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Lymperopoulos A. Gut microbiota alterations in acute myocardial infarction: (diabetic) context is everything. Ann Transl Med 2023; 11:404. [PMID: 38213814 PMCID: PMC10777215 DOI: 10.21037/atm-23-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
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2
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Teyani R, Moniri NH. Gut feelings in the islets: The role of the gut microbiome and the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors for short chain fatty acids on β-cell function and metabolic regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3113-3129. [PMID: 37620991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are biosynthesized via fermentation of polysaccharides by gastrointestinal microbiota and have been shown to have wide-reaching effects on almost all tissues, including the pancreatic islets. Historically, the effects of SCFAs have been attributed to their intracellular metabolism and function as energy sources, but the discovery of free fatty acid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the 2000s suggested that many functional outcomes of SCFAs are receptor-mediated. The SCFA receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 are expressed on β-cells, where they regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, making them attractive targets for treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we provide an update on the current evidence regarding regulation of FFA2/FFA3 receptors by specific probiotic bacterial species within the gut microbiome that synthesize SCFAs. We also review the body of research regarding the FFA2- and FFA3 receptor-specific function of SCFAs on β-cells and discuss the somewhat controversial and opposing findings within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Teyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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Hurley MJ, Menozzi E, Koletsi S, Bates R, Gegg ME, Chau KY, Blottière HM, Macnaughtan J, Schapira AHV. α-Synuclein expression in response to bacterial ligands and metabolites in gut enteroendocrine cells: an in vitro proof of concept study. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad285. [PMID: 37953845 PMCID: PMC10636561 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Caudo-rostral migration of pathological forms of α-synuclein from the gut to the brain is proposed as an early feature in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Intestinal epithelial enteroendocrine cells sense and respond to numerous luminal signals, including bacterial factors, and transmit this information to the brain via the enteric nervous system and vagus nerve. There is evidence that gut bacteria composition and their metabolites change in Parkinson's disease patients, and these alterations can trigger α-synuclein pathology in animal models of the disorder. Here, we investigated the effect of toll-like receptor and free fatty acid receptor agonists on the intracellular level of α-synuclein and its release using mouse secretin tumour cell line 1 enteroendocrine cells. Secretin tumour cell line 1 enteroendocrine cells were treated for 24 or 48 h with toll-like receptor agonists (toll-like receptor 4 selective lipopolysaccharide; toll-like receptor 2 selective Pam3CysSerLys4) and the free fatty acid receptor 2/3 agonists butyrate, propionate and acetate. The effect of selective receptor antagonists on the agonists' effects after 24 hours was also investigated. The level of α-synuclein protein was measured in cell lysates and cell culture media by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of α-synuclein and tumour necrosis factor messenger RNA was measured by quantitative reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. Stimulation of secretin tumour cell line 1 enteroendocrine cells for 24 and 48 hours with toll-like receptor and free fatty acid receptor agonists significantly increased the amount of intracellular α-synuclein and the release of α-synuclein from the cells into the culture medium. Both effects were significantly reduced by antagonists selective for each receptor. Toll-like receptor and free fatty acid receptor agonists also significantly increased tumour necrosis factor transcription, and this was effectively inhibited by corresponding antagonists. Elevated intracellular α-synuclein increases the likelihood of aggregation and conversion to toxic forms. Factors derived from bacteria induce α-synuclein accumulation in secretin tumour cell line 1 enteroendocrine cells. Here, we provide support for a mechanism by which exposure of enteroendocrine cells to specific bacterial factors found in Parkinson's disease gut dysbiosis might facilitate accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hurley
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sofia Koletsi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rachel Bates
