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Surendran S, Adaikalakoteswari A, Saravanan P, Shatwaan IA, Lovegrove JA, Vimaleswaran KS. An update on vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms and B12 status. GENES AND NUTRITION 2018; 13:2. [PMID: 29445423 PMCID: PMC5801754 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient in humans needed for health maintenance. Deficiency of vitamin B12 has been linked to dietary, environmental and genetic factors. Evidence for the genetic basis of vitamin B12 status is poorly understood. However, advancements in genomic techniques have increased the knowledge-base of the genetics of vitamin B12 status. Based on the candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWA) studies, associations between genetic loci in several genes involved in vitamin B12 metabolism have been identified. Objective The objective of this literature review was to identify and discuss reports of associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in vitamin B12 pathway genes and their influence on the circulating levels of vitamin B12. Methods Relevant articles were obtained through a literature search on PubMed through to May 2017. An article was included if it examined an association of a SNP with serum or plasma vitamin B12 concentration. Beta coefficients and odds ratios were used to describe the strength of an association, and a P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Two reviewers independently evaluated the eligibility for the inclusion criteria and extracted the data. Results From 23 studies which fulfilled the selection criteria, 16 studies identified SNPs that showed statistically significant associations with vitamin B12 concentrations. Fifty-nine vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms associated with vitamin B12 status were identified in total, from the following populations: African American, Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese, Danish, English, European ancestry, Icelandic, Indian, Italian, Latino, Northern Irish, Portuguese and residents of the USA. Conclusion Overall, the data analyzed suggests that ethnic-specific associations are involved in the genetic determination of vitamin B12 concentrations. However, despite recent success in genetic studies, the majority of identified genes that could explain variation in vitamin B12 concentrations were from Caucasian populations. Further research utilizing larger sample sizes of non-Caucasian populations is necessary in order to better understand these ethnic-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Surendran
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - A Adaikalakoteswari
- 2Warwick Medical School - Population Evidence and Technologies, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.,3UK Academic Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
| | - P Saravanan
- 2Warwick Medical School - Population Evidence and Technologies, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.,3UK Academic Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
| | - I A Shatwaan
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - J A Lovegrove
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - K S Vimaleswaran
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
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EVI1 promotes tumor growth via transcriptional repression of MS4A3. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:28. [PMID: 25886616 PMCID: PMC4389965 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Ecotropic Virus Integration site 1 (EVI1) regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and its overexpression contributes to an aggressive course of disease in myeloid leukemias and other malignancies. Notwithstanding, knowledge about the target genes mediating its biological and pathological functions remains limited. We therefore aimed to identify and characterize novel EVI1 target genes in human myeloid cells. Methods U937T_EVI1, a human myeloid cell line expressing EVI1 in a tetracycline regulable manner, was subjected to gene expression profiling. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the regulation of membrane-spanning-4-domains subfamily-A member-3 (MS4A3) by EVI1. Reporter constructs containing various parts of the MS4A3 upstream region were employed in luciferase assays, and binding of EVI1 to the MS4A3 promoter was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. U937 derivative cell lines experimentally expressing EVI1 and/or MS4A3 were generated by retroviral transduction, and tested for their tumorigenicity by subcutaneous injection into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Results Gene expression microarray analysis identified 27 unique genes that were up-regulated, and 29 unique genes that were down-regulated, in response to EVI1 induction in the human myeloid cell line U937T. The most strongly repressed gene was MS4A3, and its down-regulation by EVI1 was confirmed by qRT-PCR in additional, independent experimental model systems. MS4A3 mRNA levels were also negatively correlated with those of EVI1 in several published AML data sets. Reporter gene assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that EVI1 regulated MS4A3 via direct binding to a promoter proximal region. Experimental re-expression of MS4A3 in an EVI1 overexpressing cell line counteracted the tumor promoting effect of EVI1 in a murine xenograft model by increasing the rate of apoptosis. Conclusions Our data reveal MS4A3 as a novel direct target of EVI1 in human myeloid cells, and show that its repression plays a role in EVI1 mediated tumor aggressiveness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0124-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Rosenthal SL, Kamboh MI. Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Genes and the Potentially Implicated Pathways. