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Piccolo V, Maisto M, Schiano E, Iannuzzo F, Keivani N, Manuela Rigano M, Santini A, Novellino E, Carlo Tenore G, Summa V. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant properties of unripe tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Food Chem 2024; 438:137863. [PMID: 37980871 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes are among the main waste produced during tomato cultivation and processing. In this study, unripe tomatoes from seven different Italian cultivars have been investigated to evaluate their nutraceutical potential. Phytochemical investigation allowed shedding light on the identification of seventy-five bioactive compounds. The highest amount of polyphenolic and glycoalkaloids along with the high level of antioxidant activities was found in the Datterini tomatoes variety. The peculiarity of this variety is the high chlorogenic acid content, being ten times higher compared to the other cultivars examined. Moreover, the total α-tomatine amount has been found substantially higher (34.699 ± 1.101 mg/g dry weight) with respect to the other tomato varieties analyzed. Furthermore, the cultivars metabolomic profiles were investigated with the PCA approach. Based on Datterini cultivar's metabolomic profile, its waste-recovery could represent a good option for further added value products in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical areas with a high α-tomatine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortuna Iannuzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Niloufar Keivani
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Yu M, Qian Y, Ni M, Wang Z, Zhang P. Algae removal and algal organic matter chemistry modulated by KMnO 4-PAC in simulated karst water. Chemosphere 2024; 354:141733. [PMID: 38513953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the modulation of algae removal and algal organic matter (AOM) chemistry by potassium permanganate and poly-aluminum chloride (KMnO4-PAC) in simulated karst water. Specifically, we verified the compositional changes of AOM sourcing from Chlorella sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. in response to the presence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Aromatic protein and soluble microbial products were identified as the primary AOM components. Divalent ions accelerated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 removal, particularly with Pseudanabaena sp. greater than Chlorella sp. (P < 0.05). Surface morphology analysis manifested that the removal of filamentous Pseudanabaena sp. was more feasible in comparison to globular Chlorella sp.. Our results highlight the significance of divalent ions in governing chemical behaviors and subsequent removal of both algae and AOM. This study upscales the understanding of the interactions among divalent ions, algae and AOM during preoxidation and coagulation process in algae-laden karst water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Yu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Qian
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Maofei Ni
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guiyang Institute of Information Science and Technology, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Street SM, Christian WV. Taring the scales: Weight-of-evidence framework for biocompatibility evaluations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105590. [PMID: 38462048 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
ISO 10993-1:2018 describes evaluating the biocompatibility profile of a medical device from a risk-based approach. This standard details the battery of information that should be considered within the assessment of a device, including raw material composition data, manufacturing processes, and endpoint testing. The ISO 10993/18562 series requires worst-case assumptions and exposure scenarios to be used in the evaluation, which may result in an over-estimation of patient safety risk. Currently, biocompatibility assessments evaluate each data set independently, and the consequence of this individualized assessment of exaggerated inputs is potential false alarms regarding patient safety. To evaluate these safety concerns, the ISO standards indicate that professional judgement should be used to estimate patient risk but does not provide guidance on incorporating a holistic review of the data into the risk assessment. Recalibrating these worst-case data to evaluate them in a weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach may provide a more realistic data set to determine actual patient risk. This proposed WoE framework combines understanding data applicability with a method for gauging the strength of data that can provide additional support for the final safety conclusion. Using a WoE framework will allow risk assessors to contextualize the data and utilize it to comprehensively estimate patient safety.
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Reichembach LH, Kaminski GK, Maurer JBB, de Oliveira Petkowicz CL. Fractionation and characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121693. [PMID: 38171698 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell wall polysaccharides were isolated by sequential extractions from coffee pulp, the main solid waste from coffee processing. Extractions were conducted with distilled water at room and boiling temperatures, 0.5 % ammonium oxalate and 0.05 M Na2CO3 to obtain pectic fractions. Hemicelluloses were extracted by using 2 M and 4 M NaOH. The composition of the hemicellulose fractions suggested the presence of xyloglucans, galactomannans and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). The main part of the cell wall polysaccharides recovered from coffee pulp were pectins branched with arabinogalactans. Coffee pulp pectic fractions were low-methoxylated with various amounts of protein (0.5-8.4 %) and phenolics (0.7-8.5 %). Detection at 280 nm in the HPSEC analyses and radial gel diffusion assay using Yariv reagent indicated the presence of AGPs in most of these fractions. NMR analyses of chelating agent (CSP) and dialyzed water (WSPD) extracted pectins were carried out. The results demonstrated that CSP contains only AG I. On the other hand, AG I and AG II are present in WSPD, probably covalently linked to the pectic portion. Comparison with the literature indicated similarities between the cell wall polysaccharides from coffee pulp and green coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Henrique Reichembach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19046, 81531-980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Giulia Karolline Kaminski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19046, 81531-980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bello Baron Maurer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19046, 81531-980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Savy D, Verrillo M, Cangemi S, Cozzolino V. Lignin nanoparticles from hydrotropic fractionation of giant reed and eucalypt: Structural elucidation and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129966. [PMID: 38320639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A hydrotropic solution of maleic acid (MA) was exploited to fractionate giant reed (AD) and eucalypt (EUC). The pre-treatment was successful for AD, while it was unsatisfactory for EUC, likely due to unoptimized reaction conditions. Interestingly, lignin nanoparticles (LNP) were produced via spontaneous aggregation following spent liquor dilution. LNP were studied by a plethora of analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetry, electron microscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Notwithstanding LNP from both AD and EUC showed similar thermal behaviour and morphology, a greater content of aliphatic hydroxyl, carboxyl, guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl moieties was reported for AD-LNP, whereas EUC-LNP had a larger amount of syringyl groups and a higher S/G ratio. Also, the 1H-DOSY NMR indicated the lower size of AD-LNP. Moreover, the LNP were found to negatively impact on the development of several human or plant pathogens, and their bioactivity was related to the occurrence of guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl moieties and a lower the LNP size. We therefore found that MA delignification allows both to achieve high delignification efficiency and to obtain LNP with promising antibacterial effect. Such LNP may help counteracting the antibiotics resistance and sustain the quest for finding sustainable agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Savy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Mariavittoria Verrillo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Silvana Cangemi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Zaghloul EH, Abdel-Latif HH, Elsayis A, Hassan SWM. Production and characterization of novel marine black yeast's exopolysaccharide with potential antiradical and anticancer prospects. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:60. [PMID: 38388439 PMCID: PMC10882794 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The marine black yeasts are characterized by the production of many novel protective substances. These compounds increase their physiological adaptation to multi-extreme environmental stress. Hence, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing marine black yeast SAHE was isolated in this study. It was molecularly identified as Hortaea werneckii (identity 98.5%) through ITS1 and ITS4 gene sequencing analysis. The physicochemical properties of the novel SAHE-EPS were investigated through FTIR, GC-MS, TGA, ESM, and EDX analysis, revealing its heteropolysaccharide nature. SAHE-EPS was found to be thermostable and mainly consists of sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and galactose. Furthermore, it exhibited an amorphous texture and irregular porous surface structure. SAHE-EPS showed significant antiradical activity, as demonstrated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and the IC50 was recorded to be 984.9 μg/mL. In addition, SAHE-EPS exhibited outstanding anticancer activity toward the A549 human lung cancer cell line (IC50 = 22.9 μg/mL). Conversely, it demonstrates minimal cytotoxicity toward the WI-38 normal lung cell line (IC50 = 203 μg/mL), which implies its safety. This study represents the initial attempt to isolate and characterize the chemical properties of an EPS produced by the marine black yeast H. werneckii as a promising antiradical and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Zaghloul
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Asmaa Elsayis
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar W M Hassan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
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Lu Y, He Z, Wang Q, Lei T, Ning N, Chen X, Wu X, Wang S, Wan L, Cao J. An advanced strategy for quality evaluation of Xinyi Biyan Pill by UPLC-DAD fingerprinting combined with multi-components UPLC-MS/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115858. [PMID: 38042092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Xinyi Biyan Pill (XBP) is a classical Chinese patent medicine and widely used to treat acute and chronic or allergic rhinitis in clinical practice. This study aimed to establish and validate a comprehensive strategy combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) fingerprinting and multi-component quantification for quality evaluation of XBP. In the fingerprint analysis, 32 peaks were selected as common peaks and used to evaluate the similarity of 12 batches of XBP. In addition, 141 compounds of XBP were identified or preliminarily characterized in both positive and negative ion modes by coupling with an advanced hybrid linear ion trap (LTQ)-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Moreover, a rapid quantitative method based on UPLC tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been optimized and validated for simultaneous determination of 10 chemical markers within 15 min, and applied to analyzing 12 batches of XBP. The proposed comprehensive strategy combining UPLC-DAD fingerprinting and multi-component UPLC-MS/MS quantification exhibited satisfactory results with high efficiency, accuracy and reliability, which can be used as a reference for overall quality consistency evaluation of Chinese herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixin He
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ning
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Li Wan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiliang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.