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, Jouy en Josas, & Nantes Université, INRAE, UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Jane Macnaughtan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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Miyasato S, Iwata K, Mura R, Nakamura S, Yanagida K, Shindou H, Nagata Y, Kawahara M, Yamaguchi S, Aoki J, Inoue A, Nagamune T, Shimizu T, Nakamura M. Constitutively active GPR43 is crucial for proper leukocyte differentiation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22676. [PMID: 36468834 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201591r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors, GPR43 (free fatty acid receptor 2, FFA2) and GPR41 (free fatty acid receptor 3, FFA3), are activated by short-chain fatty acids produced under various conditions, including microbial fermentation of carbohydrates. Previous studies have implicated this receptor energy homeostasis and immune responses as well as in cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Here, we observed the expression of both receptors in human blood cells and a remarkable enhancement in leukemia cell lines (HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells) during differentiation. A reporter assay revealed that GPR43 is coupled with Gαi and Gα12/13 and is constitutively active without any stimuli. Specific blockers of GPR43, GLPG0974 and CATPB function as inverse agonists because treatment with these compounds significantly reduces constitutive activity. In HL-60 cells, enhanced expression of GPR43 led to growth arrest through Gα12/13 . In addition, the blockage of GPR43 activity in these cells significantly impaired their adherent properties due to the reduction of adhesion molecules. We further revealed that enhanced GPR43 activity induces F-actin formation. However, the activity of GPR43 did not contribute to butyrate-induced apoptosis in differentiated HL-60 cells because of the ineffectiveness of the inverse agonist on cell death. Collectively, these results suggest that GPR43, which possesses constitutive activity, is crucial for growth arrest, followed by the proper differentiation of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Miyasato
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kurumi Iwata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reika Mura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shou Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nagata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
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Al Mahri S, Malik SS, Al Ibrahim M, Haji E, Dairi G, Mohammad S. Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook. Cells 2022; 11:750. [PMID: 35203397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short-chain fatty acids like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, whereas FFAR1 and FFAR4 are activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids like palmitate, oleate, linoleate, and others. FFARs have attracted considerable attention over the last few years and have become attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several lines of evidence point to their importance in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis including adipose metabolism. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the physiological functions of FFAR isoforms in adipose biology and explore the prospect of FFAR-based therapies to treat patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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Zhao YF. Free fatty acid receptors in the endocrine regulation of glucose metabolism: Insight from gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:956277. [PMID: 36246919 PMCID: PMC9554507 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.956277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is primarily controlled by pancreatic hormones, with the coordinated assistance of the hormones from gastrointestine and adipose tissue. Studies have unfolded a sophisticated hormonal gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interaction network, which essentially maintains glucose homeostasis in response to the changes in substrates and nutrients. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are the important substrates that are involved in glucose metabolism. FFAs are able to activate the G-protein coupled membrane receptors including GPR40, GPR120, GPR41 and GPR43, which are specifically expressed in pancreatic islet cells, enteroendocrine cells as well as adipocytes. The activation of FFA receptors regulates the secretion of hormones from pancreas, gastrointestine and adipose tissue to influence glucose metabolism. This review presents the effects of the FFA receptors on glucose metabolism via the hormonal gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interactions and the underlying intracellular mechanisms. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic drugs targeting FFA receptors for the treatment of abnormal glucose metabolism such as type 2 diabetes mellitus is summarized.
