, Hakkarainen H, Martikainen MV, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Jalava PI. Inflammatory responses of urban air PM modulated by chemical composition and different air quality situations in Nanjing, China. Environ Res 2021; 192:110382. [PMID: 33130172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of air pollutants and ambient particulate matter (PM) are widely known. PM composition and toxicity have shown substantial spatiotemporal variability. Yet, the connections between PM composition and toxicological and health effects are vaguely understood. This is a crucial gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed in order to establish air quality guidelines and limit values that consider the chemical composition of PM instead of the current assumption of equal toxicity per inhaled dose. Here, we demonstrate further evidence for varying toxicological effects of urban PM at equal mass concentrations, and estimate how PM composition and emission source characteristics influenced this variation. We exposed a co-culture model mimicking alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages with size-segregated urban ambient PM collected before, during, and after the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games 2014. We measured the release of a set of cytokines, cell cycle alterations, and genotoxicity, and assessed the spatiotemporal variations in these responses by factorial multiple regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated how a previously identified set of emission sources and chemical components affected these variations by mixed model analysis. PM-exposure induced cytokine signaling, most notably by inducing dose-dependent increases of macrophage-regulating GM-CSF and proinflammatory TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations, modest dose-dependent increase for cytoprotective VEGF-A, but very low to no responses for anti-inflammatory IL-10 and immunoregulatory IFNγ, respectively. We observed substantial differences in proinflammatory cytokine production depending on PM sampling period, location, and time of day. The proinflammatory response correlated positively with cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase and loss of cellular metabolic activity. Furthermore, PM0.2 caused dose-dependent increases in sub-G1/G0 cells, suggesting increased DNA degradation and apoptosis. Variations in traffic and oil/fuel combustion emissions contributed substantially to the observed spatiotemporal variations of toxicological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Ramboll Finland Oy, Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ihantola T, Di Bucchianico S, Happo M, Ihalainen M, Uski O, Bauer S, Kuuspalo K, Sippula O, Tissari J, Oeder S, Hartikainen A, Rönkkö TJ, Martikainen MV, Huttunen K, Vartiainen P, Suhonen H, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Leskinen A, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Dilger M, Weiss C, Dittmar G, Beckers J, Irmler M, Buters J, Candeias J, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Abbaszade G, Jakobi G, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Kanashova T, Karg E, Streibel T, Passig J, Hakkarainen H, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32539833 PMCID: PMC7296712 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques. Methods We used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A whole-body mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome. Results We found that diluted (1:15) exposure pine combustion emissions (PM1 mass 7.7 ± 6.5 mg m− 3, 41 mg MJ− 1) contained, on average, more PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than spruce (PM1 mass 4.3 ± 5.1 mg m− 3, 26 mg MJ− 1) emissions, which instead showed a higher concentration of inorganic metals in the emission aerosol. Both A549 cells and mice exposed to these emissions showed low levels of inflammation but significantly increased genotoxicity. Gaseous emission compounds produced similar genotoxicity and a higher inflammatory response than the corresponding complete combustion emission in A549 cells. Systems biology approaches supported the findings, but we detected differing responses between in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo exposure studies with emission characterization and systems biology approaches revealed further information on the effects of combustion aerosol toxicity than could be achieved with either method alone. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo exposures showed the opposite order of the highest DNA damage. In vitro measurements also indicated that the gaseous fraction of emission aerosols may be more important in causing adverse toxicological effects. Combustion aerosols of different wood species result in mild but aerosol specific in vitro and in vivo effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mikko Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Ramboll Finland, P.O.Box 25 Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Present address: Savonia University of applied sciences, Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1 F, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Luxembourg institute of health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Buters
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Joana Candeias
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rönkkö TJ, Hirvonen MR, Happo MS, Leskinen A, Koponen H, Mikkonen S, Bauer S, Ihantola T, Hakkarainen H, Miettinen M, Orasche J, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Komppula M, Jalava PI. Air quality intervention during the Nanjing youth olympic games altered PM sources, chemical composition, and toxicological responses. Environ Res 2020; 185:109360. [PMID: 32222629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a leading global environmental health risk. Current air quality regulations are based on airborne mass concentration. However, PM from different sources have distinct chemical compositions and varied toxicity. Connections between emission control measures, air quality, PM composition, and toxicity remain insufficiently elucidated. The current study assessed the composition and toxicity of PM collected in Nanjing, China before, during, and after an air quality intervention for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games. A co-culture model that mimics the alveolar epithelium with the associated macrophages was created using A549 and THP-1 cells. These cells were exposed to size-segregated inhalable PM samples. The composition and toxicity of the PM samples were influenced by several factors including seasonal variation, emission sources, and the air quality intervention. For example, we observed a size-dependent shift in particle mass concentrations during the air quality intervention with an emphasized proportion of smaller particles (PM2.5) present in the air. The roles of industrial and fuel combustion and traffic emissions were magnified during the emission control period. Our analyses revealed that the PM samples demonstrated differential cytotoxic potencies at equal mass concentrations between sampling periods, locations, and time of day, influenced by variations in the predominant emission sources. Coal combustion and industrial emissions were the most important sources affecting the toxicological responses and displayed the least variation in emission contributions between the sampling periods. In conclusion, emission control mitigated cytotoxicity and oxidative stress for particles larger than 0.2 μm, but there was inadequate evidence to determine if it was the key factor reducing the harmful effects of PM0.