CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genetic polymorphisms and uterine leiomyoma risk in Chinese women

Gene variants polymorphisms and uterine leiomyoma: an updated review

Uterine leiomyoma, commonly referred to as fibroids, is a benign tumor that develops in the muscular wall of the uterus. These growths are non-cancerous and can vary in size, ranging from tiny nodules to larger masses. Uterine leiomyomas often occur during a woman's reproductive years and can lead to symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure on nearby organs. While the exact cause is not fully understood, hormonal factors, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are believed to play a role in their development. The exploration of connections between genetic variants and uterine leiomyoma has captivated scientific attention for numerous years. The results from investigations remain a subject of intrigue within the scientific community. To date, the findings regarding the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and uterine leiomyoma have exhibited some inconsistencies. However, amidst these inconsistencies, several promising outcomes have emerged that hold the potential to shape future research endeavors. These promising leads could pave the way for the development of innovative targeted therapies and novel prognostic biomarkers. This review specifically centers on accentuating the existing literature data concerning genetic variants that have been explored for their potential connections to uterine leiomyoma. Additionally, it underscores the prospects of employing genetic variations as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for individuals diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma.

Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact

The humancytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) subfamily genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, encoding monooxygenases are critically involved in biotransformation of key endogenous substrates (estradiol, arachidonic acid, cholesterol) and exogenous compounds (smoke constituents, carcinogens, caffeine, therapeutic drugs). This suggests their significant involvement in multiple biological pathways with a primary role of maintaining endogenous homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. Large interindividual variability exist in CYP1A gene expression and/or catalytic activity of the enzyme, which is primarily due to the existence of polymorphic alleles which encode them. These polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been extensively studied as susceptibility factors in a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymorphic CYP1A genes on the differential metabolic activity and the resulting biological pathways is needed to explain the clinical implications of CYP1A polymorphisms. The present review is intended to provide an integrated understanding of CYP1A metabolic activity with unique substrate specificity and their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological roles. The article further emphasizes on the impact of widely studied CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 SNPs and their complex interaction with non-genetic factors like smoking and caffeine intake on multiple clinical phenotypes. Finally, we attempted to discuss the alterations in metabolism/physiology concerning the polymorphic CYP1A genes, which may underlie the reported clinical associations. This knowledge may provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, risk stratification, response to therapy and potential drug targets for individuals with certain CYP1A genotypes.

Mutational Landscape Screening Through Comprehensive In Silico Analysis for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome-Related Genes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrinopathy of indistinguishable etiopathogenesis that is liable to entail genetic and environmental machinery synergistically interacting with its phenotypic expression. It has been hypothesized that the environment secondarily interacts with genes to define the quantifiable phenotype in a primary, genetically determined, hyper-androgenic ovarian defect. The severity and prevalence of the disease are escalating due to uncontrolled diet and lifestyle, the influence of multiple environmental factors as well as genetic disorders. Many candidate genes have been identified to be one of the causes of PCOS. Different studies have been carried out to find the genetic correlation of PCOS. The mutational landscape analysis scans the entire genes for SNPs which usually occurs more frequently in patients and not in healthy individuals. In this study, an extensive computational analysis of all reported nsSNPs of the 27 selected PCOS-related genes was performed to infer the most pathogenic forms associated with PCOS. As a result, 28 genetic variants from 11 genes were predicted to be most harmful. Results of the present study can be useful for building an integrative genotype-phenotype database for further studies.

Haplotypes of CYP1B1 and CCDC57 genes in an Afro-Caribbean female population with uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas (UL) are prevalent benign tumors, especially among women of African ancestry. The disease also has genetic liability and is influenced by risk factors such as hormones and obesity. This study investigates the haplotypes of the Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene (CYP1B1) related to hormones and coiled-coil domain containing 57 gene (CCDC57) related to obesity in Afro-Caribbean females. Each haplotype was constructed from unphased sequence data using PHASE v.2.1 software and Haploview v.4.2 was used for linkage disequilibrium (LD) studies. There were contrasting LD observed among the single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP1B1 and CCDC5. Accordingly, the GTA haplotype of CYP1B1 was significantly associated with UL risk (P = 0.02) while there was no association between CCDC57 haplotypes and UL (P = 0.2) for the ATG haplotype. As such, our findings suggest that the Asp449Asp polymorphism and GTA haplotype of CYP1B1 may contribute to UL susceptibility in women of Afro-Caribbean ancestry in this population.