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Binienda A, Makaro A, Talar M, Krajewska JB, Tarasiuk A, Bartoszek A, Fabisiak A, Mosińska P, Niewinna K, Dziedziczak K, Świerczyński M, Kordek R, Salaga M, Fichna J. Characterization of the Synergistic Effect between Ligands of Opioid and Free Fatty Acid Receptors in the Mouse Model of Colitis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226827. [PMID: 34833919 PMCID: PMC8626023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies suggest that lipids, including free fatty acids (FFAs), are necessary for proper μ opioid receptor (MOR) binding and that activation of opioid receptors (ORs) improves intestinal inflammation. The objective of the study was to investigate a possible interaction between the ORs and FFA receptors (FFARs) ligands in the colitis. Methods: The potential synergistic effect of ORs and FFARs ligands was evaluated using mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 4%). Compounds were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) once or twice daily at the doses of 0.01 or 0.02 mg/kg body weight (BW) (DAMGO—an MOR agonist), 0.3 mg/kg BW (DPDPE—a δ OR (DOR) agonist) and 1 mg/kg BW (naloxone—a non-selective OR antagonist, GLPG 0974—a FFAR2 antagonist, GSK 137647—a FFAR4 agonist and AH 7614—a FFAR4 antagonist) for 4 days. Results: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was significantly decreased after DAMGO (0.02 mg/kg BW) and GSK 137647 (1 mg/kg BW) administration and co-administration as compared to DSS group. Conclusions: Treatment with ligands of ORs and FFARs may affect the immune cells in the inflammation; however, no significant influence on the severity of colitis and no synergistic effect were observed.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Butyrates/administration & dosage
- Colitis/drug therapy
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/administration & dosage
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/administration & dosage
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Naloxone/administration & dosage
- Narcotic Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Thiophenes/administration & dosage
- Xanthenes/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Adam Makaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Talar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Julia B. Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-281 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Karolina Niewinna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Dziedziczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikołaj Świerczyński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (A.M.); (M.T.); (J.B.K.); (A.T.); (A.B.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.N.); (K.D.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-57-07
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Kiepura A, Stachyra K, Wiśniewska A, Kuś K, Czepiel K, Suski M, Ulatowska-Białas M, Surmiak M, Olszanecki R. The Anti-Atherosclerotic Action of FFAR4 Agonist TUG-891 in ApoE-Knockout Mice Is Associated with Increased Macrophage Polarization towards M2 Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9772. [PMID: 34575934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the past few years, a better understanding of the biology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) has led to the identification of several receptors as novel targets for free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAR4 has received special attention in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity and NAFLD, through to its anti-inflammatory effect. Methods: The present study investigates the influence of prolonged treatment with TUG-891-FFAR4 agonist on the development of atherosclerosis plaque in apoE-knockout mice, using morphometric and molecular methods. Results: TUG-891 administration has led to the reduction of atherosclerotic plaque size and necrotic cores in an apoE-knockout mice model. TUG-891-treated mice were administered subcutaneously at a dose of 20 mg/kg three times a week for 4 months. The FFAR4 agonist reduced the content of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages content in atherosclerotic plaques, as evidenced by immunohistochemical phenotyping and molecular methods. In atherosclerotic plaque, the population of smooth muscle cells increased as evidenced by α-SMA staining. We observed changes in G-CSF and eotaxin markers in the plasma of mice; changes in the levels of these markers in the blood may be related to macrophage differentiation. Importantly, we observed a significant increase in M2-like macrophage cells in atherosclerotic plaque and peritoneum. Conclusions: Prolonged administration of TUG-891 resulted in significant amelioration of atherogenesis, providing evidence that the strategy based on macrophage phenotype switching toward an M2-like activation state via stimulation of FFAR4 receptor holds promise for a new approach in the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Salaga M, Bartoszek A, Binienda A, Krajewska JB, Fabisiak A, Mosińska P, Dziedziczak K, Niewinna K, Talar M, Tarasiuk A, Kordek R, Fichna J. Activation of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 Affects Intestinal Inflammation and Improves Colon Permeability