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Liu Y, Xiang R, Lu W, Qin X. Symptom-oriented network pharmacology revealed the mechanism of HuangQi-DanShen herb pair against cerebral ischemia coupled with comprehensive chemical characterization. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 318:116845. [PMID: 37437791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, HuangQi-DanShen (HD) is an important drug pair for the treatment of cerebral ischemia (CI). AIM OF THE STUDY Elucidate the mechanism of HD against CI based on symptom-oriented network pharmacology coupled with comprehensive chemical characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS technology was firstly used to obtain the chemical profile of HD constituents. A comprehensive strategy combining in-house library, diagnostic ions, Compound Discover software and network databases was then established to identify its chemical constitutes. Symptomatic treatment is a treatment aimed at relieving or eliminating symptoms which is often characterized as a stop-gap measure due to its inability to cure the disease fundamentally. Nevertheless, symptomatic treatment is an indispensable part of clinical practice and has an important place in medical therapeutics. Therefore, network pharmacology technique were used to elucidate molecular mechanisms from the symptoms of CI. Finally, some literatures were further mined to support our conclusions. RESULTS A total of 190 ingredients were identified in HD. Symptom-oriented network pharmacology analysis indicated that compounds of HD relieved "blood" through the regulation of ADORA2A, ADORA1, PTPN11, MMP9 and EGFR, relieved "qi" via the regulation of ADORA2A, EGFR, MMP9 and CA2. The therapeutic effect of HD on "faint" was linked to PTPN11 and MMP9, while the regulation of "dyskinesia" was related to ADORA2A and EGFR, and ADORA1, PTPN11 and MMP9 were associated withe its effect on "speech disorder". ADORA1, ADORA2A and MMP9 were key to the HD component in treating "visual disturbance". CONCLUSION The approach of symptom-oriented network pharmacology coupled with comprehensive chemical characterization proposed a further orientation for exploring the mechanisms of HD against CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Ruoxin Xiang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Wentian Lu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China.
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Sujithra S, Arthanareeswaran G, Ismail AF, Taweepreda W. Isolation, purification and characterization of β-glucan from cereals - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128255. [PMID: 37984576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are soluble fibers found in cereal compounds, including barley, oats etc., as an active component. They are used as a dietary fiber to treat cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These polysaccharides are important because they can provide many therapeutic benefits related to their biological activity in human like inhibiting tumour growth, anti-inflammatory action, etc. All these activities were usually attached to their molecular weight, structure and degree of branching. The present manuscript reviews the background of β-glucan, its characterization techniques, the possible ways to extract β-glucan and mainly focuses on membrane-based purification techniques. The β-glucan separation methods using polymeric membranes, their operational characteristics, purification methods which may yield pure or crude β-glucan and structural analysis methods were also discussed. Future direction in research and development related to β-glucan recovery from cereal were also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sujithra
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Arthanareeswaran
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - A F Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Wirach Taweepreda
- Polymer Science Program, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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Li L, Ju J, Zhuang X, Li S, Ma R, Li J, Ding M, Ma C, Wang X, Zhang B. Chemistry of Bairui granules and its mechanisms in the protective effect against methotrexate-induced liver injury. Phytomedicine 2024; 122:155158. [PMID: 37935081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bairui granules (BRKL), a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, possess a range of pharmacological effects. However, its impact on methotrexate (MTX)-induced liver damage remains unexplored. PURPOSE The present work focused on investigating the potential protection of BRKL on MTX-induced liver damage, along with its potential active ingredients and underlying mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated the hepatoprotective activities of BRKL in liver-damaged Wistar rats induced by intraperitoneal MTX injection, observing the liver's morphological and pathological features. Additionally, we measured serum ALT, AST, and LDH levels using kits. Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) analyzed BRKL composition, and network pharmacology strategy predicted and analyzed BRKL's targets and pathways. Thereafter, we conducted molecular docking for analyzing affinity of bioactive ingredients for targets with Autodock. At last, results were verified through in vitro experiments. RESULTS The animal experiments revealed the significant protection of BRKL against MTX-mediated rat liver damage. A total of 64 major chemical constituents were identified in BRKL by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. We then applied the network-based pharmacological strategy to clarify BRKL's molecular mechanism on liver damage based on the identified components. The targets EGFR, SRC, PIK3R1, AKT1, and ESR1, as well as compounds isorhamnetin 3,7-O-diglucoside, β-ecdysone, chrysoeriol, apigenin, and diosmetin, may play pivotal roles in treating MTX-mediated liver damage. According to our in vitro experiments, isorhamnetin 3,7-O-diglucoside may exert its liver-protective effect via AKT/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION BRKL protected against MTX-mediated liver injury, and the bioactive ingredients, key pathways, and liver injury-related molecular targets have been identified. These findings provide new insights into using BRKL in treating liver damage and propose a feasible approach to exploring phytomedicine's chemical and pharmacological foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jianfeng Ju
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiuping Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Shuming Li
- Jiuhua Huayuan Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chuzhou 239001,China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chuanjiang Ma
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250014, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- Department of pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Jinan 250014, China.
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Jabeen F, Adrees M, Ibrahim M, Waqas M, Mahmood A, Noreen U, Aslam A. Characterization for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste for energy recovery and circular economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30980-0. [PMID: 38012495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses a significant environmental challenge in municipalities across developing nations worldwide. Our studies were focused on characterizing the waste and analyzing the chemical properties of mixed waste fractions to assess their potential for waste-to-energy conversion. The objective of our study was to scrutinize the existing state of the MSW management system and gauge its waste generation rates. Specific ASTM methods were employed to carry out both physical and chemical characterizations. The outcomes reveal that the city generates a daily volume of 1155 tons of domestic solid waste (DSW), translating to a generation rate of 0.51 kg-1 capita-1 day-1. When analyzed by source, organic matter emerged as the predominant constituent, accounting for 73.74% of the waste, followed by combustible content waste at 15.17%. The moisture content of MSW ranged between 26 and 58% throughout the seasons, while volatile solids varied from 22.35 to 99.74%. Among the components screened, carbon and oxygen stood out as the dominant elements. The calorific values encompassed a broad range, ranging from 14.87 MJ kg-1 for leather waste to a substantial 25,629.27 MJ kg-1 for organic waste. To alleviate the escalating burden of increasing solid waste generation, alternative treatment approaches were recommended. These include composting, biomethane plants, the establishment of recycling facilities, and the enhancement of existing landfill sites to scientifically designed landfills. In summary, the findings from this study provide valuable insights for regulatory bodies and municipal authorities. These insights can guide the formulation of policies concerning waste sampling, characterization, segregation, and the implementation of education and awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Jabeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Abid Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Uzma Noreen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Aslam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jhang, Jhang, Pakistan
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12
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Li J. A comprehensive study of the effect of elevated temperature on the extractability and rate of exaggerated and exhaustive extractions of medical devices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115587. [PMID: 37516062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of an elevated temperature on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the solvent extraction of medical devices is evaluated in this study. The main objective of the current work is to specifically address the question of how effective a temperature of 50 °C, relative to 37 °C, is in improving the extractability and rate of the exaggerated and exhaustive extractions of medical devices. The extractability at equilibrium is related to the extraction partition coefficient, while the extraction rate is related to the corresponding diffusion coefficient. The partition and diffusion coefficients (or the enthalpies of extraction and diffusional activation energies) of solid-liquid extractions for different polymeric materials, solvents, and types of extractables entities at different temperatures are compiled comprehensively from extensive publications in the literature. The collected partition and diffusion coefficients at different temperatures are used to derive the partition enthalpies and diffusional activation energies in this study. The combined 209 partition enthalpies and 262 diffusional activation energies are then used to calculate the ratios of the partition and diffusion coefficients, when the extraction temperature increases from 37 °C to 50 °C. It is concluded from the study that the maximum improvement in extracted chemical amount with this specific temperature increase is about 3-fold, but the median improvement is only 16%. The most probable improvement is 25%. The maximum improvement (or decrease) in extraction time is 3.2-fold by the change in the diffusional coefficient, but the median value is 1.9-fold. The most probable decrease in extraction time is 2.4-fold. The collected data also allow the calculation of the ratio of the diffusion coefficient for a 10 °C increase, and the results are compared with the "factor 10 rule" in the literature on the relationship between the diffusion coefficient and temperature. The explicit conclusions of the study certainly provide evidences (not assumptions) in designing practical and cost-effective exaggerated and exhaustive extractions in the chemical characterization of medical devices, taking into considerations of extraction cycle time, temperature-dependent chemical stability, and the number of repeated extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Chemical Characterization Solutions, LLC, PO Box 113, Newport, MN 55055, USA.