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Ramboll Finland Oy, Oppipojankuja 6, FI-70780, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gómez-Budia M, Konttinen H, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM, Malm T. Glial smog: Interplay between air pollution and astrocyte-microglia interactions. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Hakkarainen H, Aakko-Saksa P, Sainio M, Ihantola T, Rönkkö TJ, Koponen P, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32460782 PMCID: PMC7251820 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of bio-based fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce. METHODS In the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations. RESULTS In cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija Sainio
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Koponen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nordberg M, Täubel M, Jalava PI, BéruBé K, Tervahauta A, Hyvärinen A, Huttunen K. Human airway construct model is suitable for studying transcriptome changes associated with indoor air particulate matter toxicity. Indoor Air 2020; 30:433-444. [PMID: 31883508 PMCID: PMC7217003 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models mimicking the human respiratory system are essential when investigating the toxicological effects of inhaled indoor air particulate matter (PM). We present a pulmonary cell culture model for studying indoor air PM toxicity. We exposed normal human bronchial epithelial cells, grown on semi-permeable cell culture membranes, to four doses of indoor air PM in the air-liquid interface. We analyzed the chemokine interleukin-8 concentration from the cell culture medium, protein concentration from the apical wash, measured tissue electrical resistance, and imaged airway constructs using light and transmission electron microscopy. We sequenced RNA using a targeted RNA toxicology panel for 386 genes associated with toxicological responses. PM was collected from a non-complaint residential environment over 1 week. Sample collection was concomitant with monitoring size-segregated PM counts and determination of microbial levels and diversity. PM exposure was not acutely toxic for the cells, and we observed up-regulation of 34 genes and down-regulation of 17 genes when compared to blank sampler control exposure. The five most up-regulated genes were related to immunotoxicity. Despite indications of incomplete cell differentiation, this model enabled the comparison of a toxicological transcriptome associated with indoor air PM exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria‐Elisa Nordberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland (UEF)KuopioFinland
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health UnitNational Institute for Health and WelfareKuopioFinland
| | - Pasi I. Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland (UEF)KuopioFinland
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff Institute Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER)Cardiff UniversityWalesUK
| | - Arja Tervahauta
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland (UEF)KuopioFinland
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Environmental Health UnitNational Institute for Health and WelfareKuopioFinland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland (UEF)KuopioFinland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martikainen MV, Rönkkö TJ, Schaub B, Täubel M, Gu C, Wong GW, Li J, Pekkanen J, Komppula M, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI, Roponen M. Integrating farm and air pollution studies in search for immunoregulatory mechanisms operating in protective and high-risk environments. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:815-822. [PMID: 30152886 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies conducted in farm environments suggest that diverse microbial exposure promotes children's lung health. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, and the development of asthma-preventive strategies has been delayed. More comprehensive investigation of the environment-induced immunoregulation is required for better understanding of asthma pathogenesis and prevention. Exposure to air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), is a risk factor for asthma, thus providing an excellent counterpoint for the farm-effect research. Lack of comparable data, however, complicates interpretation of the existing information. We aimed to explore the immunoregulatory effects of cattle farm dust (protective, Finland) and urban air PM (high-risk, China) for the first time using identical research methods. METHODS We stimulated PBMCs of 4-year-old children (N = 18) with farm dust and size-segregated PM and assessed the expression of immune receptors CD80 and ILT4 on dendritic cells and monocytes as well as cytokine production of PBMCs. Environmental samples were analysed for their composition. RESULTS Farm dust increased the percentage of cells expressing CD80 and the cytokine production of children's immune cells, whereas PM inhibited the expression of important receptors and the production of soluble mediators. Although PM samples induced parallel immune reactions, the size-fraction determined the strength of the effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the significance of using the same research framework when disentangling shared and distinctive immune pathways operating in different environments. Observed stimulatory effects of farm dust and inhibitory effects of PM could shape responses towards respiratory pathogens and allergens, and partly explain differences in asthma prevalence between studied environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bianca Schaub