in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082716. [PMID: 34444876 PMCID: PMC8399282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is considered an important trigger in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as feeding habits can affect intestinal permeability and clearance of bacterial antigens, consequently influencing the immune system. Free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), expressed on the intestinal epithelial cells, belong to the family of luminal-facing receptors that are responsive to nutrients. The objective of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory activity and the effect on intestinal barrier function of synthetic FFAR agonists in mouse models of colitis. Therapeutic activity of GW9508 (FFAR1 agonist), 4-CMTB (FFAR2 agonist), AR420626 (FFAR3 agonist), and GSK137647 (FFAR4 agonist) was investigated in two models of semi-chronic colitis: induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), mimicking Crohn's disease, as well as induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), which recapitulates ulcerative colitis in humans. Moreover, we assessed the influence of FFARs agonists on epithelial ion transport and measured the ion flow stimulated by forskolin and veratridine. Administration of FFAR4 agonist GSK137647 attenuated both TNBS-induced and DSS-induced colitis in mice, as indicated by macroscopic parameters and myeloperoxidase activity. The action of FFAR4 agonist GSK137647 was significantly blocked by pretreatment with selective FFAR4 antagonist AH7614. Moreover, FFAR1 and FFAR4 agonists reversed the increase in the colon permeability caused by inflammation. FFAR4 restored the tight junction genes expression in mouse colon. This is the first evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of selective FFAR agonists, showing that pharmacological intervention targeting FFAR4, which is a sensor of medium and long chain fatty acids, attenuates intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Julia B. Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Dziedziczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Karolina Niewinna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Marcin Talar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (J.B.K.); (A.F.); (P.M.); (K.D.); (K.N.); (M.T.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-57-07; Fax: +48-42-272-56-94
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Bazydlo-Guzenda K, Buda P, Matloka M, Mach M, Stelmach F, Dzida R, Smuga D, Hucz-Kalitowska J, Teska-Kaminska M, Vialichka V, Dubiel K, Kaminska B, Wieczorek M, Pieczykolan J. CPL207280 - a novel GPR40/FFA1-specific agonist shows a favorable safety profile and exerts anti-diabetic effects in type 2 diabetic animals.. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:335-347. [PMID: 34349026 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a free fatty acid receptor mainly expressed in pancreatic β-cells activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids and regulating insulin secretion via an increase in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i). Activation of GPR40 in pancreatic β-cells may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes through enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. However, the most clinically advanced GPR40 agonist - TAK-875 (fasiglifam) - was withdrawn from phase III due to its hepatotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of pivotal bile acid transporters. Here, we present a new, potent CPL207280 agonist and compare it with fasiglifam in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. CPL207280 showed greater potency than fasiglifam in a Ca2+ influx assay with a hGPR40 protein (EC50=80 vs. 270 nM, respectively). At the 10 µM concentration, it showed 3.9 times greater enhancement of GSIS in mouse MIN6 pancreatic β cells. In Wistar Han rats and C57BL6 mice challenged with glucose, CPL207280 stimulated 2.5-times greater insulin secretion without causing hypoglycemia at 10 mg/kg compared with fasiglifam. In three diabetic rat models, CPL207280 improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin area under the curve by 212%, 142%, and 347%, respectively. Evaluation of potential off-target activity (Safety47{trade mark, serif}) and selectivity of CPL207280 (at 10 μM) did not show any significant off-target activity. We conclude that CPL207280 is a potent enhancer of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in animal disease models with no risk of hypoglycemia at therapeutic doses. Therefore, we propose the CPL207280 compound as a compelling candidate for type 2 diabetes treatment. Significance Statement GPR40 is a well-known and promising target for diabetes. This study is the first to show the safety and effects of CPL207280, a novel GPR40/FFA1 agonist, on glucose homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo in different diabetic animal models. Therefore, we propose the CPL207280 compound as a novel, glucose-lowering agent, overcoming T2D patients' unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Buda
- Research and Development Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Mach
- Research and Development Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Poland
| | - Filip Stelmach
- Research and Development Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Dzida
