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Yoshimoto T, Kittaka M, Doan AAP, Urata R, Prideaux M, Rojas RE, Harding CV, Henry Boom W, Bonewald LF, Greenfield EM, Ueki Y. Osteocytes directly regulate osteolysis via MYD88 signaling in bacterial bone infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6648. [PMID: 36333322 PMCID: PMC9636212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of bone cell activation on bacterially-induced osteolysis remains elusive. Here, we show that matrix-embedded osteocytes stimulated with bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) directly drive bone resorption through an MYD88-regulated signaling pathway. Mice lacking MYD88, primarily in osteocytes, protect against osteolysis caused by calvarial injections of bacterial PAMPs and resist alveolar bone resorption induced by oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection. In contrast, mice with targeted MYD88 restoration in osteocytes exhibit osteolysis with inflammatory cell infiltration. In vitro, bacterial PAMPs induce significantly higher expression of the cytokine RANKL in osteocytes than osteoblasts. Mechanistically, activation of the osteocyte MYD88 pathway up-regulates RANKL by increasing binding of the transcription factors CREB and STAT3 to Rankl enhancers and by suppressing K48-ubiquitination of CREB/CREB binding protein and STAT3. Systemic administration of an MYD88 inhibitor prevents jawbone loss in Pg-driven periodontitis. These findings reveal that osteocytes directly regulate inflammatory osteolysis in bone infection, suggesting that MYD88 and downstream RANKL regulators in osteocytes are therapeutic targets for osteolysis in periodontitis and osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Mizuho Kittaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Andrew Anh Phuong Doan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Rina Urata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | | | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Edward M Greenfield
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA
| | - Yasuyoshi Ueki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5126, USA.
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Pharmacological Therapies for the Management of Inflammatory Bone Resorption in Periodontal Disease: A Review of Preclinical Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5832009. [PMID: 35547360 PMCID: PMC9085331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5832009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, a highly prevalent multicausal chronic inflammatory and destructive disease, develops as a result of complex host-parasite interactions. Dysbiotic bacterial biofilm in contact with the gingival tissues initiates a cascade of inflammatory events, mediated and modulated by the host's immune response, which is characterized by increased expression of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines in the connective tissue. If periodontal disease (PD) is left untreated, it results in the destruction of the supporting tissues around the teeth, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone, which lead to a wide range of disabilities and poor quality of life, thus imposing significant burdens. This process depends on the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for reabsorbing the bone tissue. Therefore, the inhibition of differentiation or activity of these cells is a promising strategy for controlling bone resorption. Several pharmacological drugs that target osteoclasts and inflammatory cells with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, such as bisphosphonates, anti-RANK-L antibody, strontium ranelate, cathepsin inhibitors, curcumin, flavonoids, specialized proresolving mediators, and probiotics, were already described to manage inflammatory bone resorption during experimental PD progression in preclinical studies. Meantime, a growing number of studies have described the beneficial effects of herbal products in inhibiting bone resorption in experimental PD. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of several pharmacological drugs used for PD prevention and treatment and highlights the targeted action of all those drugs with antiresorptive properties. In addition, our review provides a timely and critical appraisal for the scientific rationale use of the antiresorptive and immunomodulatory medications in preclinical studies, which will help to understand the basis for its clinical application.
