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Zhang Y, Shen F, Paredes J, Lindsay D, Liu Q, Madre N, Penna A, Morris T. Exploring the complex links between childhood exposure to intimate partner violence, maltreatment, and self-regulation: A three-wave cross-lagged study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106507. [PMID: 37879255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) often co-occurs with childhood maltreatment and negatively impacts children's development. While previous research has shown a direct link between these experiences and children's self-regulation, less is known about the potential unique effect and bidirectional associations between them. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the bidirectional effects among maternal IPV experiences, child maltreatment, and children's behavioral self-regulation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 4,402 participants from three waves of the longitudinal study of the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) were included in the study. METHODS Cross-lagged path analyses were conducted to examine the longitudinal reciprocal relationships among IPV, child maltreatment, and children's behavioral regulation when children were 3, 5, and 9 years old. RESULTS IPV exposure at ages 3 and 5 was negatively associated with levels of behavioral self-regulation at ages 5 and 9, even after accounting for physical maltreatment, psychological maltreatment, or neglect. Neglect at ages 3 and 5 was found to be associated with lower levels of behavioral self-regulation at later ages, when IPV exposure was considered in the models. Lower levels of behavioral self-regulation at age 3 were found to be linked with higher levels of psychological maltreatment, physical maltreatment, neglect, and IPV exposure at age 5. CONCLUSION This study revealed bidirectional effects between maternal IPV experiences, child maltreatment, and children's behavioral self-regulation. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that exposure to IPV during early childhood significantly predicts long-term behavioral self-regulation difficulties, even after controlling for the effects of child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Clarkson University, United States of America.
| | - Fei Shen
- Kean University, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Penna
- Clarkson University, United States of America
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Preko T, Edler K, Behrens B, Valentino K. A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Cue Valence on Overgeneral Memory and Autobiographical Memory Specificity Among Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1683-1698. [PMID: 37466746 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneral memory (OGM), or difficulty recalling specific memories when recounting autobiographical events, is associated with psychopathology. According to functional avoidance theory, OGM-or reduced autobiographical memory specificity (AMS)-may serve as an emotion regulation strategy that aids in the avoidance of painful, negative memories (Sumner, 2012; Williams et al., 2007). Some researchers argue that there may be a valence effect for OGM, such that there is a higher frequency of overgenerality when recalling negative memories compared to positive memories. Although not supported among adults, valence effects may be present among children and adolescents if OGM initially develops in response to negative cues and then generalizes to all memory recall over time. This meta-analysis examined differences in child and adolescent OGM and AMS based on cue valance; standardized mean differences between negative and positive valence cues for OGM and AMS indices were calculated. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search resulted in 26 studies assessing OGM and 30 assessing AMS. There was a significant effect of valence on OGM (d = 0.17, p = 0.01) and AMS (d = -0.20, p = 0.01). There was a higher frequency of overgeneral responses to negative cue words than positive cue words. Similarly, there was a higher frequency of specific responses for positive cue words than negative cue words. Subgroup analyses considering differences in valence effects by participant age (childhood vs. adolescence), sample type (clinical vs. community), and task instructions (verbal vs. written) were not significant. Theoretical advancements for our understanding of OGM and AMS and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Preko
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Katherine Edler
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brigid Behrens
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Liu X, Zhang Z, Valentino K, Wang L. The impact of omitting confounders in parallel process latent growth curve mediation models: Three sensitivity analysis approaches. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING : A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2023; 31:132-150. [PMID: 38706777 PMCID: PMC11068081 DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2023.2189551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Parallel process latent growth curve mediation models (PP-LGCMMs) are frequently used to longitudinally investigate the mediation effects of treatment on the level and change of outcome through the level and change of mediator. An important but often violated assumption in empirical PP-LGCMM analysis is the absence of omitted confounders of the relationships among treatment, mediator, and outcome. In this study, we analytically examined how omitting pretreatment confounders impacts the inference of mediation from the PP-LGCMM. Using the analytical results, we developed three sensitivity analysis approaches for the PP-LGCMM, including the frequentist, Bayesian, and Monte Carlo approaches. The three approaches help investigate different questions regarding the robustness of mediation results from the PP-LGCMM, and handle the uncertainty in the sensitivity parameters differently. Applications of the three sensitivity analyses are illustrated using a real-data example. A user-friendly Shiny web application is developed to conduct the sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- The University of Texas at Austin
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England-Mason G, Andrews K, Atkinson L, Gonzalez A. Emotion socialization parenting interventions targeting emotional competence in young children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 100:102252. [PMID: 36706555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emotion socialization parenting interventions are supported by a growing body of literature, their effects have yet to be systematically examined. The present systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the evidence for emotion socialization parenting interventions for parents of young children. METHODS Six electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to October 5th, 2022. We conducted random effects meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of emotion socialization interventions delivered to parents of children aged 18 months to 6 years 11 months. RESULTS Twenty-six studies which reported data from 15 individual trials met the inclusion criteria. Interventions had a positive effect on positive and negative emotion socialization parenting practices (g's = 0.50) and child emotional competence (g = 0.44). Interventions also had a positive effect on positive (g = 0.74) and negative parenting behaviors (g = 0.25), parent psychological well-being (g = 0.28), and child behavioral adjustment (g = 0.34). Findings remained significant after considering potential publication bias and conducting sensitivity analyses. Two significant moderating factors emerged. CONCLUSIONS Emotion socialization parenting interventions are effective for improving emotion socialization parenting practices and child emotional competence. Additional methodologically rigorous trials are needed to buttress the current evidence and provide evidence for additional moderating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian England-Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Krysta Andrews
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Innovation Park, Hamilton, Canada
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Behrens B, Edler K, Cote K, Valentino K. Child internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among maltreating and non-maltreating families: Examining the effects of family resources and the Reminiscing and Emotion Training intervention. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 130:105375. [PMID: 34749997 PMCID: PMC8549072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child functioning have been especially pronounced among low-income families. Protective factors, including sensitive reminiscing and sufficient family resources, may reduce the negative effects of the pandemic on child adjustment. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated how family resources during the pandemic, race, maltreatment, and pre-pandemic involvement in an emotion socialization intervention (Myears ago = 4.37, SD = 1.36) were associated with child internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study utilized longitudinal data following 137 maltreating and low-income nonmaltreating mother-child dyads (Mage = 9.08, SD = 1.88; 54.7% Male). METHODS Mother-child dyads engaged in a randomized controlled trial of the Reminiscing and Emotion Training (RET; Valentino et al., 2019) intervention prior to the pandemic. Dyads discussed shared, past emotional experiences, and during the pandemic, mothers reported on their family resources and their child's internalizing symptoms. A path analysis examined the effects of family resources, race, maltreatment, and the RET intervention on child internalizing symptoms. RESULTS Family resources during the pandemic were significantly and inversely associated with child internalizing symptoms, b = -0.07, SE = 0.02, p < .01. There was a significant indirect effect of RET on child internalizing symptoms through sensitive reminiscing and a prior assessment of child maladjustment (95% CI [-0.294, -0.001]). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest adequate family resources and sensitive maternal emotion socialization may be protective against child internalizing symptoms during the pandemic.