- Research and Development Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Poland
| | - Damian Smuga
- Research and Development Centre, Celon Pharma, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Bozena Kaminska
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Maciel Junior M, Camaçari de Carvalho S, Saenz Suarez PA, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ. Fish oil attenuated dystrophic muscle markers of inflammation via FFA1 and FFA4 in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1305-1312. [PMID: 33136305 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the involvement of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors in the anti-inflammatory role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dystrophic muscles, by administering FFA blockers in the mdx mouse model of dystrophy. Mdx mice (3 months-old) were treated with fish oil capsules (FDC Vitamins; 0.4 g EPA and 0.2 g DHA; gavage) alone or concomitant to FFA1 and FFA4 blockers (GW1100 and AH7614; i.p.). C57BL/10 mice (3 months-old) and untreated-mdx mice received mineral oil and were used as controls. After 1 month of treatment, plasma markers of myonecrosis (total and cardiac creatine kinase; CK), the levels of FFA1 and FFA4 and of the markers of inflammation, nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFkB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were analyzed in the diaphragm muscle and heart by western blot. Fish oil significantly reduced total CK, cardiac CK and the levels of NFkB (diaphragm), and of TNF-α and IL-1β (diaphragm and heart) in mdx. In the dystrophic diaphragm, FFA1 was increased compared to normal. Blockers of FFA1 and FFA4 significantly inhibited the effects of fish oil treatment in both dystrophic muscles. The anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil in dystrophic diaphragm muscle and heart were mediated through FFA1 and FFA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maciel Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Camaçari de Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Andrea Saenz Suarez
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Santo Neto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Marques
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Kiepura A, Stachyra K, Olszanecki R. Anti-Atherosclerotic Potential of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFAR4). Biomedicines 2021; 9:467. [PMID: 33923318 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are considered not only as a basic nutrient, but are also recognized as signaling molecules acting on various types of receptors. The receptors activated by FAs include the family of rhodopsin-like receptors: GPR40 (FFAR1), GPR41 (FFAR3), GPR43 (FFAR2), GPR120 (FFAR4), and several other, less characterized G-protein coupled receptors (GPR84, GPR109A, GPR170, GPR31, GPR132, GPR119, and Olfr78). The ubiquitously distributed FFAR4 can be activated by saturated and unsaturated medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MCFAs and LCFAs), as well as by several synthetic agonists (e.g., TUG-891). The stimulation of FFAR4 using selective synthetic agonists proved to be promising strategy of reduction of inflammatory reactions in various tissues. In this paper, we summarize the evidence showing the mechanisms of the potential beneficial effects of FFAR4 stimulation in atherosclerosis. Based partly on our own results, we also suggest that an important mechanism of such activity may be the modulatory influence of FFAR4 on the phenotype of macrophage involved in atherogenesis.
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Bartoszek A, Makaro A, Bartoszek A, Kordek R, Fichna J, Salaga M. Walnut Oil Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation and Restores Intestinal Barrier Function in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1302. [PMID: 32370215 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis belongs to inflammatory bowel diseases, which is a group of chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a debilitating condition with a wide range of symptoms including rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and visceral pain. Current dietary habits often lead to imbalance in n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in favor of n-6 PUFA. Recent data showed the potential anti-inflammatory advantage of n-3 PUFA. Walnut oil (WO) is rich in those fatty acids and mainly consists of linoleic and linolenic acids that may act via free fatty acids receptors (FFARs). We assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of WO in the mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Moreover, we examined changes in the expression of tight junction proteins (TJ), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and FFAR proteins in the inflamed mouse colon. WO improves the damage score in inflamed tissue, significantly restoring ion transport and colonic wall permeability. Inflammation caused changes in TJ, FFAR, and pro-inflammatory gene proteins expression, which WO was able to partially reverse. WO has anti-inflammatory properties; however, its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. This stems from the pleiotropic effects of n-3 PUFA ligands associated with receptor distribution and targeted signaling pathways.