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Yang M, Shrestha SK, Soh Y, Heo SM. Effects of aloe-emodin on alveolar bone in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis rat model: a pilot study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:383-393. [DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2104060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Saroj K Shrestha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Han Y, Jin Y, Miao Y, Shi T, Lin X. Improved RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis induction of CD27+CD38- memory B cells: A link between B cells and alveolar bone damage in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:73-80. [PMID: 30346027 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a bacteria-induced disease that often leads to alveolar bone damage. Its mechanisms were considered to be complicated, involving an imbalance of the formation and resorption of bone. We sought to disclose the antibody-independent function of B cells during periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Production of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) by total lymphocytes or sorted B-cell subsets in gingiva from healthy or experimental periodontitis animals was examined by flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To define the effects of lymphocytes or B-cell subsets on osteoclastogenesis induction, bone marrow mononuclear cells were culture in culture medium of lymphocytes or cocultured with B-cell subsets. Osteoclasts were enumerated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Constituent ratio of B-cell subsets in healthy or experimental periodontitis was also detected by flow cytometry. RESULT Gingiva B cells produce more RANKL and support more osteoclastogenesis than T and other lymphocytes, and this potential improved in periodontitis. Memory B cells (CD27+CD38-) decreased their percentage in periodontitis. Memory B cells have the highest propensity for RANKL production. Remarkably, memory B cells from periodontitis animals expressed significantly more RANKL compared to healthy controls. Memory B cells supported osteoclast differentiation in vitro in a RANKL-dependent manner, and the number of osteoclasts was higher in cultures with memory B cells from periodontitis animals than in those derived from healthy ones. Other B-cell subsets have limited impact on osteoclast formation. CONCLUSION Findings of this study further disclose the roles of B cells engaged in periodontal immunomodulation and reveal the considerable importance of memory B cells in alveolar bone homeostasis and their likely contribution to alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Han
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibin Miao
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tie Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Takahama A, Rôças IN, Faustino ISP, Alves FRF, Azevedo RS, Gomes CC, Araújo-Filho WR, Siqueira JF. Association between bacteria occurring in the apical canal system and expression of bone-resorbing mediators and matrix metalloproteinases in apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2018; 51:738-746. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Takahama
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pediatric Dentistry; State University of Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - I. N. Rôças
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - I. S. P. Faustino
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - F. R. F. Alves
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - R. S. Azevedo
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - C. C. Gomes
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - W. R. Araújo-Filho
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - J. F. Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial inflammatory condition in which inappropriate interaction between the host immune response and specific groups of bacterial pathogens leads to destruction of connective and bone tissues supporting the tooth. Dissemination of pathogens, toxins, and immune complexes from and to periodontal lesions is at the basis of the increasingly recognized association between PD and various systemic diseases (SDs). Considering the growing attention of the medical community to "gender medicine", this review focuses on the association between PD and six systemic conditions heavily impacting women's health, with the aim of providing evidence in support of a joint effort between physicians and dentists to improve clinical management of these conditions. METHODS We considered systematic reviews, meta-analyses and narrative reviews evaluating all possible associations between periodontitis, systemic diseases and women. RESULTS Gender prevalence for PD is discordant, but the literature strongly supports an association between PD and female infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, PD is bidirectionally linked to several systemic diseases characterized by an established female gender bias, i.e. osteoporosis (OP), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), autoimmunity, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the literature data reviewed here provides a strong foundation for further characterization of molecular and microbial drivers of PD and of several female-prevalent systemic diseases, highlighting the possible importance of a good oral condition in preventing or attenuating women's systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- b Universita degli Studi di Firenze , Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Florence , Italy
| | | | - Piero Nobili
- c AIMOP Accademia Italiana Medicina Orale e Parodontologia , Milano , Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- d University of Torino , Department of Oncology , Torino , Italy
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Gonzales JR. T- and B-cell subsets in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:181-200. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Relationship between Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Review of the Literature. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:259074. [PMID: 26347200 PMCID: PMC4539505 DOI: 10.1155/2015/259074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are immunoinflammatory diseases where leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory mediators induce alveolar bone loss, synovitis, and joint destruction, respectively. Thus, we reviewed the relationship between both diseases considering epidemiological aspects, mechanical periodontal treatment, inflammatory mediators, oral microbiota, and antibodies, using the keywords “periodontitis” and “rheumatoid arthritis” in PubMed database between January 2012 and March 2015, resulting in 162 articles. After critical reading based on titles and abstracts and following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 articles were included. In the articles, women over 40 years old, smokers and nonsmokers, mainly constituted the analyzed groups. Eight studies broached the epidemiological relationship with PD and RA. Four trials demonstrated that the periodontal treatment influenced the severity of RA and periodontal clinical parameters. Nine studies were related with bacteria influence in the pathogenesis of RA and the presence of citrullinated proteins, autoantibodies, or rheumatoid factor in patients with PD and RA. Five studies investigated the presence of mediators of inflammation in PD and RA. In summary, the majority of the articles have confirmed that there is a correlation between PD and RA, since both disorders have characteristics in common and result from an imbalance in the immunoinflammatory response.