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:85-101. [PMID: 24829845 PMCID: PMC4013444 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment or cure. In addition to APOE, recent large genome-wide association studies have identified variation in over 20 loci that contribute to disease risk: CR1, BIN1, INPP5D, MEF2C, TREM2, CD2AP, HLA-DRB1/HLA-DRB5, EPHA1, NME8, ZCWPW1, CLU, PTK2B, PICALM, SORL1, CELF1, MS4A4/MS4A6E, SLC24A4/RIN3,FERMT2, CD33, ABCA7, CASS4. In addition, rare variants associated with LOAD have also been identified in APP, TREM2 and PLD3 genes. Previous research has identified inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and homeostasis, and endocytosis as the likely modes through which these gene products participate in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the clustering of these genes across a few common pathways, many of their roles in disease pathogenesis have yet to be determined. In this review, we examine both general and postulated disease functions of these genes and consider a comprehensive view of their potential roles in LOAD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Rosenthal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Lin X, Lu D, Gao Y, Tao S, Yang X, Feng J, Tan A, Zhang H, Hu Y, Qin X, Kim ST, Peng T, Li L, Mo L, Zhang S, Trent JM, Mo Z, Zheng SL, Xu J, Sun J. Genome-wide association study identifies novel loci associated with serum level of vitamin B12 in Chinese men. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2610-7. [PMID: 22367966 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VitB12 or cobalamin) is an essential cofactor in several metabolic pathways. Clinically, VitB12 deficiency is associated with pernicious anemia, neurodegenerative disorder, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disease. Although previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several genes, including FUT2, CUBN, TCN1 and MUT, that may influence VitB12 levels in European populations, common genetic determinants of VitB12 remain largely unknown, especially in Asian populations. Here we performed a GWAS in 1999 healthy Chinese men and replicated the top findings in an independent Chinese sample with 1496 subjects. We identified four novel genomic loci that were significantly associated with serum level of VitB12 at a genome-wide significance level of 5.00 × 10(-8). These four loci were MS4A3 (11q12.1; rs2298585; P= 2.64 × 10(-15)), CLYBL (13q32; rs41281112; P= 9.23 × 10(-10)), FUT6 (19p13.3; rs3760776; P= 3.68 × 10(-13)) and 5q32 region (rs10515552; P= 3.94 × 10(-8)). In addition, we also confirmed the association with the serum level of VitB12 for the previously reported FUT2 gene and identified one novel non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in FUT2 gene in this Chinese population (19q13.33; rs1047781; P= 3.62 × 10(-36)). The new loci identified offer new insights into the biochemical pathways involved in determining the serum level of VitB12 and provide opportunities to better delineate the role of VitB12 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kutok JL, Yang X, Folkerth R, Adra CN. Characterization of the expression of HTm4 (MS4A3), a cell cycle regulator, in human peripheral blood cells and normal and malignant tissues. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:86-93. [PMID: 19818099 PMCID: PMC3822496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HTm4 (MS4A3) is a member of a family of four-transmembrane proteins designated MS4A. MS4A proteins fulfil diverse functions, acting as cell surface signalling molecules and intracellular adapter proteins. Early reports demonstrated that HTm4 is largely restricted to the haematopoietic lineage, and is involved in cell cycle control, via a regulatory interaction with the kinase-associated phosphatase, cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Here we describe the expression pattern of HTm4 in peripheral blood cells using gene expression microarray technology, and in normal foetal and adult human tissues, as well as adult human cancers, using tissue microarray technology. Using oligonucleotide microarrays to evaluate HTm4 mRNA, all peripheral blood cell types demonstrated very low levels of HTm4 expression; however, HTm4 expression was greatest in basophils compared to eosinophils, which showed lower levels of HTm4 expression. Very weak HTm4 expression is found in monocytes, granulocytes and B cells, but not in T cells, by lineage specific haematopoietic cell flow cytometry analysis. Interestingly, phytohaemagglutinin stimulation increases HTm4 protein expression in peripheral blood CD4-T-lymphocytes over nearly undetectable baseline levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemical studies show strong HTm4 expression in the developing haematopoietic cells of human foetal liver. Immunohistochemical studies on normal tissue microarrays confirmed HTm4 expression in a subset of leucocytes in nodal, splenic tissues and thymic tissue, and weak staining in small numbers of cell types in non-haematopoietic tissues. Human foetal brain specimens from 19 to 31 gestational weeks showed that the strongest-staining cells are ventricular zone cells and the earliest-born, earliest-differentiating ‘pioneer’ neurons in the cortical plate, Cajal-Retzius and, to a lesser extent, subplate-like neurons. Malignant tissue microarray analysis showed HTm4 expression in a wide variety of adenocarcinomas, including breast, prostate and ovarian. These findings warrant the further study of the role of HTm4 in the cell cycle of both haematopoietic and tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Kutok
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chinami M, Yano Y, Yang X, Salahuddin S, Moriyama K, Shiroishi M, Turner H, Shirakawa T, Adra CN. Binding of HTm4 to Cyclin-dependent Kinase (Cdk)-associated Phosphatase (KAP)·Cdk2·Cyclin A Complex Enhances the Phosphatase Activity of KAP, Dissociates Cyclin A, and Facilitates KAP Dephosphorylation of Cdk2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17235-42. [PMID: 15671017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413437200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) activation requires phosphorylation of Thr160 and dissociation from cyclin A. The T-loop of cdk2 contains a regulatory phosphorylation site at Thr160. An interaction between cdc-associated phosphatase (KAP) and cdk2 compromises the interaction between cdk2 and cyclin A, which permits access of KAP, a Thr160-directed phosphatase, to its substrate, cdk2. We have reported that KAP is bound and activated by a nuclear membrane protein, HTm4. Here, we present in vitro data showing the direct interaction between the HTm4 C terminus and KAP Tyr141. We show that this interaction not only facilitates access of KAP to Thr160 and accelerates KAP kinetics, but also forces exclusion of cyclin A from the KAP.cdk2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Chinami
- Department of Nutrition, Kyushu Women's University, Jiyugaoka 1-1, Kitakyushushi 807-8586, Japan
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