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13
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Huang Q, Tan C, Zheng C, Meng H, Wang Z, Lin GQ, Zhang W, Chen B, He QL. DCTPP1, a reliable Q-biomarker for comprehensive evaluation of the quality of tripterygium glycoside tablets based on chemical references. Phytomedicine 2023; 119:154972. [PMID: 37531903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As first-line clinical drugs, tripterygium glycoside tablets (TGTs) often have inconsistent efficacy and toxic side effects, mainly due to inadequate quality control. Therefore, clinically relevant quality standards for TGTs are urgently required. PURPOSE Based on chemical substances and considering pharmacological efficacy, we aimed to develop an effective quality evaluation method for TGTs. METHODS Representative commercial samples of TGTs were collected from different manufacturers, and qualitative UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS analysis methods were successfully applied to evaluate their quality similarities and differences based on their chemical properties. Then the anti-immunity, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities of TGTs and related monomers were evaluated using Jurkat, RAW264.7, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 as cellular models. Subsequently, we predicted and verified small molecule-DCTPP1 interactions via molecular docking using the established DCTPP1 enzymatic activity assay. Finally, we performed a gray relational analysis to evaluate the chemical characteristics and biological effects of TGTs produced by different manufacturers. RESULTS We collected 24 batches of TGTs (D01-D24) from 5 manufacturers (Co. A, Co. B, Co. C, Co. D, Co. E) for quality evaluation. The chemical composition analysis revealed significant differences in the substance bases of the samples. The D02, D18-D20 samples from Co. B constituted a separate group that differed from other samples, mainly in their absence of diterpenoids and triterpenoids, including triptolide, triptophenolide, and triptonide. In vitro anti-immunity, antitumor and anti-inflammatory tests using the same TGT concentration revealed that, except for D02, D18-D20, the remaining 20 samples exhibited different degrees of anti-immunity, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Our experiments verified that triptolide, triptophenolide, and triptonide were all DCTPP1 inhibitors, and that TGTs generally exhibited DCTPP1 enzyme inhibitory activity. Moreover, the inhibitory activity of D02, D18-D20 samples from Co. B was much lower than that of the other samples, with a nearly tenfold difference in IC50. Further comprehensive analysis revealed a high correlation between DCTPP1 enzyme inhibition activity and the anti-immunity and antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of these samples. CONCLUSION The established DCTPP1 enzymatic activity assay proved suitable for quantitative pharmacological and pharmaceutical analysis to complement the existing quality control system for TGTs and to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- QinWei Huang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - ChunMei Tan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hong Meng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Animal Alternative Testing Technology of Cosmetics, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - ZhengNan Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing and Risk Warning of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - WenTing Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - BiLian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Qing-Li He
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Malik A, Aggarwal SG, Kunwar B, Deshmukh D, Shukla K, Agarwal R, Singh K, Soni D, Sinha P, Ohata S, Mori T, Koike M, Kawamura K, Kondo Y. Physical and chemical properties of PM 1 in Delhi: A comparison between clean and polluted days. Sci Total Environ 2023:164266. [PMID: 37225098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering the significance of PM1 aerosol in assessing health impacts of air pollution, an extensive analysis of PM1 samples collected at an urban site in Delhi is presented in this study. Overall, PM1 contributed to about 50 % of PM2.5 mass which is alarming especially in Delhi where particle mass loadings are usually higher than prescribed limits. Major portion of PM1 consisted of organic matter (OM) that formed nearly 47 % of PM1 mass. Elemental Carbon (EC) contributed to about 13 % of PM1 mass, whereas SO42- (16 %), NH4+ (10 %), NO3- (4 %) and Cl- (3 %) were the major inorganic ions present. Sampling was performed in two distinctive campaign periods (in terms of meteorological conditions and heating (fire activities), during the year 2019, each spanning two-week time, i.e. (i) September 3rd -16th (clean days), and (ii) November 22nd -December 5th (polluted days). The 24-h averaged mean concentrations of PM2.5 and BC during clean days (polluted days) were 70.6 ± 26.9 and 3.9 ± 1.0 μg m-3 (196 ± 104 and 7.6 ± 4.1 μg m-3) respectively, which were systematically lower (higher) than that of the annual mean (taken from studies conducted at same site in 2019) of 142 and 5.7 μg m-3, respectively. Changes in characteristic ratios (i.e., organic carbon (OC)/elemental Carbon (EC) and K+/EC) show an increase in biomass emissions during polluted days. Increase in biomass emission can be attributed to increase in heating practices (burning of biofuels such as wood logs, straw, and cow-dung cake) in- and around- Delhi because of fall in temperature in winter during second campaign. Furthermore, a significant increase in NO3- fraction in PM1 is observed during second campaign which shows fog processing of NOX due to conducive meteorological conditions in winters. Also, comparatively stronger correlation of NO3- with K+ during second campaign (r = 0.98 as compared to r = 0.5 during first campaign) suggests the increased heating practices to be a contributing factor for increased fraction of NO3- in PM1. We observed that during polluted days, meteorological parameters such as dispersion rate also played a major role in intensifying the impact of increased local emissions due to heating activities. Apart from this, change in the direction of regional emission transport to study site and the topology of Delhi are the possible reasons for the elevated pollution level, especially PM1 in onset of winter in Delhi. This study also suggests that black carbon measurement techniques used in current study (optical absorbance with heated inlet and evolved carbon techniques) can be used as reference techniques to determine the site-specific calibration constant of optical photometers for urban aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Malik
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shankar G Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Bhagawati Kunwar
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Dhananjay Deshmukh
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Kritika Shukla
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rishu Agarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Khem Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Daya Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Punaram Sinha
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
| | - Sho Ohata
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0805, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Makoto Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
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15
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Yu H, Kiley K, Kullar S, Fu K, Tran TN, Wang H, Hu J, Kamberi M. A Chemical Characterization Workflow for Nontargeted Analysis of Complex Extracts from Polymer Based Medical Device Using High Resolution LC/MS. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2277-2291. [PMID: 37094361 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of extractables and leachables (E&Ls) is an important aspect of biosafety and biocompatibility assessment in medical device industry. The advent of the body-contact use of medical devices in patient treatment has introduced a potential source for extractables and leachables as these medical devices are comprised of various polymeric materials. Several industry working groups, the FDA and USP, have recognized the guidance for chemical characterizations and nontargeted analysis of medical device extracts, such as ISO 10993-18:2020. The MS application of nontargeted analysis has played a critical role in understanding the E&Ls from medical device extracts. However, there have been very few reports about the MS based workflow with nontargeted analysis for medical device extracts and there is little guidance about the exact methodologies which should be used, even though there is an urgent need for a clearly defined process for the identification of medical device extracts. In this study, we demonstrated an analytical LC/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) workflow using high resolution Exploris120 Orbitrap instrument for data acquisition and Compound Discoverer 3.3 intelligent software for data processing to profile the polymer related E&Ls from a balloon dilation catheter device extracted with 40% ethanol. An E&L ID workflow combining LC separation, data-informed MS acquisition strategy, MS information mining (including adduct ions, MS information from both electrospray ionization (ESI) (+) and ESI (-), in-source fragmentation, common fragment ions (CFIs), common neutral losses (CNLs), and in silico MS simulation was described with intelligent software processing and manual data interpretation. The workflow developed in this study was proven to be effective to provide a comprehensive profile of polymer related degradation products, polymer impurities and additives including surfactants, UV curing agent, antioxidants, and plasticizers for the device analyzed. The classification of E&L compounds using CFIs and CNLs was very effective to facilitate the identification of polymer related impurities and extract the polymer related impurities with common structures in a large data result set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Yu
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Kristen Kiley
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Sandeep Kullar
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Katherine Fu
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Thu Ngoc Tran
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Haibo Wang
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Jie Hu
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
| | - Marika Kamberi
- Research and Development, Abbott Vascular Division, Abbott Laboratory, 3200 Lakeside Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054-2807, United States
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16
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Cui X, Qin XM, Du G, Liu Y. Rapid chemical characterization of Danggui Buxue Decoction with processed Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix based on diagnostic ion and molecular network. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5640. [PMID: 37013366 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD), a classic prescription for invigorating qi and generating blood of TCM, containing honey-processed Astragali Radix (HAR) and wine-processed Angelicae Sinensis Radix (WDG) in its original prescription. In this study, the compositions of DBD, WDG and HAR were characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique in combination with molecular network (MN) and diagnostic ion strategies. Finally, 200 compounds were identified in DBD, 114 compounds were identified in WDG, and 180 compounds were identified in HAR; there were 48 common compounds in total. The results demonstrated that compatibility leaded to changes in the chemical composition of TCM, and the qualitative method in this paper provided an effective data processing strategy for the characterization of components and provides data foundation for the study of the compounding mechanism of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xue Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
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17
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Ribeiro FDOS, Oliveira FDCED, Pessoa C, Dias JDN, Albuquerque P, Sousa EDS, Lima SGD, Lima LRMD, Sombra VG, Paula RCMD, Alves EHP, Vasconcelos DFP, Fontenele DD, Iles B, Medeiros JVR, Araújo ARD, da Silva DA, Leite JRDSDA. Lemon gum: Non-toxic arabinogalactan isolated from Citrus × latifolia with antiproliferative property against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123058. [PMID: 36669633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lemon gum (LG) obtained from Citrus × latifolia in Brazil was isolated and characterized. In addition, gum biocompatibility was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by Galleria mellonella and mice model. The cytotoxicity against tumor cells was also evaluated. The ratio of arabinose:galactose: rhamnose:4-OMe-glucuronic acid was 1:0.65:0.06:0.15. Small traces of protein were detected, emphasizing the isolate purity. Molar mass was 8.08 × 105 g/mol, with three different degradation events. LG showed antiproliferative activity against human prostate adenocarcinoma cancer cells, with percentage superior to 50 %. In vivo toxicity models demonstrated that LG is biocompatible polymer, with little difference in the parameters compared to control group. These results demonstrate advance in the study of LG composition and toxicity, indicating a potential for several biomedical and biotechnological future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio de Oliveira Silva Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jhones do Nascimento Dias
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, IB, University of Brasília, UnB, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, DF, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, IB, University of Brasília, UnB, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, DF, Brazil
| | - Edymilaís da Silva Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portela, Brazil
| | - Sidney Gonçalo de Lima
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portela, Brazil
| | | | - Venicios G Sombra
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Even Herlany Pereira Alves
- Laboratory of Histological Analysis and Preparation (LAPHis), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Darllan Damasceno Fontenele
- Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Bruno Iles
- Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Alyne Rodrigues de Araújo
- Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Durcilene Alves da Silva
- Research Center on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
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18
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Qu H, Wang J, Yao C, Wei X, Wu Y, Cheng M, He X, Li J, Wei W, Zhang J, Bi Q, Guo DA. Enhanced profiling and quantification of ginsenosides from mountain-cultivated ginseng and comparison with garden-cultivated ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463826. [PMID: 36774914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng can be generally divided into mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and garden-cultivated ginseng (GCG). The market price of MCG is significantly higher than that of GCG. However, the chemical compositions of MCG and the differences from GCG remained unclear. In this study, an integrated strategy combing an offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation, LTQ-orbitrap dual mode acquisition, and Q-trap full quantification/quasi-quantification was proposed to explore and compare the chemical compositions of MCG. Consequently, 559 ginsenosides were characterized, among which 437 ginsenosides were in-depth characterized with α-chain and β-chain annotated. Subsequently, enhanced quantification of 213 ginsenosides was conducted in 57 batches of MCG and GCG. Ginsenosides were found more abundant in MCG than GCG. In addition, 25-year-old MCG could be distinctly differentiated from 15/20-year-old MCG. This strategy facilitated the enhanced profiling and comparison of ginsenosides, improved the quality control tactics of MCG and provided a reference approach for other ginseng related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yisong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengzhen Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-An Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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19
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Ge Q, Zhou SS, Xie NN, Kong M, Xu JD, Zhu H, Zhou J, Li SL, Shen H. Impact of sulfur-fumigation on carbohydrate components of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115217. [PMID: 36592540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) is one of commonly used medicinal and edible herbs in China. It is often sulfur-fumigated during post-harvest processing. Carbohydrates are important active components of AMR. However, it is unknown whether sulfur-fumigation would induce changes on carbohydrates. Here, carbohydrates including polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and free monosaccharides were comprehensively analyzed to characterize the quality changes of sulfur-fumigated AMR. Determination of both homemade sulfur-fumigated AMR samples and commercial samples from market revealed that sulfur-fumigation did not affect molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, but altered polysaccharides content and its ratios of constituent monosaccharides, especially glucose (Glc) and fructose (Fru), as well as the contents of oligosaccharides DP2-10 and free monosaccharide Fru. Moreover, the variations enhanced with the increasing of residual SO2 content. The potential transformation mechanisms could be due to the hydrolysis of polysaccharides. The research outcomes could provide a chemical basis for the safety and efficacy evaluations of sulfur-fumigated AMR.