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14
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Baaske L, Masur F, Dengler F, Rackwitz R, Kaiser B, Pfannkuche H, Gäbel G. Possible influence of free fatty acid receptors on pH regulation in the ruminal epithelium of sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:776-789. [PMID: 31985122 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) occur in the ovine rumen and constitute the animal's main energy source. However, they lead to an acidification of the ruminal epithelium. Therefore, effective intracellular pH (pHi ) regulation by transport proteins like monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHEs) is pivotal to ruminants to avoid epithelial damage. SCFAs might function not only as nutrients but also as signalling molecules by activating free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) in the ruminal epithelium and thus influence pHi regulation. FFARs work as nutrient sensors, transducing their information by modulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. We hypothesized that (FFAR-modulated) decreases in cAMP levels stimulate the activity of MCT1 and NHEs in the ruminal epithelium of sheep. We detected two FFARs (GPR109A and FFAR2) immunohistochemically in the ovine ruminal epithelium. Administration of 10 mM butyrate to Ussing chamber-mounted epithelia provoked a significant reduction in intraepithelial cAMP levels. However, application of the GPR109A agonist niacin did not affect cAMP levels. MCT1 activity was analysed by measuring transepithelial 14 C-acetate fluxes, which were not inhibited by forskolin-induced increased cAMP levels. The recovery of pHi after acidification was assessed as an indicator of NHE activity in primary cultured ruminal epithelial cells. Recovery was significantly reduced when cells with increased cAMP levels were subjected to the NHE inhibitor 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (10 µM). Nonetheless, with augmented cAMP levels alone, NHE activity tended to decline. We hypothesize that modulation of cAMP levels by butyrate is accomplished by FFAR2 activation, regulating NHE activity for pHi homoeostasis at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baaske
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Masur
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiko Rackwitz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bastian Kaiser
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helga Pfannkuche
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gotthold Gäbel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Data on nutrient sensing by free fatty acid receptors (FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, FFAR4) and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR1, HCAR2) are increasing for human or rodent models. Both receptor families link intestinal fermentation by the microbiota and energy metabolism with cellular responses. Therefore, this finding provides a link that is independent of the only function of the fermentation products as energy substrates. For example, these reactions are associated with insulin secretion, regulation of lipolysis, adipose tissue differentiation and innate immune responses. In farm animals, the available data on both receptor families from the intestine and other tissues increase. However, currently, the data are primarily linked with the distribution of receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and more rarely with proteins. Functional data on the importance of these receptors in farm animal species is not abundant and is often associated with the immune system. In certain farm animal species, the receptors were cloned and ligand binding was characterised. In chicken, only one FFAR2 was recently identified using genome analysis, which is contradictory to a study using an FFAR1 small interfering RNA. The chicken FFAR2 is composed of more than 20 paralogs. No data on HCAR1 or HCAR2 exist in this species. Currently, in pigs, most available data are on the mRNA distribution within intestine. However, no FFAR1 expression has been shown in this organ to date. In addition to FFAR2, an orthologue (FFAR2-like) with the highest abundance in intestine has been reported. The data on HCAR1 and HCAR2 in pigs is scarce. In ruminants, most of the currently available information on receptor distribution is linked to mRNA data and shows the expression, for example, in mammary gland and adipose tissue. However, some protein data on FFAR2 and FFAR1 protein has been reported and functional data availability is slowly increasing. The receptor mRNAs of HCAR1 and HCAR2 are expressed in bovine. The HCAR2 protein has been demonstrated in certain tissues, such as liver and fat. Because of the physiological importance of both receptor families in human life science, more studies that analyse the physiological significance of both receptor families in animal science may be performed within the next several years.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize and illuminate the recent findings regarding gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms and the specific biomolecules involved in regulating this process, such as glucagon-like peptides (GLPs). RECENT FINDINGS There has been a growing interest in luminal nutrient chemosensing and its physiological effects throughout the digestive system. From the ingestion of food in the oral cavity to the processing and absorption of nutrients in the intestines, nutrient chemosensing receptors signal the production and release of numerous bioactive peptides from enteroendocrine cells, such as the proglucagon-derived peptides. There has been a major emphasis on two proglucagon-derived peptides, namely GLP-1 and GLP-2, due to their apparent beneficial effect on gut structure, function, and on metabolic processes. As an incretin, GLP-1 not only enhances the effect and release of insulin on pancreatic βcells but also has been implicated in having trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. In addition, GLP-2, the other major proglucagon-derived peptide, has potent intestinotrophic effects, such as increasing the rate of mucosal stem cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow, and fluid absorption, as well as augmenting the rate of duodenal bicarbonate secretion to improve gastric mucosal health and longevity. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms underlying nutrient chemosensing and how it relates to GLP release can further elucidate how the gut functions in response to cellular changes and disturbances. Furthermore, a more in-depth comprehension of GLP release and its tissue-specific effects will help improve the utility of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonists in clinical settings. This, in turn, should help patients suffering from intestinal failure, malabsorption, and mucosal injury.