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonology, University Children's Hospital, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gary Wk Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rönkkö TJ, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Kasurinen S, Sippula O, Leskinen A, Koponen H, Kuuspalo K, Ruusunen J, Väisänen O, Hao L, Ruuskanen A, Orasche J, Fang D, Zhang L, Lehtinen KEJ, Zhao Y, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Hirvonen MR. Emissions and atmospheric processes influence the chemical composition and toxicological properties of urban air particulate matter in Nanjing, China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 639:1290-1310. [PMID: 29929296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a serious health concern worldwide, but especially so in China where high PM concentrations affect huge populations. Atmospheric processes and emission sources cause spatial and temporal variations in PM concentration and chemical composition, but their influence on the toxicological characteristics of PM are still inadequately understood. In this study, we report an extensive chemical and toxicological characterization of size-segregated urban air inhalable PM collected in August and October 2013 from Nanjing, and assess the effects of atmospheric processes and likely emission sources. A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to day- and nighttime PM samples (25, 75, 150, 200, 300 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. PM10-2.5 and PM0.2 caused the greatest toxicological responses for different endpoints, illustrating that particles with differing size and chemical composition activate distinct toxicological pathways in A549 cells. PM10-2.5 displayed the greatest oxidative stress and genotoxic responses; both were higher for the August samples compared with October. In contrast, PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 samples displayed high cytotoxicity and substantially disrupted cell cycle; August samples were more cytotoxic whereas October samples displayed higher cell cycle disruption. Several components associated with combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions displayed strong correlations with these toxicological responses. The lower responses for PM1.0-0.2 compared to PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 indicate diminished toxicological effects likely due to aerosol aging and lower proportion of fresh emission particles rich in highly reactive chemical components in the PM1.0-0.2 fraction. Different emission sources and atmospheric processes caused variations in the chemical composition and toxicological responses between PM fractions, sampling campaigns, and day and night. The results indicate different toxicological pathways for coarse-mode particles compared to the smaller particle fractions with typically higher content of combustion-derived components. The variable responses inside PM fractions demonstrate that differences in chemical composition influence the induced toxicological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Kasurinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarno Ruusunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ruuskanen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Die Fang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Kari E J Lehtinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kasurinen S, Happo MS, Rönkkö TJ, Orasche J, Jokiniemi J, Kortelainen M, Tissari J, Zimmermann R, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI. Differences between co-cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log wood and pellet combustion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192453. [PMID: 29466392 PMCID: PMC5821343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies with monocultures of human alveolar cells shed deeper knowledge on the cellular mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) causes toxicity, but cannot account for mitigating or aggravating effects of cell-cell interactions on PM toxicity. METHODS We assessed inflammation, oxidative stress as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by PM from the combustion of different types of wood logs and softwood pellets in three cell culture setups: two monocultures of either human macrophage-like cells or human alveolar epithelial cells, and a co-culture of these two cell lines. The adverse effects of the PM samples were compared between these setups. RESULTS We detected clear differences in the endpoints between the mono- and co-cultures. Inflammatory responses were more diverse in the macrophage monoculture and the co-culture compared to the epithelial cells where only an increase of IL-8 was detected. The production of reactive oxygen species was the highest in epithelial cells and macrophages seemed to have protective effects against oxidative stress from the PM samples. With no metabolically active cells at the highest doses, the cytotoxic effects of the PM samples from the wood log combustion were far more pronounced in the macrophages and the co-culture than in the epithelial cells. All samples caused DNA damage in macrophages, whereas only beech and spruce log combustion samples caused DNA damage in epithelial cells. The organic content of the samples was mainly associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage, while the metal content of the samples correlated with the induction of inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS All of the tested PM samples induce adverse effects and the chemical composition of the samples determines which pathway of toxicity is induced. In vitro testing of the toxicity of combustion-derived PM in monocultures of one cell line, however, is inadequate to account for all the possible pathways of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S. Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J. Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Pasi I. Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kasurinen S, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Sippula O, Uski O, Koponen H, Orasche J, Zimmermann R, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Particulate emissions from the combustion of birch, beech, and spruce logs cause different cytotoxic responses in A549 cells. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:1487-1499. [PMID: 27678477 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization particulate emissions from the combustion of solid fuels caused more than 110,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2010. Log wood combustion is the most prevalent form of residential biomass heating in developed countries, but it is unknown how the type of wood logs used in furnaces influences the chemical composition of the particulate emissions and their toxicological potential. We burned logs of birch, beech and spruce, which are used commonly as firewood in Central and Northern Europe in a modern masonry heater, and compared them to the particulate emissions from an automated pellet boiler fired with softwood pellets. We determined the chemical composition (elements, ions, and carbonaceous compounds) of the particulate emissions with a diameter of less than 1 µm and tested their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory potential, and ability to induce oxidative stress in a human lung epithelial cell line. The chemical composition of the samples differed significantly, especially with regard to the carbonaceous and metal contents. Also the toxic effects in our tested endpoints varied considerably between each of the three log wood combustion samples, as well as between the log wood combustion samples and the pellet combustion sample. The difference in the toxicological potential of the samples in the various endpoints indicates the involvement of different pathways of toxicity depending on the chemical composition. All three emission samples from the log wood combustions were considerably more toxic in all endpoints than the emissions from the pellet combustion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1487-1499, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kasurinen S, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Sippula O, Uski O, Koponen H, Orasche J, Zimmermann R, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Particulate emissions from the combustion of birch, beech, and spruce logs cause different cytotoxic responses in A549 cells. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:1487-1499. [PMID: 27678477 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22369n/a-n/a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization particulate emissions from the combustion of solid fuels caused more than 110,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2010. Log wood combustion is the most prevalent form of residential biomass heating in developed countries, but it is unknown how the type of wood logs used in furnaces influences the chemical composition of the particulate emissions and their toxicological potential. We burned logs of birch, beech and spruce, which are used commonly as firewood in Central and Northern Europe in a modern masonry heater, and compared them to the particulate emissions from an automated pellet boiler fired with softwood pellets. We determined the chemical composition (elements, ions, and carbonaceous compounds) of the particulate emissions with a diameter of less than 1 µm and tested their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory potential, and ability to induce oxidative stress in a human lung epithelial cell line. The chemical composition of the samples differed significantly, especially with regard to the carbonaceous and metal contents. Also the toxic effects in our tested endpoints varied considerably between each of the three log wood combustion samples, as well as between the log wood combustion samples and the pellet combustion sample. The difference in the toxicological potential of the samples in the various endpoints indicates the involvement of different pathways of toxicity depending on the chemical composition. All three emission samples from the log wood combustions were considerably more toxic in all endpoints than the emissions from the pellet combustion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1487-1499, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE-Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosols and Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Association, München, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muala A, Rankin G, Sehlstedt M, Unosson J, Bosson JA, Behndig A, Pourazar J, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Uski O, Hirvonen MR, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Blomberg A, Boman C, Sandström T. Acute exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion--indications of cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:33. [PMID: 26511835 PMCID: PMC4625445 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoke from combustion of biomass fuels is a major risk factor for respiratory disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion would elicit airway inflammation in humans. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects underwent controlled exposures on two separate occasions to filtered air and wood smoke from incomplete combustion with PM1 concentration at 314 μg/m3 for 3 h in a chamber. Bronchoscopy with bronchial wash (BW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial mucosal biopsies was performed after 24 h. Differential cell counts and soluble components were analyzed, with biopsies stained for inflammatory markers using immunohistochemistry. In parallel experiments, the toxicity of the particulate matter (PM) generated during the chamber exposures was investigated in vitro using the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Results Significant reductions in macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers were observed in BW (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05, respectively) following the wood smoke exposure, with a reduction in lymphocytes numbers in BAL fluid (<0.01. This unexpected cellular response was accompanied by decreased levels of sICAM-1, MPO and MMP-9 (p < 0.05, <0.05 and <0.01). In contrast, significant increases in submucosal and epithelial CD3+ cells, epithelial CD8+ cells and submucosal mast cells (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05 and <0.05, respectively), were observed after wood smoke exposure. The in vitro data demonstrated that wood smoke particles generated under these incomplete combustion conditions induced cell death and DNA damage, with only minor inflammatory responses. Conclusions Short-term exposure to sooty PAH rich wood smoke did not induce an acute neutrophilic inflammation, a classic hallmark of air pollution exposure in humans. While minor proinflammatory lymphocytic and mast cells effects were observed in the bronchial biopsies, significant reductions in BW and BAL cells and soluble components were noted. This unexpected observation, combined with the in vitro data, suggests that wood smoke particles from incomplete combustion could be potentially cytotoxic. Additional research is required to establish the mechanism of this dramatic reduction in airway leukocytes and to clarify how this acute response contributes to the adverse health effects attributed to wood smoke exposure. Trial registration NCT01488500 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Muala
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gregory Rankin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Unosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Nyström
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Frank J Kelly
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jalava PI, Happo MS, Huttunen K, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R, Salonen RO, Hirvonen MR. Chemical and microbial components of urban air PM cause seasonal variation of toxicological activity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 40:375-87. [PMID: 26245811 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and microbial composition of urban air particulate matter (PM) displays seasonal variation that may affect its harmfulness on human health. We studied the in vitro inflammatory and cellular metabolic activity/cytotoxicity of urban air particulate samples collected in four size-ranges (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1, PM1-0.2, PM0.2) during four seasons in relatively clean urban environment in Helsinki, Finland. The composition of the same samples were analyzed, including ions, elements, PAH compounds and endotoxins. In addition, microbial contribution on the detected responses was studied by inhibiting the endotoxin-induced responses with