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20
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Lehuedé L, Henríquez C, Carú C, Córdova A, Mendonça RT, Salazar O. Xylan extraction from hardwoods by alkaline pretreatment for xylooligosaccharide production: A detailed fractionation analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120381. [PMID: 36604059 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the production of value-added products from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has gained relevance. Xylans, which are the main hemicellulose compounds in LCB, may be extracted by alkaline pretreatment and employed for xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production. However, xylan extraction currently works as a black box due to the lack of characterization of the involved streams. Therefore, the appropriate operational conditions often remain unclear, especially in hardwoods. In this study, alkaline/thermal pretreatments at different operational conditions were evaluated for xylan extractions from Chilean Nothofagus species sawdust, determining the chemical compositions of the fractions at each step of the process. Results indicated that increasing alkali concentration (NaOH) leads to a higher xylan extraction, but also to high salt production during the acid neutralization step, decreasing xylan's purity and therefore XOS production. In this context, decreasing NaOH concentration and neutralizing it by membrane filtration, allow extracting xylans (62.5 %) of higher-purity (77 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lehuedé
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago Zipcode 8370448, Chile.
| | - Constanza Henríquez
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago Zipcode 8370448, Chile.
| | - Claudia Carú
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago Zipcode 8370448, Chile
| | - Andrés Córdova
- School of Food Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Waddington 716, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso Zipcode 2360100, Chile.
| | - Regis Teixeira Mendonça
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales and Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Oriana Salazar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago Zipcode 8370448, Chile.
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21
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Medina K, Giannone N, Dellacassa E, Schinca C, Carrau F, Boido E. Commercial craft beers produced in Uruguay: Volatile profile and physicochemical composition. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112349. [PMID: 36737939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even beer being the most consumed alcoholic beverage around the world, there is not enough information generated for craft beers produced in Latin America, for either volatile profiles or physicochemical studies. In this work, the chemical and volatile components of ten commercial Blond Ale and nine Indian Pale Ale (IPA) beers from the Uruguayan market were studied using GC-MS. Principal component analysis applied to the data allowed differentiation among the two groups of samples while the volatile compounds and physicochemical parameters responsible for these differences were identified. The physicochemical properties revealed a great diversity between all beer samples even within the same beer style. The main significant differences were obtained for alcohol, polyphenols, bitterness, colour, and pH. Most Blond Ale beer samples were differentiated from IPA ones by raw fermentation aroma compounds such as 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, hexanoic and isobutyric acids, 4-vinyl guaiacol, and 5,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone. This is the first work that contributes to the knowledge of Uruguayan craft beers. The study also showed the ability of most of the Uruguayan microbreweries to brew Blond Ale and IPA craft beer styles that meet international standards for physicochemical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Medina
- Área de Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolas Giannone
- Área de Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Dellacassa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Aromas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Schinca
- Área de Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Carrau
- Área de Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Boido
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Aromas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800-Montevideo, Uruguay.
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22
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Reichembach LH, de Oliveira Petkowicz CL. New findings on acid-extractable pectins from soy hull. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119831. [PMID: 35868776 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Soy hull has been considered a potential source of commercial pectin. The aim of the present study was to investigate its real potential as a source of pectin. Soy hull (sample 1) was extracted with 0.1 M HCl, for 45 min, at 90 °C (fraction A), conditions previously reported to result in yields and GalA in the range of commercial pectins. The extraction resulted in low uronic acid content (UA 39 %) and lower yield. Similar values were obtained using harsher conditions (boiling 0.14 M HNO3 for 30 min and 60 min - Fractions B and C, respectively). HSQC-NMR confirmed the coextraction of galactomannans. Considering the unexpected results, three other soy hull samples (2, 3 and 4) were used for extraction. The yields and UA were in the range of 10-13 % and 26-48 %, respectively, also below published data. Prior removal of galactomannan by water extraction increased the UA content to 62 % and gave rise to a pectin with a degree of methyl-esterification (DM) of 29 %. The pectin had remarkable amount of rhamnogalacturonan I and xylogalacturonan and did not form gel with calcium. The findings using four different commercial samples did not support previously published data and demonstrated that soy hull is not suitable as a raw material for production of food grade pectins by conventional extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Henrique Reichembach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19046, 81531-980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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23
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Khatua S, Acharya K. Antioxidation and immune-stimulatory actions of cold alkali extracted polysaccharide fraction from Macrocybe lobayensis, a wild edible mushroom. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:247. [PMID: 36033910 PMCID: PMC9411380 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom β-glucans are presently gaining widespread attention, being one of the promising healthy compounds with excellent antioxidative and immunomodulatory activities. Conventionally, hot water extraction procedure is followed to isolate the polymers where the residue is discarded after filtration. However, the remnants still contain plenty of bioactive components that could provide a unique opportunity for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. In this backdrop, the present study was aimed to expand utilization of a popularly edible mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis, by re-cycling left-over material that has passed through traditional aqueous process. For that, the residue was immersed in alkaline solution followed by ethanol precipitation and repeated washing resulting preparation of a water soluble and partially purified polysaccharidic fraction (ML-CAP). Chemical and molecular characterization by FT-IR, HPTLC, GC-MS, GPC and spectroscopy unveiled that ML-CAP was consisted of a homo-polymer with Mw of ~ 122 kDa. The backbone was mainly composed of β-glucan where galactose was identified as the second most abundant unit. Subsequently, the fraction exhibited potent antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging, chelating ability and reducing power. Furthermore, strong immune enhancing property was also recorded as the polymer, particularly at the concentration of 100 µg/ml, triggered murine macrophage functionality in terms of cell proliferation, phagocytosis, pseudopods formation and nitric oxide production. The study thus advocates for potential application and further extraction of hot water extracted mushroom residue in drug development and nutraceutical industries, as the example of ML-CAP showed promising biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Department of Botany, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnagar, West Bengal 741101 India
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019 India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019 India
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24
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Siracusa L, Onofri A, Galesi R, Impelluso C, Pulvirenti L, Ruberto G, Gresta F, Spampinato G, Cristaudo A. An integrated approach for the characterization of wild Crocus species adopting phenotypical and phytochemical traits. Phytochemistry 2022; 202:113315. [PMID: 35810876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crocus is a taxonomically complex genus, characterized by high intra- and inter-specific variability. Five wild Crocus taxa - Crocus biflorus, C. longiflorus, C. neapolitanus, C. siculus and C. thomasii from three different areas of Southern Italy (Calabria, Basilicata and Sicily) have been investigated. We considered both flower morphological traits (inner and outer perigone segments, style branches and anthers) and the chemical profile of specialised metabolites (apocarotenoids: crocins; flavonoids: flavonols) in style branches, which were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-DAD-ESI-MS). Saffron (C. sativus) was also included as the 'control' species. The length of perigone tube, outer and inner tepals, anthers and style branches gave the highest contribution to the discrimination of different taxa. Concerning the specialised metabolite profiles, 20 flavonols and 24 crocins have been identified and quantified in the Crocus extracts and used to discriminate among samples, confirming that Crocus taxa can be considered as an important natural source of these substances. The chemical profiles of the different populations showed some distinctive qualitative and quantitative patterns that contributed to a certain degree of discrimination among species, in fact, flavonoids content range is comprised between 2.7 and 145.9 mg/g, whereas crocins range between 19.8 and 604.0 mg/g. It is thus hypothesized that the combination of morphological and phytochemical screenings may be an effective methodology to characterize wild Crocus genotypes from Southern Italy, also in comparison to C. sativus (saffron).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siracusa
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Galesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmen Impelluso
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spampinato
- Department of AGRARIA, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonia Cristaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
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25