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Bao K, Papadimitropoulos A, Akgül B, Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. Establishment of an oral infection model resembling the periodontal pocket in a perfusion bioreactor system. Virulence 2015; 6:265-73. [PMID: 25587671 PMCID: PMC4601317 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.978721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal infection involves a complex interplay between oral biofilms, gingival tissues and cells of the immune system in a dynamic microenvironment. A humanized in vitro model that reduces the need for experimental animal models, while recapitulating key biological events in a periodontal pocket, would constitute a technical advancement in the study of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to use a dynamic perfusion bioreactor in order to develop a gingival epithelial-fibroblast-monocyte organotypic co-culture on collagen sponges. An 11 species subgingival biofilm was used to challenge the generated tissue in the bioreactor for a period of 24 h. The histological and scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed an epithelial-like layer on the surface of the collagen sponge, supported by the underlying ingrowth of gingival fibroblasts, while monocytic cells were also found within the sponge mass. Bacterial quantification of the biofilm showed that in the presence of the organotypic tissue, the growth of selected biofilm species, especially Campylobacter rectus, Actinomyces oris, Streptococcus anginosus, Veillonella dispar, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, was suppressed, indicating a potential antimicrobial effect by the tissue. Multiplex immunoassay analysis of cytokine secretion showed that interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in cell culture supernatants were significantly up-regulated in presence of the biofilm, indicating a positive inflammatory response of the organotypic tissue to the biofilm challenge. In conclusion, this novel host-biofilm interaction organotypic model might resemble the periodontal pocket and have an important impact on the study of periodontal infections, by minimizing the need for the use of experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bao
- a Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich ; Zürich , Switzerland
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10
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Oliver-Bell J, Butcher J, Malcolm J, MacLeod M, Adrados Planell A, Campbell L, Nibbs R, Garside P, McInnes I, Culshaw S. Periodontitis in the absence of B cells and specific anti-bacterial antibody. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:160-9. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Oliver-Bell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J.P. Butcher
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research; School of Science; University of the West of Scotland; Paisley UK
| | - J. Malcolm
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - M.K.L. MacLeod
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - A. Adrados Planell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Campbell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - R.J.B. Nibbs
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - P. Garside
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - I.B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - S. Culshaw
- Infection and Immunity Research Group; Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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The landscape of protein biomarkers proposed for periodontal disease: markers with functional meaning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:569632. [PMID: 25057495 PMCID: PMC4099050 DOI: 10.1155/2014/569632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is characterized by a deregulated inflammatory response which fails to resolve, activating bone resorption. The identification of the proteomes associated with PD has fuelled biomarker proposals; nevertheless, many questions remain. Biomarker selection should favour molecules representing an event which occurs throughout the disease progress. The analysis of proteome results and the information available for each protein, including its functional role, was accomplished using the OralOme database. The integrated analysis of this information ascertains if the suggested proteins reflect the cell and/or molecular mechanisms underlying the different forms of periodontal disease. The evaluation of the proteins present/absent or with very different concentrations in the proteome of each disease state was used for the identification of the mechanisms shared by different PD variants or specific to such state. The information presented is relevant for the adequate design of biomarker panels for PD. Furthermore, it will open new perspectives and help envisage future studies targeted to unveil the functional role of specific proteins and help clarify the deregulation process in the PD inflammatory response.
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12
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Zhu M, Nikolajczyk BS. Immune cells link obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and periodontitis. J Dent Res 2014; 93:346-52. [PMID: 24393706 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513518943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical association between obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis, coupled with the increasing prevalence of these diseases, justifies studies to identify mechanisms responsible for the vicious feed-forward loop between systemic and oral disease. Changes in the immune system are critical for both obesity-associated T2D and periodontitis and therefore may link these diseases. Recent studies at the intersection of immunology and metabolism have greatly advanced our understanding of the role the immune system plays in the transition between obesity and obesity-associated T2D and have shown that immune cells exhibit similar functional changes in obesity/T2D and periodontitis. Furthermore, myeloid and lymphoid cells likely synergize to promote obesity/T2D-associated periodontitis despite complexities introduced by disease interaction. Thus the groundwork is being laid for researchers to exploit existing models to understand immune cell dysfunction and break the devastating relationship between obesity-associated T2D and oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. ANN MICROBIOL 2013; 64:611-617. [PMID: 24860281 PMCID: PMC4028514 DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microbes, such as lactobacilli establish a symbiosis with the host and confer health-associated effects, by limiting the growth of indigenous pathogens and challenging microbes introduced by altered foods. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on the effects of beneficial microbes on the virulence properties of bacterial species associated with oral diseases, such as periodontitis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative species highly implicated in the etiology of localized aggressive periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactobacilli on the expression of the two major virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri were selected as beneficial species. The gene expressions of leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB) by A. actinomycetemcomitans were analyzed in response to challenge by lactobacilli cell-free supernatants. Neither lactobacilli affected the growth, but strongly attenuated the expressions of both CdtB and LtxA in the two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains tested. This reduction of the expression of these two exotoxins was time-dependent. These fundamental findings may indicate that lactobacilli can reduce the virulence of putative opportunistic oral pathogens, and may provide insights to future therapeutic approaches for the respective diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nissen
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Biavati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- />Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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Yokota H, Hamamura K, Chen A, Dodge TR, Tanjung N, Abedinpoor A, Zhang P. Effects of salubrinal on development of osteoclasts and osteoblasts from bone marrow-derived cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:197. [PMID: 23816340 PMCID: PMC3711788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease leading to an increased risk of bone fracture. Using a mouse osteoporosis model induced by administration of a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), salubrinal was recently reported as a potential therapeutic agent. To evaluate the role of salubrinal in cellular fates as well as migratory and adhesive functions of osteoclast/osteoblast precursors, we examined the development of primary bone marrow-derived cells in the presence and absence of salubrinal. We addressed a question: are salubrinal’s actions more potent to the cells isolated from the osteoporotic mice than those isolated from the control mice? Methods Using the RANKL-injected and control mice, bone marrow-derived cells were harvested. Osteoclastogenesis was induced by macrophage-colony stimulating factor and RANKL, while osteoblastogenesis was driven by dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate. Results The results revealed that salubrinal suppressed the numbers of colony forming-unit (CFU)-granulocyte/macrophages and CFU-macrophages, as well as formation of mature osteoclasts in a dosage-dependent manner. Salubrinal also suppressed migration and adhesion of pre-osteoclasts and increased the number of CFU-osteoblasts. Salubrinal was more effective in exerting its effects in the cells isolated from the RANKL-injected mice than the control. Consistent with cellular fates and functions, salubrinal reduced the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) as well as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Conclusions The results support the notion that salubrinal exhibits significant inhibition of osteoclastogenesis as well as stimulation of osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow-derived cells, and its efficacy is enhanced in the cells harvested from the osteoporotic bone samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Kebschull M, Haupt M, Jepsen S, Deschner J, Nickenig G, Werner N. Mobilization of endothelial progenitors by recurrent bacteremias with a periodontal pathogen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54860. [PMID: 23355901 PMCID: PMC3552864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal infections are independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this link are yet unclear. Here, we evaluate the in vivo effects of bacteremia with a periodontal pathogen on endothelial progenitors, bone marrow-derived cells capable of endothelial regeneration, and delineate the critical pathways for these effects. Methods 12-week old C57bl6 wildtype or toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 deficient mice were repeatedly intravenously challenged with 109 live P. gingivalis 381 or vehicle. Numbers of Sca1+/flk1+ progenitors, circulating angiogenic cells, CFU-Hill, and late-outgrowth EPC were measured by FACS/culture. Endothelial function was assessed using isolated organ baths, reendothelization was measured in a carotid injury model. RANKL/osteoprotegerin levels were assessed by ELISA/qPCR. Results In wildtype mice challenged with intravenous P.gingivalis, numbers of Sca1+/flk1+ progenitors, CAC, CFU-Hill, and late-outgrowth EPC were strongly increased in peripheral circulation and spleen, whereas Sca1+/flk1+ progenitor numbers in bone marrow decreased. Circulating EPCs were functional, as indicated by improved endothelial function and improved reendothelization in infected mice. The osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio was increased after P. gingivalis challenge in the bone marrow niche of wildtype mice and late-outgrowth EPC in vitro. Conversely, in mice deficient in TLR2, no increase in progenitor mobilization or osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio was detected. Conclusion Recurrent transient bacteremias, a feature of periodontitis, increase peripheral EPC counts and decrease EPC pools in the bone marrow, thereby possibly reducing overall endothelial regeneration capacity, conceivably explaining pro-atherogenic properties of periodontal infections. These effects are seemingly mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR)-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kebschull
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Haupt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. Altered T-cell responses by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45192. [PMID: 22984628 PMCID: PMC3440346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support an association between the chronic inflammatory diseases periodontitis and atherosclerosis with a crucial role for the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, the interplay between this pathogen and the adaptive immune system, including T-cells, is sparsely investigated. Here we used Jurkat T-cells to determine the effects of P. gingivalis on T-cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. We show that viable P. gingivalis targets IL-2 expression at the protein level. Initial cellular events, including ROS production and [Ca(2+)](i), were elevated in response to P. gingivalis, but AP-1 and NF-κB activity dropped below basal levels and T-cells were unable to sustain stable IL-2 accumulation. IL-2 was partially restored by Leupeptin, but not by Cathepsin B Inhibitor, indicating an involvement of Rgp proteinases in the suppression of IL-2 accumulation. This was further confirmed by purified Rgp that caused a dose-dependent decrease in IL-2 levels. These results provide new insights of how this periodontal pathogen evades the host adaptive immune system by inhibiting IL-2 accumulation and thus attenuating T-cell proliferation and cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Khalaf