Polymyxin B both in the PM samples and by two different bacterial strains representing Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was exposed to the size segregated particulate samples as well as to microbe samples for 24h and markers of inflammation and cytotoxicity were analyzed. The toxicological responses were dependent on the dose as well as size range of the particles, PM10-2.5 being the most potent and smaller size ranges having significantly smaller responses. Samples collected during spring and autumn had in most cases the highest inflammatory activity. Soil components and other non-exhaust particulate emissions from road traffic correlated with inflammatory responses in coarse particles. Instead, PAH-compounds and K(+) had negative associations with the particle-induced inflammatory responses in fine particles, suggesting the role of incomplete biomass combustion. Endotoxin content was the highest in PM10-2.5 samples and correspondingly, the largest decrease in the responses by Polymyxin B was seen with the very same samples. We found also that inhibitory effect of Polymyxin B was not completely specific for Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, in addition to endotoxin, also other microbial components may have a significant effect on the toxicological responses by ambient particulate matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus Sillanpää
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo O Salonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Uski O, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Torvela T, Leskinen J, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Tissari J, Sippula O, Lamberg H, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Effect of fuel zinc content on toxicological responses of particulate matter from pellet combustion in vitro. Sci Total Environ 2015; 511:331-340. [PMID: 25553547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Significant amounts of transition metals such as zinc, cadmium and copper can become enriched in the fine particle fraction during biomass combustion with Zn being one of the most abundant transition metals in wood combustion. These metals may have an important role in the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM). Indeed, many epidemiological studies have found associations between mortality and PM Zn content. The role of Zn toxicity on combustion PM was investigated. Pellets enriched with 170, 480 and 2300 mg Zn/kg of fuel were manufactured. Emission samples were generated using a pellet boiler and the four types of PM samples; native, Zn-low, Zn-medium and Zn-high were collected with an impactor from diluted flue gas. The RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line was exposed for 24h to different doses (15, 50,150 and 300 μg ml(-1)) of the emission samples to investigate their ability to cause cytotoxicity, to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), to altering the cell cycle and to trigger genotoxicity as well as to promote inflammation. Zn enriched pellets combusted in a pellet boiler produced emission PM containing ZnO. Even the Zn-low sample caused extensive cell cycle arrest and there was massive cell death of RAW 264.7 macrophages at the two highest PM doses. Moreover, only the Zn-enriched emission samples induced a dose dependent ROS response in the exposed cells. Inflammatory responses were at a low level but macrophage inflammatory protein 2 reached a statistically significant level after exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to ZnO containing emission particles. ZnO content of the samples was associated with significant toxicity in almost all measured endpoints. Thus, ZnO may be a key component producing toxicological responses in the PM emissions from efficient wood combustion. Zn as well as the other transition metals, may contribute a significant amount to the ROS responses evoked by ambient PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Uski
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - P I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - M S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - T Torvela
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Mäki-Paakkanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - O Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - H Lamberg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
| | - M-R Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Happo MS, Sippula O, Jalava PI, Rintala H, Leskinen A, Komppula M, Kuuspalo K, Mikkonen S, Lehtinen K, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Role of microbial and chemical composition in toxicological properties of indoor and outdoor air particulate matter. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:60. [PMID: 25420696 PMCID: PMC4264261 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ambient air particulate matter (PM) is increasingly considered to be a causal factor evoking severe adverse health effects. People spend the majority of their time indoors, which should be taken into account especially in future risk assessments, when the role of outdoor air particles transported into indoor air is considered. Therefore, there is an urgent need for characterization of possible sources seasonally for harmful health outcomes both indoors and outdoors. Methods In this study, we collected size-segregated (PM10–2.5, PM2.5–0.2) particulate samples with a high volume cascade impactor (HVCI) simultaneously both indoors and outdoors of a new single family detached house at four different seasons. The chemical composition of the samples was analyzed as was the presence of microbes. Mouse macrophages were exposed to PM samples for 24 hours. Thereafter, the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, NO-production, cytotoxicity and changes in the cell cycle were investigated. The putative sources of the most toxic groups of constituents were resolved by using the principal component analysis (PCA) and pairwise dependencies of the variables were detected with Spearman correlation. Results Source-related toxicological responses clearly varied according to season. The role of outdoor sources in indoor air quality was significant only in the warm seasons and the significance of outdoor microbes was also larger in the indoor air. During wintertime, the role of indoor sources of the particles was more significant, as was also the case for microbes. With respect to the outdoor sources, soil-derived particles during a road dust episode and local wood combustion in wintertime were the most important factors inducing toxicological responses. Conclusions Even though there were clear seasonal differences in the abilities of indoor and outdoor air to induce inflammatory and cytotoxic responses, there were relatively small differences in the chemical composition of the particles responsible of those effects. Outdoor sources have only a limited effect on indoor air quality in a newly built house with a modern ventilation system at least in a low air pollution environment. The most important sources for adverse health related toxicological effects were related to soil-derived constituents, local combustion emissions and microbes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0060-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Helena Rintala