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García-Fuentevilla L, Rubio-Valle JF, Martín-Sampedro R, Valencia C, Eugenio ME, Ibarra D. Different Kraft lignin sources for electrospun nanostructures production: Influence of chemical structure and composition. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:554-567. [PMID: 35752340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the structural features and physicochemical properties of different Kraft lignins and how they can influence the electrospinning process to obtain nanostructures. Structural features of Kraft lignins were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and thermal analysis, whereas chemical composition was analyzed by standard method. The addition of cellulose acetate (CA) improves the electrospinning process of Kraft lignins (KL). Thus, solutions of KL/CA at 30 wt% with a KL:CA weight ratio of 70:30 were prepared and then physicochemical and rheologically characterized. The morphology of electrospun nanostructures depends on the intrinsic properties of the solutions and the chemical structure and composition of Kraft lignins. Then, surface tension, electrical conductivity and viscosity of eucalypt/CA and poplar/CA solutions were suitable to obtain electrospun nanostructures based on uniform cross-linked nanofibers with a few beaded fibers. It could be related with the higher purity and higher linear structure, phenolic content and S/G ratios of lignin samples. However, the higher values of electrical conductivity and viscosity of OTP/CA solutions resulted in electrospun nanostructure with micro-sized particles connected by thin fibers, due to a lower purity, S/G ratio and phenolic content and higher branched structure in OTP lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José F Rubio-Valle
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - María E Eugenio
- Forest Research Center, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. de la Coruña, km 7.5., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Ibarra
- Forest Research Center, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. de la Coruña, km 7.5., 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Li J. Evaluation of fatty tissue representative solvents in extraction of medical devices for chromatographic analysis of devices' extractables and leachables based on Abraham general solvation model. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463240. [PMID: 35752148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extraction solvents used in chemical characterization (i.e., extractables and leachables testing, E&L) of fatty tissue-contacting medical devices for biocompatibility assessment per ISO 10993 have been studied by Abraham general solvation models. Chemically suitable alternative solvents to fatty tissues in solvation properties (solubility, partition, extraction, etc.) have been proposed based on Abraham's organic solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases. This evaluation is built upon the conclusion by Abraham, Acree Jr and Cometto-Muñiz that olive oil is chemically corresponding to fatty tissues. However, olive oil, if used as an extraction solvent to simulate fatty tissues, is in general not analytically expedient (realistic) per ISO 10993-18 (2020) for chromatographic analysis, and it is critical to seek alternative solvents to olive oil to perform the extraction. Although nonpolar solvents such as alkanes have been proposed and used as alternative solvents to vegetable oils, they are not equivalent to olive oil in solvation properties. Due to the practical challenge in chromatographic analysis of oil samples and the difference in migration kinetics of E&L between oil and organic solvents, the computational approach is the only realistic option to evaluate chemically alternative solvents to olive oil to simulate fatty tissue extraction. By comparing Abraham solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases distribution, a five-dimensional space distance (D) between solvents and olive oil as a reference solvent is calculated using Abraham and Martin equation to predict alternative or similar solvents to olive oil. The results of the calculation are further evaluated using E&L solubility ratio between solvents and olive oil, taking into consideration of solvent safety and physical properties. It is concluded from the study that butanone and dioxane are chemically the most suitable alternative or representative solvents to olive oil. They can be used as fatty tissue representative solvents in chemical characterization study of medical device. As Abraham solvation model is solvent system specific, not solute specific, the conclusions from this study are considered as universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Chemical Characterization Solutions, LLC, PO Box 113, Newport, MN 55055, USA.
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27
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Luo YS, Chen Z, Hsieh NH, Lin TE. Chemical and biological assessments of environmental mixtures: A review of current trends, advances, and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater 2022; 432:128658. [PMID: 35290896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Considering the chemical complexity and toxicity data gaps of environmental mixtures, most studies evaluate the chemical risk individually. However, humans are usually exposed to a cocktail of chemicals in real life. Mixture health assessment remains to be a research area having significant knowledge gaps. Characterization of chemical composition and bioactivity/toxicity are the two critical aspects of mixture health assessments. This review seeks to introduce the recent progress and tools for the chemical and biological characterization of environmental mixtures. The state-of-the-art techniques include the sampling, extraction, rapid detection methods, and the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches to generate the toxicity data of an environmental mixture. Application of these novel methods, or new approach methodologies (NAMs), has increased the throughput of generating chemical and toxicity data for mixtures and thus refined the mixture health assessment. Combined with computational methods, the chemical and biological information would shed light on identifying the bioactive/toxic components in an environmental mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nan-Hung Hsieh
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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28
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Pamuru ST, Forgione E, Croft K, Kjellerup BV, Davis AP. Chemical characterization of urban stormwater: Traditional and emerging contaminants. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:151887. [PMID: 34826480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increases in urbanization have led to increased stormwater runoff and mobilization of pollutants from urban watersheds. Discharge of these pollutants often leads to contamination of receiving water bodies. Chemical characterization of urban stormwater is necessary to gain deeper insights into the ecological impacts of urban runoff and to evaluate parameters that influence possible treatment technologies. This study assessed stormwater event mean concentrations and particle size fractions from field studies reported in national/international stormwater quality databases (The National Stormwater Quality and The Best Management Practices databases) and peer-reviewed literature. This characterization of urban stormwater includes statistical evaluation of probability distribution, consideration of dissolved and particulate-bound pollutants and focuses on partitioning and speciation behavior. Solids, nutrients, metals, organic pollutants, and bacterial pathogen indicators were evaluated. A significant fraction of stormwater phosphorus, metals and organic pollutants are particle-bound. Results from the speciation of metals demonstrated that metals are predominantly present as either inner-sphere or electrostatic complexes with dissolved organic matter. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the myriad pollutants found in urban stormwater and provides a starting point for addressing ubiquitous and emerging contaminants. Finally, research needs for further detailed stormwater characterization were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Thejaswini Pamuru
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Erica Forgione
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Kristen Croft
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America.
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29
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Latha R, Mukherjee A, Dahiya K, Bano S, Pawar P, Kalbande R, Maji S, Beig G, Murthy BS. On the varied emission fingerprints of particulate matter over typical locations of NCR (Delhi) - A perspective for mitigation plans. J Environ Manage 2022; 311:114834. [PMID: 35287076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment study of PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization was performed to identify the emission characteristic from different sectors (sub-urban residential, industrial and rapidly urbanizing) of Delhi during winter. Chemical characterization of PM2.5 included metals (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn), water soluble ionic compounds (WSICs) (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) and Carbon partitions (OC, EC). Particulates (PM2.5) were collected on filter twice daily for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, at the locations with specific characteristics, viz. Ayanagar, Noida and Okhla. Ions solely occupied 50% of the total PM2.5 concentration. Irrespective of location, high correlation between OC and EC (0.871-0.891) at p ≤ 0.1 is observed. Relatively lower ratio of NO3/SO4 at Ayanagar (0.696) and Okhla (0.84) denotes predominance of emission from stationary sources rather than mobile sources like that observed at Noida (1.038). Using EPA PMF5.0, optimum factors for each location are fixed based on error estimation (EE). Crustal dust, vehicular emission, biomass burning and secondary aerosol are the major contributing sources in all the three locations. Incineration contributes about 19% at Ayanagar and 18% at Okhla. Metal industries in Okhla contribute about 19% to PM2.5. These specific local emissions with considerable potency are to be targeted for long-term policymaking. Considerable secondary aerosol contribution (15%-24%) indicates that gaseous emissions also need to be reduced to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Latha
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - A Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - K Dahiya
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Bano
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - P Pawar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - R Kalbande
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Maji
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - B S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
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30
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Rajput JS, Trivedi MK. Determination and assessment of elemental concentration in the atmospheric particulate matter: a comprehensive review. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:243. [PMID: 35243563 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The elemental concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have a detrimental effect on human health in which some elemental species have carcinogenic nature. In India, significant variations have found in the practices adapted from sampling to analysis for the determination and assessment of the elemental concentration in PM. Therefore, Indian studies (2011-2020) on the related domain are summarized to impart consistency in the field and laboratory practices. Further, a comparative analysis with other countries has also been mentioned in the relevant sections to evaluate its likeness with Indian studies. To prepare this study, literature has been procured from reputed journals. Subsequently, each step from sampling to analysis has thoroughly discussed with quality assurance and control (QA/QC) compliance. In addition, a framework has been proposed that showed field and laboratory analysis in an organized manner. Consequently, this study will provide benefit to novice researcher and improve their understanding about the related subject. Also, it will assist other peoples/bodies in framing the necessary decisions to carry out this study.
