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Aguilar-Guadarrama AB, Díaz-Román MA, Osorio-García M, Déciga-Campos M, Rios MY. Chemical Constituents from Agave applanata and Its Antihyperglycemic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities Associated with Its Tissue Repair Capability. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:397-410. [PMID: 38365219 DOI: 10.1055/a-2270-5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Agave applanata is a Mexican agave whose fresh leaves are employed to prepare an ethanol tonic used to relieve diabetes. It is also applied to skin to relieve varicose and diabetic foot ulcers, including wounds, inflammation, and infections. In this study, the chemical composition of this ethanol tonic is established and its association with antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities is discussed. The fresh leaves of A. applanata were extracted with ethanol : H2O (85 : 15). A fraction of this extract was lyophilized, and the remainder was partitioned into CH2Cl2, n-BuOH, and water. CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH fractions were subjected to a successive open column chromatography process. The structure of the isolated compounds was established using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry spectra. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated through in vivo sucrose and glucose tolerance experiments, as well as ex vivo intestinal absorption and hepatic production of glucose. Wound healing and edema inhibition were assayed in mice. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the hydroalcoholic extract, its fractions, and pure compounds were determined through agar microdilution against the most isolated pathogens from diabetic foot ulcers. Fatty acids, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hecogenin (1: ), N-oleyl-D-glucosamine, β-daucosterol, sucrose, myo-inositol, and hecogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2: ) were characterized. This research provides evidence for the pharmacological importance of A. applanata in maintaining normoglycemia, showing anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial effects against the microorganisms frequently found in diabetic foot ulcers. This plant plays an important role in wound healing and accelerated tissue reparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Aideé Díaz-Román
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
| | - Maribel Osorio-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
| | - Myrna Déciga-Campos
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Yolanda Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
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Liu Y, Chang J, Bai LD. Intestinal flora: New perspective of type 2 diabetes. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:1996-1999. [PMID: 38660554 PMCID: PMC11036511 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i11.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes comprises a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from various factors. Current diabetes management primarily focuses on blood glucose control, yet it is inherently progressive, necessitating increased reliance on exogenous blood glucose control methods over time. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel intervention strategies addressing both diabetes and its complications. The human intestinal microbiota, often referred to as the "second genome", exhibits significant diversity and plays a pivotal role in insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response. Notably, Li and Guo have elucidated the involvement of intestinal flora in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and proposed a novel therapeutic approach targeting intestinal microbes. This advancement enhances our comprehension of the multifaceted and multi-target regulation of T2DM by intestinal microflora, thereby offering fresh avenues for understanding its pathogenesis and clinical management. This letter briefly summarizes the role of intestinal flora in T2DM based on findings from animal experiments and clinical studies. Additionally, it discusses the potential clinical applications and challenges associated with targeting intestinal flora as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Li-Ding Bai
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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Khandayataray P, Samal D, Murthy MK. Arsenic and adipose tissue: an unexplored pathway for toxicity and metabolic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8291-8311. [PMID: 38165541 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water can induce various disorders by disrupting lipid and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue, leading to insulin resistance. It inhibits adipocyte development and exacerbates insulin resistance, though the precise impact on lipid synthesis and lipolysis remains unclear. This review aims to explore the processes and pathways involved in adipogenesis and lipolysis within adipose tissue concerning arsenic-induced diabetes. Although arsenic exposure is linked to type 2 diabetes, the specific role of adipose tissue in its pathogenesis remains uncertain. The review delves into arsenic's effects on adipose tissue and related signaling pathways, such as SIRT3-FOXO3a, Ras-MAP-AP-1, PI(3)-K-Akt, endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, CHOP10, and GPCR pathways, emphasizing the role of adipokines. This analysis relies on existing literature, striving to offer a comprehensive understanding of different adipokine categories contributing to arsenic-induced diabetes. The findings reveal that arsenic detrimentally impacts white adipose tissue (WAT) by reducing adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. Epidemiological studies have hinted at a potential link between arsenic exposure and obesity development, with limited research suggesting a connection to lipodystrophy. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanistic association between arsenic exposure and impaired adipose tissue function, ultimately leading to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Khandayataray
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752057, India
| | - Dibyaranjan Samal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Satya Sai University of Technical and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, 466001, India
| | - Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Shahari MSB, Dolzhenko AV. A closer look at N2,6-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines: Advances in synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Todero JE, Koch-Laskowski K, Shi Q, Kanke M, Hung YH, Beck R, Styblo M, Sethupathy P. Candidate master microRNA regulator of arsenic-induced pancreatic beta cell impairment revealed by multi-omics analysis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1685-1699. [PMID: 35314868 PMCID: PMC9095563 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a pervasive environmental toxin that is listed as the top priority for investigation by the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry. While chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that arsenic treatment of INS-1 832/13 pancreatic beta cells impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), a T2D hallmark. We have also shown that arsenic alters the microRNA profile of beta cells. MicroRNAs have a well-established post-transcriptional regulatory role in both normal beta cell function and T2D pathogenesis. We hypothesized that there are microRNA master regulators that shape beta cell gene expression in pathways pertinent to GSIS after exposure to arsenicals. To test this hypothesis, we first treated INS-1 832/13 beta cells with either inorganic arsenic (iAsIII) or monomethylarsenite (MAsIII) and confirmed GSIS impairment. We then performed multi-omic analysis using chromatin run-on sequencing, RNA-sequencing, and small RNA-sequencing to define profiles of transcription, gene expression, and microRNAs, respectively. Integrating across these data sets, we first showed that genes downregulated by iAsIII treatment are enriched in insulin secretion and T2D pathways, whereas genes downregulated by MAsIII treatment are enriched in cell cycle and critical beta cell maintenance factors. We also defined the genes that are subject primarily to post-transcriptional control in response to arsenicals and demonstrated that miR-29a is the top candidate master regulator of these genes. Our results highlight the importance of microRNAs in arsenical-induced beta cell dysfunction and reveal both shared and unique mechanisms between iAsIII and MAsIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Todero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rowan Beck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miroslav Styblo
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040750. [PMID: 35203397 PMCID: PMC8870169 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short-chain fatty acids like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, whereas FFAR1 and FFAR4 are activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids like palmitate, oleate, linoleate, and others. FFARs have attracted considerable attention over the last few years and have become attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several lines of evidence point to their importance in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis including adipose metabolism. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the physiological functions of FFAR isoforms in adipose biology and explore the prospect of FFAR-based therapies to treat patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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