1
|
Kovacik A, Tvrda E, Tomka M, Revesz N, Arvay J, Fik M, Harangozo L, Hleba L, Kovacikova E, Jambor T, Hlebova M, Andreji J, Massanyi P. Seasonal assessment of selected trace elements in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) blood and their effects on the biochemistry and oxidative stress markers. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1522. [PMID: 37995020 PMCID: PMC10667414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by anthropogenic activity is still a highly relevant global problem. Aquatic animals are a specifically endangered group of organisms due to their continuous direct contact with the contaminated environment. Concentrations of selected trace elements in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (n = 36) blood serum/clot were monitored. Possible effects of the elements on selected biochemical and oxidative markers were evaluated. The concentrations of trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn) were analysed in the fish blood serum and blood clot by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A general scheme of decreasing concentrations of trace elements in the blood serum samples was: Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Sr ˃ Ba ˃ Ni ˃ Al ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb, Tl; and in the case of the blood clot, the scheme was as follows: Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Sr ˃ Al ˃ Ni ˃ Ba ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co ˃ Mn; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Tl. Significant differences among the seasons were detected. The Spearman R correlation coefficients and linear or non-linear regression were used to evaluate direct relationships between trace elements and selected blood biomarkers. The correlation analysis between biochemical parameters (Na, K, P, Mg, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, TAG, TP, urea, glucose) and trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Cu, Fe, Ni, Sr, and Zn) concentrations confirmed statistically significant interactions in both seasons (summer and autumn). The regression analysis between oxidative stress markers (ROS, GPx, creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin) and elements (Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Sr) content confirmed statistically significant interactions. The results point to numerous connections between the observed elements and the physiological parameters of freshwater fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kovacik
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Tvrda
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marian Tomka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Revesz
- DSM Nutritional Products Inc. Hungary Kft, Japán Fasor 4, 2367, Újhartyán, Hungary
| | - Julius Arvay
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martin Fik
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Harangozo
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Hleba
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Eva Kovacikova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Jambor
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Hlebova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Andreji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun F, Pan XF, Hu Y, Xie J, Cui W, Ye YX, Wang Y, Yang X, Wu P, Yuan J, Yang Y, Pan A, Chen D. Metal Exposure during Early Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mixture Effect and Mediation by Phospholipid Fatty Acids. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13778-13792. [PMID: 37656932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite existing studies exploring the association between metal exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), most of them have focused on a single metal or a small mixture of metals. Our prospective work investigated the joint and independent effects of early gestational exposure to 17 essential and nonessential metals on the GDM risk and potential mediation by plasma phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) based on a nested case-control study established with 335 GDM cases and 670 randomly matched healthy controls. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation analyses demonstrated a joint effect from metal co-exposure on GDM risk. BKMR with hierarchical variable selection indicated that the group of essential metals was more strongly associated with GDM than the group of nonessential metals with group posterior inclusion probabilities (PIPs) of 0.979 and 0.672, respectively. Cu (0.988) and Ga (0.570) had the largest conditional PIPs within each group. We also observed significant mediation effects of selected unsaturated PLFAs on Cu-GDM and Ga-GDM associations. KEGG enrichment analysis further revealed significant enrichment in the biosynthesis of unsaturated PLFAs. C18:1 n-7 exhibited the largest proportion of mediation in both associations (23.8 and 22.9%). Collectively, our work demonstrated the joint effect of early gestational metal exposure on GDM risk and identified Cu and Ga as the key species to the joint effect. The findings lay a solid ground for further validation through multicenter investigations and mechanism exploration via laboratory studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiang Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Health & Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, and National Medical Product Administration Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Shuangliu Institute of Women's and Children's Health, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxuan Cui
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Health & Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, and National Medical Product Administration Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Shuangliu Institute of Women's and Children's Health, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Science and Education, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dvoretsky AG, Bichkaeva FA, Vlasova OS, Andronov SV, Dvoretsky VG. Fatty Acid Composition of Northern Pike from an Arctic River (Northeastern Siberia, Russia). Foods 2023; 12:foods12040764. [PMID: 36832837 PMCID: PMC9955493 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We assayed the fatty acid composition of muscles of the northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting the Gyda River, Siberia, Russia using gas-liquid chromatography. Of 43 fatty acids identified in the pike samples, 23 fatty acids accounted for 99.3% of the total content. The most abundant saturated fatty acids (SFA, 31.6%) were palmitic (C16:0, 20.0%) and stearic (C18:0, 7.3%) acids. Among monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 15.1%), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 10.2%) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 4.1%) demonstrated the highest levels. The most represented polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 53.3%) were arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 7.6%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3, 7.3%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3, 26.3%). The fatty acid profile of specimens from the Gyda River was different in comparison to profiles found in other pike populations, most likely due to different diets. Pike flesh has good nutrition quality in terms of a low n-6/n-3 ratio (0.36), low atherogenic (0.39), and thrombogenic (0.22) indices, and a high ratio of hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (2.83), and this species can be recommended as a replacement or alternative to other fish sources in traditional diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Dvoretsky