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Reddi D, Belibasakis GN. Transcriptional profiling of bone marrow stromal cells in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis secreted products. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43899. [PMID: 22937121 PMCID: PMC3427182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen highly implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. It can exert its effects to a number of cells, including osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells which are important for homeostastic capacity of the tissues. By employing gene microarray technology, this study aimed to describe the overall transcriptional events (>2-fold regulation) elicited by P. gingivalis secreted products in bone marrow stromal cells, and to dissect further the categories of genes involved in bone metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses. After 6 h of challenge with P. gingivalis, 271 genes were up-regulated whereas 209 genes were down-regulated, whereas after 24 h, these numbers were 259 and 109, respectively. The early (6 h) response was characterised by regulation of genes associated with inhibition of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and loss of structural integrity, whereas the late (24 h) response was characterised by induction of chemokines, cytokines and their associated intracellular pathways (such as NF-κB), mediators of connective tissue and bone destruction, and suppression of regulators of osteogenic differentiation. The most strongly up-regulated genes were lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), both encoding for proteins of the acute phase inflammatory response. Collectively, these transcriptional changes elicited by P. gingivalis denote that the fundamental cellular functions are hindered, and that the cells acquire a phenotype commensurate with propagated innate immune response and inflammatory-mediated tissue destruction. In conclusion, the global transcriptional profile of bone marrow stromal cells in response to P. gingivalis is marked by deregulated homeostatic functions, with implications in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and the London Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and the London Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Belibasakis GN, Guggenheim B. Induction of prostaglandin E2and interleukin-6 in gingival fibroblasts by oral biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:381-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. The RANKL-OPG system in clinical periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:239-48. [PMID: 22092994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-osteoprotegerin (RANKL-OPG) bi-molecular system is the "bottle-neck" regulator of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, both in physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to elaborate the current knowledge on RANKL and OPG in periodontal disease, and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential as biomarkers of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS To pursue this aim, electronic and manual searches were performed for identifying clinical and in vivo studies on RANKL and OPG in gingival tissue, gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and blood. Smoking and diabetes mellitus were also considered for their potential effects. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria demonstrate that RANKL is up-regulated, whereas OPG is down-regulated in periodontitis, compared to periodontal health, resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio is further up-regulated in smokers and diabetics, and is not affected by conventional periodontal treatment. CONCLUSIONS The increased RANKL/OPG ratio may serve as a biomarker that denotes the occurrence of periodontitis, but may not necessarily predict on-going disease activity. Its steadily elevated levels post treatment may indicate that the molecular mechanisms of bone resorption are still active, holding an imminent risk for relapse of the disease. Additional adjunct treatment modalities that would "switch-off" the RANKL/OPG ratio may therefore be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Reddi D, Brown SJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces RANKL in bone marrow stromal cells: involvement of the p38 MAPK. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:415-20. [PMID: 21939752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacterially-induced oral inflammatory disease that is characterised by tissue degradation and bone loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram negative bacterial species highly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) induces bone resorption whilst osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that blocks this process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin (PGE)(2,) which is a major inflammatory mediator of bone resorption. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are intracellular signalling molecules involved in various cell processes, including inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on MAPKs and their involvement in the regulation of RANKL, OPG and COX-2 expression in bone marrow stromal cells. P. gingivalis challenge resulted in the phosphorylation of primarily the p38 MAPK. RANKL and COX-2 mRNA expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG was down-regulated by P. gingivalis. The p38 synthetic inhibitor SB203580 abolished the P. gingivalis-induced RANKL and COX-2 expression, but did not affect OPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the induction of RANKL and COX-2 by P. gingivalis, providing further insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Belibasakis GN, Meier A, Guggenheim B, Bostanci N. The RANKL–OPG system is differentially regulated by supragingival and subgingival biofilm supernatants. Cytokine 2011; 55:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kebschull M, Papapanou PN. Periodontal microbial complexes associated with specific cell and tissue responses. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:17-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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