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Levin LK, Fuller EB, Coffield E, Bendell D. It's not always binary: Connecting the continuum of caregiver depression with child adjustment in children who are high risk for maltreatment. J Affect Disord 2022; 304:142-149. [PMID: 35167927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children living with a depressed parent are at risk for developing social, behavioral, and emotional problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an increase in subclinical caregiver depression scores was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior in children who are at high risk for maltreatment. METHODS The 1019 U.S.-based dyads consisted of predominantly single (45.53%) and Black/African American (53.29%) caregivers and high-risk 4-year-olds from the LONGSCAN study. Multivariate regression analyzes were used to evaluate the relationship between caregiver Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores, above and below the at-risk for depression CES-D score, and preschooler internalizing, externalizing, and total problem behaviors, measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). RESULTS Caregiver CES-D score increases, above and below the at-risk for depression score, were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased child internalizing, externalizing, and total problem behaviors. After adjusting for covariates, among dyads whose caregivers had subclinical (CES-D < 16) scores, a one-unit score increase was significantly associated with a 0.43 increase (p = 0.00) in children's CBCL internalizing score. LIMITATIONS These findings are restricted to preschool children who are at risk for maltreatment, limiting generalizability. CONCLUSIONS Low and moderate levels of caregiver depressive symptomatology were associated with a negative influence on preschoolers' adjustment. Practitioners should consider that the link between caregiver depression and child wellbeing may lie on a continuum. With consideration of the full continuum of symptoms, early intervention and anticipatory guidance may decrease the impact of depression on the caregiver, child, and system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Katz Levin
- Department of Medicine, Foundations of Clinical Medicine, New York Medical College, 7 Dana Road, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA; Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
| | | | - Edward Coffield
- Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, New York, USA
| | - Debra Bendell
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
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Breaux R, McQuade JD, Musser ED. Introduction to the Special Issue: Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotions. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1-11. [PMID: 34468902 PMCID: PMC8732313 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental research suggests that parent emotion socialization plays a critical role in children's development of emotion-related skills and their risk for psychopathology. Adaptive emotion socialization practices can shape children's capacities to understand and regulate their own emotions, and when maladaptive, these practices can confer risk for both internalizing and externalizing problems, suggesting transdiagnsotic significance. Yet, emerging work suggests that the effects of parent emotion socialization are not universal and may differ based on children's unique vulnerabilities, highlighting the need to examine both parent and child factors within transactional models. Given the developmental shifts in emotion regulation capacities and autonomy across development, there is a great need for longitudinal emotion socialization research, as well as work that accounts for alternative interpretations, in this domain. Additionally, to-date much of the work in this regard has utilized parental report in isolation, making the need for cutting-edge, multi-method approaches highly salient. Further, translating scientific research into parent emotion socialization interventions is still in its infancy, with the majority of available treatments focusing on young children. As such, contributors to this special issue help address these gaps in the literature and examine the implications of a range of parent emotion socialization behaviors in the context of both adaptive and maladaptive child and adolescent emotional development. In this introduction, we highlight major themes of the special issue; further discussion and future directions are offered in the commentary accompanying this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Breaux
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Chronis-Tuscano A, Bui HNT, Lorenzo NE. Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:269-282. [PMID: 34613512 PMCID: PMC10375543 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This special issue consists of 23 articles focusing on parent socialization of emotion in children and adolescents as a transdiagnostic factor for the development of psychopathology. The papers in this special issue span various emotion socialization domains, methodologies, ages, and clinical and non-clinical populations, highlighting the promise, as well as complexities of, such transactional work. Our goals for this commentary include synthesizing the articles, highlighting common themes, and suggesting future research initiatives involving measurement, developmental, and cultural considerations. It is our hope that the research presented in this special issue will inspire future, high-quality research on this topic and ultimately improve outcomes for children and adolescents at risk for poor emotion regulation and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong N T Bui
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicole E Lorenzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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