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Chianese E, Tirimberio G, Appolloni L, Dinoi A, Contini D, Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Cotugno P, Miniero DV, Dusek U, Cammino G, Riccio A. Chemical characterisation of PM 10 from ship emissions: a study on samples from hydrofoil exhaust stacks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:17723-17736. [PMID: 34676477 PMCID: PMC8530373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A chemical characterization of PM10 collected at hydrofoil exhaust stacks was performed conducting two on-board measuring campaigns, with the aim of assessing the ship emission impact on PM10 collected in the coastal area of Naples (Southern Italy) and providing information about the characteristics of this important PM emission source.Samples were analysed determining the contribution of different chemical parameters to PM10's mass, which consisted of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (0.10 ± 0.12%), total carbon (61.9% ± 20.0%, with 40.4% of organic carbon, OC, and 21.5% of elemental carbon, EC) and elemental fraction (0.44% ± 1.00%). Differences in terms of composition and chemical parameter profiles were observed between samples collected during offshore navigation (Off) and samples collected during shunting operations (SO), the latter of higher concern on a local scale. For SO samples, lower contributions of OC and EC were observed (39.7% and 19.6% respectively) compared to Off samples (41.5% and 24.2%), and an increase in terms of elements (from 0.32 to 0.51%) and PAHs (from 0.06 to 0.12%) concentrations was observed. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for some elements such as V, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ag and Hg as well as PAHs profile varied significantly between SO and Off. Data presented here were compared with data on chemical composition of PM10 sampled in a tunnel, in a background site and in an urban site in the city of Naples. Results indicated that shipping activities contributed significantly to the emission of V and, in some extent, Zn and Cd; in addition, PAH profiles indicated a greater contribution to urban PM10 from vehicular traffic than shipping emissions. These results can significantly contribute to the correct evaluation of the influence of shipping emission on PM10 generation in urban coastal areas and can be a useful reference for similar studies. The coastal area of Naples is an important example of the coexistence of residential, touristic and natural areas with pollutants emission sources including, among the others, shipping emissions. In this and similar contexts, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each emission source to clearly define environmental control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chianese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Tirimberio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Appolloni
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Gilio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gennaro Cammino
- Autorità Di Sistema Portuale del Mar Tirreno Centrale, Piazzale Pisacane 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
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Kumaravel TS, Sathya TN, Balaje R, Pradeepa P, Yogaraj D, Murali MR, Navaneethakrishnan KR, Murugan S, Jha AN. Genotoxicity evaluation of medical devices: A regulatory perspective. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2022; 789:108407. [PMID: 35690410 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review critically evaluates our current regulatory understanding of genotoxicity testing and risk assessment of medical devices. Genotoxicity risk assessment of these devices begins with the evaluation of materials of construction, manufacturing additives and all residual materials for potential to induce DNA damage. This is followed by extractable and/or leachable (E&L) studies to understand the worst case and/or clinical exposures, coupled with risk assessment of extractables or leachables. The TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) approach is used to define acceptable levels of genotoxic chemicals, when identified. Where appropriate, in silico predictions may be used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of identifiable chemicals with limited toxicological data and above the levels defined by TTC. Devices that could not be supported by E&L studies are evaluated by in vitro genotoxicity studies conducted in accordance with ISO10993-3 and 33. Certain endpoints such as 'site of contact genotoxicity' that are specific for certain classes of medical devices are currently not addressed in the current standards. The review also illustrates the potential uses of recent advances to achieve the goal of robust genotoxicity assessment of medical devices which are being increasingly used for health benefits. The review also highlights the gaps for genotoxicity risk assessment of medical devices and suggests possible approaches to address them taking into consideration the recent advances in genotoxicity testing including their potential uses in biocompatibility assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirukalikundram S Kumaravel
- GLR Laboratories (Europe) Pvt. Ltd., Sharnbrook, MK44 1LZ, United Kingdom; GLR Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Chennai, 600068, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sivasubramanian Murugan
- GLR Laboratories (Europe) Pvt. Ltd., Sharnbrook, MK44 1LZ, United Kingdom; GLR Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Chennai, 600068, India
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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Wang Q, Hong H, Liao R, Yuan B, Li H, Lu H, Liu J, Yan C. Glomalin-related soil protein: The particle aggregation mechanism and its insight into coastal environment improvement. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 227:112940. [PMID: 34710815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), a ubiquitous microbial product, plays a crucial role in particle aggregation and metal adsorption, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, GRSP fraction was extracted from estuarine ecosystems and systematically characterized to elucidate the aggregation mechanisms and its impact on coastal environment improvement. We found that GRSP fraction (gravimetric mass of extracted GRSP, 5.1-24.3 mg g-1) was a globally relevant novel bioflocculant and that protein (linked to Bradford protein assay, 1.64-4.37 mg g-1) was the active flocculant constituent. The zeta potential, FTIR, XPS, and 13C NMR analyses identified its key constituents and structure, and revealed that the charge neutralization and bridging were GRSP fraction aggregation mechanisms. Thermogravimetric-infrared spectrometry analysis showed that GRSP fraction was highly thermostable, and the main volatile pyrolysis products included H2O, CO2, CO, and CH4. The SEM-EDX and XPS Fe valence spectroscopy suggested that GRSP fraction contained rich Fe (11.91 ± 0.48%) and could form Fe-rich flocs with particles. We also found that GRSP fraction has a high adsorption capacity (76-95%) for Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, and its flocculation properties provide new insights into metal adsorption. The analysis of particle aggregation mechanism and its metal adsorption capacity is of great significance to elucidate the role of GRSP fraction in coastal environment improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Tsinghua International Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hanyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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de Oliveira Neto J, Marinho MM, Silveira JADM, Rocha DG, Lima NCB, Gouveia Júnior FS, Lopes LGDF, de Sousa EHS, Martins AMC, Marinho AD, Jorge RJB, Monteiro HSA. Synthesis and potential vasorelaxant effect of a novel ruthenium-based nitro complex. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 228:111666. [PMID: 34923187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the synthesis and potential vasodilator effect of a novel ruthenium complex, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(2-MIM)(NO2)]PF6 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and 2-MIM = 2-methylimidazole) (FOR711A), containing an imidazole derivative via an in silico molecular docking model using β1 H-NOX (Heme-nitric oxide/oxygen binding) domain proteins of reduced and oxidized soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). In addition, pharmacokinetic properties in the human organism were predicted through computational simulations and the potential for acute irritation of FOR711A was also investigated in vitro using the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). FOR711A interacted with sites of the β1 H-NOX domain of reduced and oxidized sGC, demonstrating shorter bond distances to several residues and negative values of total energy. The predictive study revealed molar refractivity (RM): 127.65; Log Po/w = 1.29; topological polar surface area (TPSA): 86.26 Å2; molar mass (MM) = 541.55 g/mol; low solubility, high unsaturation index, high gastrointestinal absorption; toxicity class 4; failure to cross the blood-brain barrier and to react with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. After the HET-CAM assay, the FOR711A complex was classified as non-irritant (N.I.) and its vasodilator effect was confirmed through greater evidence of blood vessels after the administration and ending of the observation period of 5 min. These results suggest that FOR711A presented a potential stimulator/activator effect of sGC via NO/sGC/cGMP. However, results indicate it needs a vehicle for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselito de Oliveira Neto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Iguatu Faculty of Education, Science and Letters, Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - João Alison de Moraes Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Galvão Rocha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natália Cavalcante Barbosa Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Aline Diogo Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Ferreira Macedo JG, Linhares Rangel JM, de Oliveira Santos M, Camilo CJ, Martins da Costa JG, Maria de Almeida Souza M. Therapeutic indications, chemical composition and biological activity of native Brazilian species from Psidium genus (Myrtaceae): A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114248. [PMID: 34058313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Brazilian medicinal species of the Psidium genus are rich in secondary metabolites such as terpenes and phenolic compounds and present biological activities for several human diseases. For the native Psidium species, there are no specific research reports for any member of the genus about ethnobotanical research, hindering the joint analysis of its therapeutic indications together with the scientific evidence already investigated. STUDY OBJECTIVE Analyze the therapeutic indications, the main chemical constituents, and the biological activities of native species of the Psidium to Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic research was carried out in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science databases over a period of ten years. Articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were used. The research was divided into three phases, seeking information on ethnobotany, chemical composition and biological activities. The words were combined to structure the descriptors used in the search. RESULTS A total of 13 native species belonging to the Psidium genus were identified in this analysis, Psidium acutangulum DC., Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC., Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, Psidium densicomum Mart. ex DC., Psidium grandifolium Mart. ex DC., Psidium guineense Sw., Psidium laruotteanum Cambess., Psidium myrsinites DC, Psidium myrtoides O. Berg, Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg, Psidium schenckianum Kiaersk., Psidium sobralianum Proença & Landrum, Psidium striatulum Mart. ex DC. Of these, six were indicated in folk medicine, digestive system disorders being their main therapeutic indication. Most species presented an investigation of chemical composition and biological activity. They are rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenes and have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and repellent activities. CONCLUSIONS Native species of the Psidium genus are important sources of active ingredients in combating adversities that affect the human health, especially regarding the digestive system. They have a rich chemical composition, responsible for the biological activities demonstrated for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Melo Linhares Rangel
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Cicera Janaine Camilo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Química Biológica, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - José Galberto Martins da Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Química Biológica, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Marta Maria de Almeida Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
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Timonen H, Mylläri F, Simonen P, Aurela M, Maasikmets M, Bloss M, Kupri HL, Vainumäe K, Lepistö T, Salo L, Niemelä V, Seppälä S, Jalava PI, Teinemaa E, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Household solid waste combustion with wood increases particulate trace metal and lung deposited surface area emissions. J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112793. [PMID: 34058452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In households, municipal solid waste (MSW) is often burned along with wood to get rid of waste, to help in ignition or simply to reduce fuel costs. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of household waste combustion, along with wood, on the physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions in a flue gas of a masonry heater. The MSW burning alongside wood increased average particulate matter (PM) mass (65%), lung deposited surface areas (LDSA, 15%), black carbon (BC, 65%) concentrations and the average particle size in the flue gas. The influence of MSW was smaller during ignition and burning phases, but especially during fuel additions, the mass, number, and LDSA concentrations increased significantly and their size distributions moved towards larger particles. For wood burning the trace metal emissions were relatively low, but significant increase (3.3-179 -fold increase over cycle) was seen when MSW was burned along the wood. High ratios were observed especially during fuel addition phases but, depending on compounds, also during ignition and burning end phases. The highest ratios were observed for chloride compounds (HCl, KCl, NaCl). The observed increase in light-absorbing particle, trace metal and BC concentrations in flue gas when adding wood with MSW are likely to have negative impacts on air quality, visibility, human health and climate. Furthermore, metals may also affect the condition and lifetime of the burning device due to corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland.