- Mikrobioni Oy, Microkatu 1, P.O. Box 1188, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kari Lehtinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Applied Physics, Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Fine Particles, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Happo MS, Uski O, Jalava PI, Kelz J, Brunner T, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Kosma VM, Jokiniemi J, Obernberger I, Hirvonen MR. Pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung after exposure to PM samples from biomass heating appliances of old and modern technologies. Sci Total Environ 2013; 443:256-266. [PMID: 23201646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current levels of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) are associated with mortality and morbidity in urban populations worldwide. In residential areas wood combustion is one of the main sources of PM(2.5) emissions, especially during wintertime. However, the adverse health effects of particulate emissions from the modern heating appliances and fuels are poorly known. In this study, health related toxicological properties of PM(1) emissions from five modern and two old technology appliances were examined. The PM(1) samples were collected by using a Dekati® Gravimetric Impactor (DGI). The collected samples were weighed and extracted with methanol for chemical and toxicological analyses. Healthy C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally exposed to a single dose of 1, 3, 10 or 15 mg/kg of the particulate samples for 4, 18 or 24h. Thereafter, the lungs were lavaged and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed for indicators of inflammation, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Lungs of 24h exposed mice were collected for inspection of pulmonary tissue damage. There were substantial differences in the combustion qualities of old and modern technology appliances. Modern technology appliances had the lowest PM(1) (mg/MJ) emissions, but they induced the highest inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. In contrast, old technology appliances had clearly the highest PM(1) (mg/MJ) emissions, but their effect in the mouse lungs were the lowest. Increased inflammatory activity was associated with ash related components of the emissions, whereas high PAH concentrations were correlating with the smallest detected responses, possibly due to their immunosuppressive effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Uski OJ, Happo MS, Jalava PI, Brunner T, Kelz J, Obernberger I, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Acute systemic and lung inflammation in C57Bl/6J mice after intratracheal aspiration of particulate matter from small-scale biomass combustion appliances based on old and modern technologies. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:952-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.742172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
28
|
Tapanainen M, Jalava PI, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Hakulinen P, Lamberg H, Ruusunen J, Tissari J, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Efficiency of log wood combustion affects the toxicological and chemical properties of emission particles. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:343-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.671858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
29
|
Jalava PI, Tapanainen M, Kuuspalo K, Markkanen A, Hakulinen P, Happo MS, Pennanen AS, Ihalainen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Makkonen U, Teinilä K, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Salonen RO, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Toxicological effects of emission particles from fossil- and biodiesel-fueled diesel engine with and without DOC/POC catalytic converter. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22 Suppl 2:48-58. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.519009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
30
|
Happo MS, Hirvonen MR, Hälinen AI, Jalava PI, Pennanen AS, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R, Salonen RO. Seasonal variation in chemical composition of size-segregated urban air particles and the inflammatory activity in the mouse lung. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:17-32. [PMID: 20017591 DOI: 10.3109/08958370902862426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal variations in the chemical composition and in vivo inflammatory activity of urban air particulate samples in four size ranges (PM(10-2.5), PM(2.5-1), PM(1-0.2), and PM(0.2)). The samples were collected in Helsinki using a high-volume cascade impactor (HVCI). Healthy C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with a single dose (10 mg/kg) of the particulate samples. The lungs were lavaged and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed for indicators of inflammation and tissue damage: cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-6, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine [KC]) at 4 h, and total cell number and total protein concentration at 12 h. The PM(10-2.5) and PM(2.5-1) samples had much higher inflammatory potency than the PM(1-0.2) and PM(0.2) samples. The relative inflammatory activities of the autumn samples were the highest on an equal mass basis, but when estimated for the particulate mass per cubic meter of air, the springtime samples had the highest inflammatory potential. Resuspended soil material and other non-exhaust particulate material from traffic were associated with a high inflammatory activity of the PM(10-2.5) and PM(2.5-1) samples. Secondary inorganic ions in the PM(1-0.2) and PM(0.2) samples had inconsistent negative or positive correlations with the inflammatory activity. There were no systematic seasonal variations in the tracers of incomplete combustion and atmospherically oxidized organics in the PM(1-0.2) and PM(0.2) samples, which probably explains their low correlations with the inflammatory activity. In conclusion, in a relatively clean Nordic city, the resuspension of road dust and other non-exhaust particulate material from traffic were the major sources of inflammatory activity of urban air inhalable particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Happo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Markkanen Penttinen P, Pelkonen J, Tapanainen M, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Jalava PI, Hirvonen MR. Co-cultivated damp building related microbes Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum induce immunotoxic and genotoxic responses via oxidative stress. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:857-67. [PMID: 19459771 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802526873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to be one mechanism behind the adverse health outcomes associated with living in a damp indoor environment. In the present study, the capability of damp building-related microbes Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum to induce oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro. In addition, the role of oxidative stress in provoking the detected cytotoxic, genotoxic, and inflammatory responses was studied by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed in a dose- and time-dependent manner to the spores of co-cultivated S. californicus and S. chartarum, to their separately cultivated spore-mixture, or to the spores of these microbes alone. The intracellular peroxide production and cytotoxicity were measured by flow cytometric analysis, nitric oxide production was analyzed by the Griess method, DNA damage was determined by the comet assay, and cytokine production was measured by an immunochemical ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). All the studied microbial exposures triggered oxidative stress and subsequent cellular damage in RAW264.7 macrophages. The ROS scavenger, NAC, prevented growth arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage, and cytokine production induced by the co-culture since it reduced the intracellular level of ROS within macrophages. In contrast, the DNA damage and cell cycle arrest induced by the spores of S. californicus alone could not be prevented by NAC. Bioaerosol-induced oxidative stress in macrophages may be an important mechanism behind the frequent respiratory symptoms and diseases suffered by residents of moisture damaged buildings. Furthermore, microbial interactions during co-cultivation stimulate the production of highly toxic compound(s) which may significantly increase oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jalava PI, Hirvonen MR, Sillanpää M, Pennanen AS, Happo MS, Hillamo R, Cassee FR, Gerlofs-Nijland M, Borm PJA, Schins RPF, Janssen NAH, Salonen RO. Associations of urban air particulate composition with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in RAW 246.7 cell line. Inhal Toxicol 2009. [PMID: 19772479 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802695710.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show heterogeneities in the particulate pollution-related exposure-effect relationships among cardiorespiratory patients, but the connection to chemical composition and toxic properties of the inhaled particles is largely unknown. To identify the chemical constituents and sources responsible for the diverse inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of urban air, fine (PM(2.5-0.2)) and coarse (PM(10-2.5)) particulate samples were collected during contrasting air pollution situations. We exposed mouse RAW 246.7 macrophages for 24 hrs to PM(2.5-0.2) and PM(10-2.5) samples from six European cities. The concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFalpha), chemokine (MIP-2), and nitric oxide were measured from the cell culture medium, and the cytotoxicity was assayed. Spearman's correlations between the chemical constituents and cellular responses were analyzed. In the PM(2.5-0.2) size range, the tracers of photo-oxidation of organics in the atmosphere (oxalate, succinate, malonate), some transition metals (Ni, V, Fe, Cu, Cr), and insoluble soil constituents (Ca, Al, Fe, Si) correlated positively with the response parameters. In contrast, the tracers of incomplete biomass (monosaccharide anhydrides) and coal (As) combustion, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), had negative correlations with the inflammatory activity. The compositions of PM(10-2.5) samples were more uniform and there were only occasional high correlations between the chemical constituents, endotoxin, and the response parameters. The present results suggest that the local sources of incomplete combustion and resuspended road dust are important producers of harmful fine particulate constituents that may, however, operate via diverse toxicity mechanisms. The results agree well with our recent findings in the mouse lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health & Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jalava PI, Hirvonen MR, Sillanpää M, Pennanen AS, Happo MS, Hillamo R, Cassee FR, Gerlofs-Nijland M, Borm PJA, Schins RPF, Janssen NAH, Salonen RO. Associations of urban air particulate composition with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in RAW 246.7 cell line. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:994-1006. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802695710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Happo MS, Hirvonen MR, Hälinen AI, Jalava PI, Pennanen AS, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R, Salonen RO. Chemical Compositions Responsible for Inflammation and Tissue Damage in the Mouse Lung by Coarse and Fine Particulate Samples from Contrasting Air Pollution in Europe. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:1215-31. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802147282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Jalava PI, Salonen RO, Pennanen AS, Happo MS, Penttinen P, Hälinen AI, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R, Hirvonen MR. Effects of solubility of urban air fine and coarse particles on cytotoxic and inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 229:146-60. [PMID: 18325559 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the water-soluble and -insoluble as well as organic-solvent-soluble and -insoluble fractions of urban air fine (PM(2.5-0.2)) and coarse (PM(10-2.5)) particulate samples. The samples were collected with a high volume cascade impactor (HVCI) in 7-week sampling campaigns of selected seasons in six European cities. Mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) were exposed to the samples for 24 h. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-6), and cytotoxicity (MTT-test, apoptosis, cell cycle) were measured. The inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in both size ranges were mostly associated with the insoluble particulate fractions. However, both the water- and organic-solvent-soluble particulate fractions induced TNFalpha production and apoptosis and had some other cytotoxic effects. Soil-derived water-soluble and -insoluble components of the chemical PM(2.5-0.2) mass closure had consistent positive correlations with the responses, while the correlations were negative with the secondary inorganic anions (NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), non-sea-salt SO(4)(2-)) and particulate organic matter (POM). With the PM(10-2.5) samples, sea salt and soluble soil components correlated positively with the induced toxic responses. In this size range, a possible underestimation of the insoluble, soil-related compounds containing Si and Ca, and biological components of POM, increased uncertainties in the evaluation of associations of the mass closure components with the responses. It is concluded that insoluble components of the complex urban air particulate mixture exert the highest inflammatory and cytotoxic activities in the macrophage cell line but, at the same time, they may operate as carriers for active water- and lipid-soluble components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi I Jalava