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Hopkins MM, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Meier KE. Eicosopentaneoic Acid and Other Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists Inhibit Lysophosphatidic Acid- and Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E16. [PMID: 26821052 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many key actions of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids have recently been shown to be mediated by two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family, FFA1 (GPR40) and FFA4 (GPR120). n-3 Fatty acids inhibit proliferation of human breast cancer cells in culture and in animals. In the current study, the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 were investigated. In addition, the role of cross-talk between GPCRs activated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the tyrosine kinase receptor activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), was examined. In MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines, both LPA and EGF stimulated proliferation, Erk activation, Akt activation, and CCN1 induction. LPA antagonists blocked effects of LPA and EGF on proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and on cell migration in MCF-7. The n-3 fatty acid eicosopentaneoic acid inhibited LPA- and EGF-induced proliferation in both cell lines. Two synthetic FFAR agonists, GW9508 and TUG-891, likewise inhibited LPA- and EGF-induced proliferation. The data suggest a major role for FFA1, which was expressed by both cell lines. The results indicate that n-3 fatty acids inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation via FFARs, and suggest a mechanism involving negative cross-talk between FFARS, LPA receptors, and EGF receptor.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent developments in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense with emphasis on lumen-gut interactions. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a growing interest in the physiological functions of luminal chemosensors present from tongue to colon that detect organic molecules in the luminal content associated with nutrient ingestion, usually associated with specialized cells, in particular the enteroendocrine cells. These receptors transduce the release of peptide hormones, in particular proglucagon-derived products such as the glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), which have profound effects on gut function and on metabolism. Luminal chemosensors transduce GLP release in response to changes in the cellular environment, as part of the mechanism of nutrient chemosensing. GLP-2 has important trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa, including increasing the proliferation rate of stem cells and reducing transmucosal permeability to ions and small molecules, in addition to increasing the rate of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. GLP-1, although traditionally considered an incretin that enhances the effect of insulin on peripheral tissues, also has trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. SUMMARY A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate GLP release can further illuminate the importance of nutrient chemosensing as an important component of the mechanism that mediates the trophic effects of luminal nutrients. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are already in clinical use for the treatment of diabetes and intestinal failure. Improved understanding of the control of their release and their end-organ effects will identify new clinical indications and interventions that enhance their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsuhiko Ichimura, ; Ikuo Kimura,
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsuhiko Ichimura, ; Ikuo Kimura,
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Davenport AP, Harmar AJ. Evolving pharmacology of orphan GPCRs: IUPHAR Commentary. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:693-5. [PMID: 23957221 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The award of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka for their work on the structure and function of GPCRs, spanning a period of more than 20 years from the cloning of the human β2 -adrenoceptor to determining the crystal structure of the same protein, has earned both researchers a much deserved place in the pantheon of major scientific discoveries. GPCRs comprise one of the largest families of proteins, controlling many major physiological processes and have been a major focus of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) since its inception in 1987. We report here recent efforts by the British Pharmacological Society and NC-IUPHAR to define the endogenous ligands of 'orphan' GPCRs and to place authoritative and accessible information about these crucial therapeutic targets online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Inadequate dietary fiber intake is common in modern diets, especially in children. Epidemiological and experimental evidence point to a significant association between a lack of fiber intake and ischemic heart disease, stroke atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as gastrointestinal disorders such as diverticulosis, irritable bowel disease, colon cancer, and cholelithiasis. The physiological effects of fiber relate to the physical properties of volume, viscosity, and water-holding capacity that the fiber imparts to food leading to important influences over the energy density of food. Beyond these physical properties, fiber directly impacts a complex array of microbiological, biochemical, and neurohormonal effects directly through modification of the kinetics of digestion and through its metabolism into constituents such as short chain fatty acids, which are both energy substrates and important enteroendocrine ligands. Of particular interest to clinicians is the important role dietary fiber plays in glucoregulation, appetite, and satiety. Supplementation of the diet with highly functional fibers may prove to play an important role in long-term obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Lyon
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
| | - Veronica Kacinik
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
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