| | - F Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Maasikmets
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - M Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - H-L Kupri
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - K Vainumäe
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - T Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Niemelä
- Dekati Ltd, Tykkitie 1, Kangasala, Tampere, 36240, Finland
| | - S Seppälä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - P I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Teinemaa
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - S Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - T Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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Pant RR, Bishwakarma K, Rehman Qaiser FU, Pathak L, Jayaswal G, Sapkota B, Pal KB, Thapa LB, Koirala M, Rijal K, Maskey R. Imprints of COVID-19 lockdown on the surface water quality of Bagmati river basin, Nepal. J Environ Manage 2021; 289:112522. [PMID: 33848878 PMCID: PMC9626473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound impacts on human life and the environment including freshwater ecosystems globally. Despite the various impacts, the pandemic has improved the quality of the environment and thereby creating an opportunity to restore the degraded ecosystems. This study presents the imprints of COVID-19 lockdown on the surface water quality and chemical characteristics of the urban-based Bagmati River Basin (BRB), Nepal. A total of 50 water samples were collected from 25 sites of BRB during the monsoon season, in 2019 and 2020. The water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity were measured in-situ, while the major ions, total hardness, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results revealed neutral to mildly alkaline waters with relatively moderate mineralization and dissolved chemical constituents in the BRB. The average ionic abundance followed the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+ for cations and HCO3-> Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > PO43- for anions. Comparing to the pre-lockdown, the level of DO was increased by 1.5 times, whereas the BOD and COD were decreased by 1.5 and 1.9 times, respectively during the post-lockdown indicating the improvement of the quality water which was also supported by the results of multivariate statistical analyses. This study confirms that the remarkable recovery of degraded aquatic ecosystems is possible with limiting anthropic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Raj Pant
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Kiran Bishwakarma
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Lalit Pathak
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Gauri Jayaswal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Bhawana Sapkota
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | | | - Lal Bahadur Thapa
- Central Department of Botany, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Madan Koirala
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Kedar Rijal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Rejina Maskey
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
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Zhang P, Jiang J, Zhang K, Liu W, Tu P, Li J, Song Y, Zheng J, Tang L. Shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. Using direct infusion-MS/MS ALL. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122735. [PMID: 34020402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In comparison of liquid chromatography, direct infusion is a superior choice to achieve high-throughput measurements. The specificity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) actually result in a so-called MS separation potential when chemical characterization of herbal medicines. Here, a MS/MSALL program was introduced to promote DI-MS/MS to be an eligible tool for shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. that is currently drawing worldwide interests because of the promising antiviral activity. After MS1 spectral acquisition for the crude extract, the gas phase fractionation concept enabled the precursor ion cohort sequentially entered the collision cell with a stepped unit mass window (step-size as 1 Da) to generate MS2 spectra, thus generating a unique property integrating the advantages of both data-dependent and data-independent acquisition manners. Even though being free of chromatographic separation, spectrometric separations were accomplished for by MS/MSALL program unless the components shared identical nominal molecular weights. Extensive efforts such as the correlations of MS1 signals with MS2 spectra, structural annotations of fragment ion species, information retrieval in some accessible databases, and referring to the literature data, were devoted for chemical characterization, and as a result, 44 compounds, in total, were structurally identified from 50% aqueous methanol exact of A. rupestris, including 8 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, 13 flavonoids, 15 monomeric and dimeric sesquiterpenoids, 4 fatty acids, 2 penylpropanoids, along with 2 other compounds. However, isomers were assigned as an isomeric mixture because their precursor ions always co-existed in a single mass window. Above all, DI-MS/MSALL provides an alternative tool for chemome characterization of herbal medicines, in particular when the great measurement workload for a large sample cohort, attributing to the high-throughput advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Ferreira MC, de Carvalho CR, Bahia M, Barreto DLC, Azevedo RN, Cota BB, Zani CL, de Oliveira Santos AR, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Plant-associated Fungi: Methods for Taxonomy, Diversity, and Bioactive Secondary Metabolite Bioprospecting. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2232:85-112. [PMID: 33161542 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1040-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants harbor a large reservoir of fungal diversity, encompassing endophytic, epiphytic, phytopathogenic, and rhizosphere-associated fungi. Despite this diversity, relatively few fungal species have been characterized as sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. The role of secondary metabolites is still not fully understood; however, it is suggested that these metabolites play important roles in defense mechanisms and fungal interactions with other organisms. Hence, fungal secondary metabolites have potential biotechnological applications as prototype molecules for the development of therapeutic drugs. In this chapter, we describe the main methods used for routine fungi isolation, production of crude fungal extracts, and chemical characterization of bioactive compounds. In addition, explicative notes about the steps described are provided to explore the diversity of the endophytic, phytopathogenic, epiphytic, and rhizosphere fungi and to evaluate the biotechnological potential of each group.
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Kennedy TA, Spinti MJ. How sensitive does chemical characterization of medical devices need to be? Calibration of analytical evaluation thresholds with the carcinogenic potency database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104899. [PMID: 33621616 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical characterization is a component of the safety evaluation of medical devices. An analytical evaluation threshold (AET) is recommended to calculate the required analytical sensitivity. There is a lack of consensus whether to use 1.5 or 120 μg/day in calculating the AET with the lower value often requiring sensitivities beyond analytical capabilities. The Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) was reviewed to compare risks associated with using either value to calculate an AET. The TD50s for non-Cohort of Concern (non-COC) substances in the CPDB were used to extrapolate the doses to an excess cancer risk of 10-5 and calculate the total doses. The number of non-COC substances that would exceed this risk using an AET calculated using 1.5 μg/day or 120 μg/day were then compared. From the 199 substances evaluated, only two posed an excess risk at an AET calculated with 1.5 μg/day and only seven more with 120 μg/day. Furthermore, over 95 percent of non-COC substances would not pose an excess cancer risk using an AET calculated with 120 μg/day. Based on our evaluation, an AET based on 120 μg/day is protective and practical for chemical characterization of short and long-term medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Kennedy
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc, P. O. Box 2400, Flagstaff, AZ, 86003-2400, USA.
| | - Mark J Spinti
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc, P. O. Box 2400, Flagstaff, AZ, 86003-2400, USA
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Alves VL, Gonçalves JL, Aguiar J, Caldeira MJ, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. Highly sensitive screening and analytical characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in nine different herbal mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2257-2273. [PMID: 33575815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of new psychoactive substances among drug users has become a public health concern worldwide. Among them, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represent the largest, most diversified and fastest growing group. Commonly known as 'synthetic marijuana' as an alternative to cannabis, these synthetic compounds are easily accessible via the internet and are sold as 'herbal incenses' under different brand names with no information about the chemical composition. In the present work, we aim to integrate gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data as useful strategy for the identification and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids present in nine seized herbal incenses. The analysis of all samples allowed the initial identification of 9 SCs, namely 5 napthoylindoles (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-122, JWH-210, MAM-2201), APINACA, XLR-11 and CP47,497-C8 and its enantiomer. JWH-018 was the most frequently detected synthetic compound (8 of 9 samples), while APINACA and XLR-11 were only identified in one herbal product. Other non-cannabinoid drugs, including oleamide, vitamin E and vitamin E acetate, have also been detected. Oleamide and vitamin E are two adulterants, frequently added to herbal products to mask the active ingredients or added as preservatives. However, to our knowledge, no analytical data about vitamin E acetate was reported in herbal products, being the first time that this compound is identified on this type of samples. The integration data obtained from the used analytical technologies proved to be useful, allowing the preliminary identification of the different SCs in the mixture. Furthermore, the examination of mass spectral fragment ions, as well as the results of both 1D and 2D NMR experiments, enabled the identification and confirmation of the molecular structure of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - João L Gonçalves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joselin Aguiar
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Maria J Caldeira
- Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária, Novo edifício-sede da Polícia Judiciária, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena M Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Polo das Ciências de Saúde (Polo III), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
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Verrillo M, Salzano M, Cozzolino V, Spaccini R, Piccolo A. Bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of chemically characterized compost teas from different green composts. Waste Manag 2021; 120:98-107. [PMID: 33290882 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The acknowledgement of bioactive functions of compost teas promotes the research on characteristics and potential application of these heterogeneous water-soluble extracts from recycled biomasses. In this work, compost teas were isolated from on-farm composts made with agro-industrial residues of artichoke, pepper and coffee husks with the aim to evaluate the structural-activity relationship of dissolved bioactive molecules. The molecular features of compost teas were determined by 13C-CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, and off-line pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Bioactivity of different compost teas was tested on Basil seeds germination, while the antioxidant capacity was measured by ABTS and DDPH spectrophotometric assays. The antimicrobial activity was measured against some pathogenic human bacterial strains. The seed germination experiment showed no phytotoxic effects and a significant increase of both root and epicotyls upon application of coffee husks and pepper CT samples. The same compost teas revealed the largest antioxidant activity and a clear antimicrobial effect determined by MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) against some gram-negative bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The bioactivity of CT-samples was related to their general hydrophobic features and to specific molecular composition. In particular, 13C-CPMAS NMR spectra and off-line thermochemolysis GC-MS highlighted a close correlation between radical scavenger activity and antibacterial bioactive functions with bio-available soluble aromatic compounds, such as lignin and phenols derivatives. The antioxidant and, antibacterial properties of compost teas from green composts encourages an innovative potential application of these eco-friendly products not only in agricultural applications but also in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariavittoria Verrillo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca CERMANU, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Melania Salzano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca CERMANU, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Spaccini