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jalava PI, Salonen RO, Pennanen AS, Sillanpää M, Hälinen AI, Happo MS, Hillamo R, Brunekreef B, Katsouyanni K, Sunyer J, Hirvonen MR. Heterogeneities in inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line to urban air coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles from six European sampling campaigns. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:213-25. [PMID: 17365026 DOI: 10.1080/08958370601067863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of size-segregated particulate samples (particulate matter, PM) from contrasting air pollution situations in Europe. Coarse (PM10-2.5), fine (PM2.5-0.2), and ultrafine (PM0.2) particulate samples were collected with a modified Harvard high-volume cascade impactor (HVCI). Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to the samples for 24 h. Selected inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFalpha], interleukin 6 [IL-6], macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2]), were measured together with cytotoxicity (MTT test), and analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle (propidium iodide staining). The PM10-2.5 samples had a much higher inflammatory activity than the PM2.5-0.2 and PM0.2 samples, but the PM2.5-0.2 samples showed the largest differences in inflammatory activity, and the PM0.2 samples in cytotoxicity, between the sampling campaigns. The PM2.5-0.2 samples from traffic environments in springtime Barcelona and summertime Athens had the highest inflammatory activities, which may be related to the high photochemical activity in the atmosphere during the sampling campaigns. The PM0.2 sample from wintertime Prague with proven impacts from local coal and biomass combustion had very high cytotoxic and apoptotic activities and caused a distinct cell cycle arrest. Thus, particulate size, sources, and atmospheric transformation processes affect the toxicity profile of urban air particulate matter. These factors may explain some of the heterogeneity observed in particulate exposure-response relationships of human health effects in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi I Jalava
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Happo MS, Salonen RO, Hälinen AI, Jalava PI, Pennanen AS, Kosma VM, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R, Brunekreef B, Katsouyanni K, Sunyer J, Hirvonen MR. Dose and time dependency of inflammatory responses in the mouse lung to urban air coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles from six European cities. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:227-46. [PMID: 17365027 DOI: 10.1080/08958370601067897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the dose and time dependency of inflammatory and cytotoxic responses to size-segregated urban air particulate samples in the mouse lung. Coarse (PM10-2.5), fine (PM2.5-0.2), and ultrafine (PM0.2) particles were collected in six European cities (Duisburg, Prague, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Barcelona, Athens) in selected seasons using a modified Harvard high-volume cascade impactor. Healthy C57Bl/6J mice were intratracheally exposed to the particulate samples in a 24-h dose-response study (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and in 4-, 12-, and 24-h time course studies (10 mg/kg). After the exposures, the lungs were lavaged and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed for indicators of inflammation and tissue damage: total cell number, cell differential, total protein, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytokine (tumor necrosis alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and keratinocyte-derived chemokine [KC]) concentrations. In general, PM10-2.5 samples had higher inflammatory activity than PM2.5-0.2 samples. PM0.2 samples showed negligible inflammatory activity. PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-0.2 samples caused large increases in BALF cytokine concentrations at 4 h, but not at 12 or 24 h, after exposure. The BALF total cell number and total protein concentrations increased significantly at 12 h for both the PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-0.2 samples, but only PM10-2.5 samples produced consistent, significant increases at 24 h after exposure. There was more heterogeneity in BALF cytokine and neutrophil cell number responses to PM2.5-0.2 samples than to PM10-2.5 samples between the sampling campaigns. Thus, particle size, sources, and atmospheric transformation processes affect the inflammatory activity and response duration of urban air particulate matter in the mouse lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Happo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jalava PI, Salonen RO, Hälinen AI, Penttinen P, Pennanen AS, Sillanpää M, Sandell E, Hillamo R, Hirvonen MR. In vitro inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of size-segregated particulate samples collected during long-range transport of wildfire smoke to Helsinki. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 215:341-53. [PMID: 16678872 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of long-range transport (LRT) episodes of wildfire smoke on the inflammogenic and cytotoxic activity of urban air particles was investigated in the mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. The particles were sampled in four size ranges using a modified Harvard high-volume cascade impactor, and the samples were chemically characterized for identification of different emission sources. The particulate mass concentration in the accumulation size range (PM(1-0.2)) was highly increased during two LRT episodes, but the contents of total and genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in collected particulate samples were only 10-25% of those in the seasonal average sample. The ability of coarse (PM(10-2.5)), intermodal size range (PM(2.5-1)), PM(1-0.2) and ultrafine (PM(0.2)) particles to cause cytokine production (TNFalpha, IL-6, MIP-2) reduced along with smaller particle size, but the size range had a much smaller impact on induced nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity or apoptosis. The aerosol particles collected during LRT episodes had a substantially lower activity in cytokine production than the corresponding particles of the seasonal average period, which is suggested to be due to chemical transformation of the organic fraction during aging. However, the episode events were associated with enhanced inflammogenic and cytotoxic activities per inhaled cubic meter of air due to the greatly increased particulate mass concentration in the accumulation size range, which may have public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi I Jalava
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|