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), 183010 Murmansk, Russia
| | - Fatima A. Bichkaeva
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FECIAR UrB RAS), 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Olga S. Vlasova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FECIAR UrB RAS), 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Andronov
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation of Balneology, 121099 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir G. Dvoretsky
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), 183010 Murmansk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Ding Y, Yu Q, Wang X, Cheng D. Comparative study of aluminum speciation on brain-type creatine kinase: Enzyme kinetic, molecular docking, cellular experiment, and mouse model study. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112032. [PMID: 36327498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Brain-type Creatine kinase (CK-BB), which has a high affinity for Aluminum (Al), and its abnormality is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the comparative effect of Al speciation on the bioactivity of CK-BB has been studied by the inhibition kinetics method, molecular docking, cellular experiment, and mouse model study. Results showed that the half-inhibitory concentration of AlCl3 was 0.67 mM, while Al(mal)3 was 3.81 mM. Fluorescence spectra showed that Al(mal)3 had a more substantial effect on the endogenous fluorescence of CK-BB than AlCl3. Molecular docking showed that AlCl3 was closer to the active site of CK-BB. C6 cells were used to explore the enzyme activity and intracellular distribution of CK-BB by AlCl3 or Al(mal)3. AlCl3 treatment may directly affect CK-BB activity and cause insufficient local ATP supply in cells which affected the formation of F-actin and cell morphology. The change in the hydrophobicity of CK-BB induced by Al(mal)3 affected the movement of CK-BB, which subsequently activated thecytochrome C (Cyt C)/Caspase 9/Caspase 3 pathway. Similar results have been found in vivo experiments. This study demonstrated that interaction between Al and CK-BB might be related to the process of Al-induced energy metabolism disorders, in which the Al speciation revealed differentiated toxicity mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang M, Yang F, Wang G, Liu D, Li X, Yang L, Wang Z. Copper-induced oxidative stress, transcriptome changes, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 246:114136. [PMID: 36242823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common contaminant in aquatic environments, which could cause physiological dysfunction in aquatic organisms. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of copper toxicity in freshwater fish over the past decade. In this research, the oxidative stress, liver transcriptome, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (C. carpio) in response to Cu exposure were studied, by exposing juvenile carp to 0.2 mg/ml Cu2+ for 30 days. The results revealed that Cu2+ could induce significant changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) activity. The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities indicate that Cu can induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. RNA-seq analysis of the liver identified 1069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after treatment with 2.0 mg/L Cu2+. Among the DEGs, 490 genes were upregulated and 579 genes were downregulated. GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that Cu could affect the fatty acid biosynthetic process, carnitine biosynthetic process, and activity of carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter. Meanwhile, the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway also included the lipid metabolism pathway. In addition, Cu2+ exposure increased bacterial richness and changed bacterial composition. At the phylum level, we found that the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was increased in the treatment carps, which can regulate intestinal epithelium function and reduce inflammation and immune responses. At the genus level, the abundances of 11 genera were significantly altered after exposure to Cu2+. The altered composition of the microbial community caused by Cu exposure may play a useful role in compensation of the intestinal lesions by Cu exposure. Furthermore, we found that Cu2+ exposure could cause histological alterations such as structural damage to the liver and intestines. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms related to Cu toxicity in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Puyang Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem; The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengxiao Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lianlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li QQ, Xiang QQ, Lian LH, Chen ZY, Luo X, Ding CZ, Chen LQ. Metabolic profiling of nanosilver toxicity in the gills of common carp. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 222:112548. [PMID: 34325196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exposure can result in a series of toxic effects in fish gills. However, it is still unclear how AgNPs affect metabolite expression and their related molecular metabolic pathways in fish gills. In this study, we employed untargeted metabolomics to study the effects of AgNPs and silver supernatant ions on fish gill metabolites. The results showed that AgNPs can induce significant changes in 96 differentially expressed metabolites, which mainly affect amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism in fish gills. Among these metabolites, AgNPs specifically induce significant changes in 72 differentially expressed metabolites, including L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine, and citric acid. These metabolites were significantly enriched in the pathways of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and the citrate cycle. In contrast, Ag+ supernatant exposure can specifically induce significant changes in 14 differentially expressed metabolites that mainly interfere with sphingolipid metabolism in fish gills. These specifically regulated fish gill metabolites include sphinganine, sphingosine, and phytosphingosine, which were significantly enriched in the sphingolipid metabolism pathway. Our results clearly reveal the effects and potential toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs on fish gill metabolites. Furthermore, our study further determined the unique functions of released silver ions in AgNPs toxicity in fish gills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Li
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Xiang
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Lian
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Luo
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Ding
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiang Chen
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|