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca CERMANU, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca CERMANU, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Conegundes JLM, Silva JMD, Mendes RDF, Fernandes MF, Pinto NDCC, Almeida MAD, Dib PRB, Andrade RDO, Rodrigues MN, Castañon MCMN, Macedo GC, Scio E. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an amazonian plant traditionally used by indigenous communities. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 265:113344. [PMID: 32890711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Siparuna guianensis Aublet leaves, known as negramina, are used by indigenous and local communities in Brazil and other countries in the Americas to treat pain and inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the chemical constituents and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and locomotor activities of the dichloromethane fraction (DF) of S. guianensis leaves. Also, an acute oral toxicity test was accomplished. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical characterization of DF was performed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The antioxidant potential of DF was investigated using nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging test. The evaluation study of the anti-inflammatory activity was carried out in vitro by NO measurement in stimulated macrophages and, in vivo, by croton oil-induced ear edema, LPS-induced peritonitis, and zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Different mechanisms of central and peripheral nociception were stimulated by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests. Besides that, the open field assay was performed. RESULTS UHPLC analyses of DF showed the presence of a mixture of glycosylated and methoxylated flavonoids. DF was able to scavenge NO and OH radicals in vitro and showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the ear edema after croton oil application and reduced the leukocyte infiltrated in LPS-induced peritonitis. In the inflammatory intra-articular zymosan-induced process, DF showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory area and of the cells in the synovial and connective tissues adjacent to the joint. Also, DF was able to reduce the intra-articular edema. In nociception models, the oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhings. The formalin test showed that DF attenuated the licking time in both phases, which suggested that DF reduce the nociception by central and peripheral mechanisms. In the tail-flick test, DF showed no activity. Besides that, DF did not affect the animal locomotion, and no acute toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of S. guianensis were reported, supporting its ethnopharmacological uses for some inflammatory diseases and painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leiras Mota Conegundes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Mello da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renata de Freitas Mendes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fernanda Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maycon Alcantara de Almeida
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nehrer Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Elita Scio
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Sayeed R, Thakur M, Gani A. Celosia cristata Linn. flowers as a new source of nutraceuticals- A study on nutritional composition, chemical characterization and in-vitro antioxidant capacity. Heliyon 2021; 6:e05792. [PMID: 33426325 PMCID: PMC7779698 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the nutritional value, chemical characterization and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Celosia cristata Linn. inflorescences, a culturally significant plant of Kashmir valley, India. The results revealed that the flower contained variety of vitamins (A, B-complex, C and E) with Vitamin E (tocopherol) showing the highest concentration. Among minerals, potassium was found to be present in significant amounts, the amino acid and fatty acid profile of the flower was also found to be satisfactory. The antioxidant activity of flower extract was evaluated by various in-vitro analytical methods: DPPH free radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and metal chelating ability. Therefore, the present research brings into focus, the nutritional and antioxidant potential of C. cristata flower and its extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsaar Sayeed
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Monika Thakur
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Adil Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, 190006 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Abstract
The problem of microplastic pollution is now the order of the day in front of everyone's eyes affecting the environment and the health of leaving creature. This work aims to retrace the history of microplastics in a critical way through a substantial bibliographic collection, defining the points still unresolved and those that can be resolved. Presence of marine litter in different environments is reviewed on a global scale, focusing in particular on micro and macro plastics definition, classification and characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Schmid
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6A, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Cozzarini
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6A, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Elena Zambello
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6A, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Khan JZ, Sun L, Tian Y, Shi G, Feng Y. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM 1 and PM 2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:196-209. [PMID: 33183697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The submicron particulate matter (PM1) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM1 and PM2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM1 and PM2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM1/PM2.5, AE/CE, NO3-/SO42-, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K+, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 32.4 µg/m3 and 53.3 µg/m3, and PM1 constituted 63% of PM2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM1 and PM2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Zeb Khan
- Center for Ecological Research & Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Long Sun
- Center for Ecological Research & Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Purkait S, Bhattacharya A, Bag A, Chattopadhyay RR. TLC bioautography-guided isolation of essential oil components of cinnamon and clove and assessment of their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential in combination. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:1131-1140. [PMID: 32833171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate possible synergistic interactions on antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of clove and cinnamon oil components in combination and characterization of compounds responsible for synergistic interactions using TLC bioautography followed by checkerboard titration, isobologram analysis, and spectrometric characterization. Among the combinations tested, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil and eugenol from clove oil in combination showed a synergistic antimicrobial interaction against foodborne microbes Listeria monocytogenes (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI): 0.31), Salmonella typhimurium (FICI: 0.41), and Aspergillus niger (FICI: 0.48), and synergistic antioxidant efficacy (combination index: 0.78) in in vitro model. Cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend did not show any cytotoxic effect (IC50 > 1000 μg/ml) in human normal keratinocyte cell line. The results provide evidence that the cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend may help in designing a more potent novel natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Purkait
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India.
| | - Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
| | - Anwesa Bag
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
| | - Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
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Xie R, Xia G, Zhu J, Lin P, Fan X, Zi J. Daphnane-type diterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and their cytotoxic activities. Fitoterapia 2020; 149:104810. [PMID: 33359422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two new daphnane-type diterpenoids fischerianin A (1) and fischerianin B (2), as well as two known ones langduin A (3) and langduin A6 (4), were isolated from the extracts of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud dry roots. Their structures including the absolute stereochemistry were determined by various spectroscopic methods and comparing their experimental and calculated CD spectra. 1 and 2 harbor a ketal group and a 9,13-oxide bridge in their C ring which is rare in daphnane-type diterpenoids. In cytotoxic assays, moderately inhibitory activities of 1-4 against human cancer cell lines (human malignant melanoma cell line, A375; human liver carcinoma cell line, HepG2; human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60; human Caucasian chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562; human cervix epithelioid carcinoma cell line, HeLa) were observed, with IC50 values ranging from 5.31 to 21.46 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihan Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiachen Zi
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Iftikhar R, Ansari A, Siddiqui NN, Hussain F, Aman A. Structural elucidation and cytotoxic analysis of a fructan based biopolymer produced extracellularly by Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14. Carbohydr Res 2021; 499:108223. [PMID: 33342516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructan based biopolymers have been extensively characterized and explored for their potential applications. Linear chained biopolymers, like levan-type fructan, have gained attention because they have exhibited unconventional stretchable and unbendable properties along with biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Current study deals with the chemical characterization and cytotoxic analysis of fructose based exopolysaccharide that was extracellularly produced by an indigenously isolated bacterial species (Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14). Maximum yield of exopolysaccharide (44.7 gL-1) was attained after 72 h of incubation at 30 °C under shaking conditions (180 rpm) when the culture medium was supplemented with 150.0 gL-1 of sucrose as a sole carbon source. This exopolysaccharide displayed high water solubility index (96.0%) with low water holding capacity (17.0%) and an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.447 dL g-1. This biopolymer exhibited a characteristic linear homopolysaccharide structure of levan when characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, TOCSY and NOESY) while, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed its pointed and thorny structure. The decomposition temperature of levan was approximately 245 °C as revealed by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results revealed its amorphous nature with crystalline phase. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of levan was investigated against mouse fibroblast cell lines by measuring their cellular metabolic activity and it was noticed that a higher concentration of levan (2.0 mg ml-1) permitted the normal cell growth of NIH/3T3 cell lines. This non-cytotoxic and biocompatible nature suggests that this levan has the capability to be utilized in food and drug-based formulations as it exhibited biomedical potential.
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Sanchez V, Rosales-Mendoza S, Monreal-Escalante E, Murillo-Álvarez JI, Angulo C. Conjugation of β-glucans on heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) to enhance the immunogenic response in mouse leucocytes. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 118:111464. [PMID: 33255046 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important diarrhea-causing pathogen for humans. Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) plays a crucial role in triggering diarrhea and ETEC pathogenesis. However, ST is a small peptide that lacks immunogenic activity itself but becomes immunogenic when it is coupled to a carrier molecule. In this study, the β-glucans (BG) from yeasts have been used to test their immunomodulatory activity and adjuvant effect on the properties of ST. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a conjugate of yeast-derived β-glucan with the ST enterotoxin (BG-ST) and evaluate the antigenic and antioxidant activities in mouse splenocytes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed new bands and changes in morphology, respectively, confirming ST was successfully coupled to beta glucan. Additionally, according to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), conjugation efficiency was almost 90%. Cellular viability, phagocytic cell proportion, and respiratory burst enhanced splenocytes stimulated by BG-ST. In addition, nitric oxide production and antioxidant enzymes increased in cells stimulated with BG-ST, BG and ST. In conclusion, the results revealed the successful conjugation of β-glucan with ST peptide enhancing immune and antioxidant parameters to a greater extent than their individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª, Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª, Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico; CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S 23090, Mexico
| | - Jesús I Murillo-Álvarez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN (CICIMAR), Avenida IPN s/n, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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