CYP1A1 and GSTP1 gene variations in breast cancer: a systematic review and case-control study

In first part of this study, a systematic review was designed to explore the involvement of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes in breast cancerogenesis. Based on systematic review, we designed a study to screen CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes for mutation and their possible association with breast carcinogenesis. A total of 400 individuals were collected and analyzed by PCR-SSCP. After sequence analysis of coding region of CYP1A1 we identified eleven mutations in different exons of respective gene. Among these eleven mutations, ~3 folds increased breast cancer risk was found associated with Asp82Glu mutation (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.26-7.09), with Ser83Thr mutation (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.26-7.09) and with Glu86Ala mutation (OR 3.18; 95% CI 1.27-7.93) in cancer patients compared to controls. Furthermore, ~4 folds increase in breast cancer risk was found associated with Asp347Glu, Phe398Tyr and 5178delT mutations (OR 3.92; 95% CI 1.35-11.3) in patients compared to controls. The sequence analysis of GSTP1 resulted in identification of total five mutations. Among these five mutations, ~3 folds increase in breast cancer risk was observed associated with 1860G>A mutation, with 1861-1876delCAGCCCTCTGGAGTGG mutation (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.10-6.62) and with 1861C>A mutation (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.01-8.45) in cancer patients compared to controls. Furthermore, ~5 folds increase in breast cancer risk was associated with 1883G>T mutation (OR 4.75; 95% CI 1.46-15.3) and ~6 folds increase in breast cancer risk was found associated with Iso105Val mutation (OR 6.43; 95% CI 1.41-29.3) in cancer patients compared to controls. Our finding, based on systematic review and experimental data suggest that the polymorphic CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes may contribute to risk of developing breast cancer.

Combination effect of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene polymorphisms on uterine leiomyoma: A case-control study

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is an estrogen-dependent neoplasm of the uterus, and estrogen metabolizing enzymes affect its progression. This study aimed to evaluate the association between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) gene and UL risk. The study consisted of 105 patients with UL and 112 healthy women as controls. Ile462Val (A/G) and Asp449Asp (T/C) polymorphisms of CYP1A1 gene were analyzed by DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods, respectively. The findings indicated no association between Ile462Val (A/G) and Asp449Asp (T/C) polymorphisms of CYP1A1 gene and UL (p < 0.05). However, the combination effect of TT/AG genotypes of the Asp449Asp (T/C) and Ile462Val (A/G) polymorphisms was associated with 4.3-fold higher risk of UL. In addition, haplotype analysis revealed that TG haplotype of the Asp449Asp (T/C) and Ile462Val (A/G) polymorphisms could increase the UL risk nearly 4.9-fold. Asp449Asp (T/C) and Ile462Val (A/G) polymorphisms of CYP1A1 gene were not associated with UL susceptibility; however, the combination of the TT/AG genotypes and TG haplotype could increase the UL risk.

Comparative Expression Analysis of Cytochrome P450 1A1, Cytochrome P450 1B1 and Nuclear Receptors in the Female Genital and Colorectal Tissues of Human and Pigtailed Macaque

This manuscript summarizes our recent progress in examine the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 as well as a number of nuclear receptors in the female genital and colorectal tissues of human and pigtailed macaque. Understanding the nuclear receptor mediated regulation of CYP1A1 and 1B1 expression in these tissues is necessary for identifying cancer risk factors and developing CYP1A1/1B1-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics. However, there is a lack of systematic and comparative analysis of the expression profile of CYP1A1, 1B1 and NRs in the female genital and colorectal tissues of human and clinically relevant animal models. The current study aims to fill this gap. We found CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and a number of nuclear receptors were expressed in the female genital and colorectal tissues of human and macaque. However, the mRNA level and protein localization of these CYP enzymes and NRs depended on the type of tissue examined.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 activate hormonal and environmental procarcinogens, and are associated with carcinogenesis in female genital and colorectal tissues. Understanding the nuclear receptor (NR) mediated regulation of CYP expression in these tissues is necessary for identifying cancer risk factors and developing CYP1A1/1B1-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics. The study aims to analyze the expression profile of CYP1A1, 1B1 and NRs in the female genital and colorectal tissues of human and pigtailed macaques. We found that compared to the liver, human CYP1A1 mRNA level in the genital and colorectal tissues was significantly lower, while the CYP1B1 level was significantly higher. CYP1A1 protein was mainly localized in the plasma membrane of the uterine and endocervical epithelial cells. The CYP1B1 protein was concentrated in the nucleus of genital and colorectal tissues. Fourteen NRs in the genital tract and 12 NRs in colorectal tissue were expressed at levels similar to or higher than the liver. The expression and localization of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and NRs in macaque tissues were usually comparable to those of human tissues. In addition, menopause did not significantly alter the ectocervical mRNA levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, or NRs.

Leu/Val SNP polymorphism of CYP1B1 and risk of uterine leiomyoma in a Black population

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is the most commonly occurring benign tumor that affects women of reproductive ages. Studies strongly suggest that ULs are hormonally dependent and that genes acting in estrogen metabolism might be involved in their development. The focus of this case-control study was to determine whether the Leucine432Valine single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) was associated with an increased risk of UL in Black Barbadian women. The investigation comprised 37 women clinically diagnosed with UL and 52 controls. The CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism (Leu/Val) was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The homozygous Valine432 variant (Val/Val) was predominant in both cases and controls for this population (89 and 83 %, respectively). The odds ratio for risk of developing the disease was 1.33, but this was not statistically significant. We discuss a possible protective function for CYP1B1 based on the high prevalence of this mutant SNP and its lack of association with UL.

CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and uterine leiomyoma risk: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Some studies assessed the association between CYP1A1 MspI and Ile462Val polymorphisms and uterine leiomyoma (UL) risk. However, the results were controversial. We did this meta-analysis to determine the association between CYP1A1 MspI and Ile462Val polymorphisms and UL risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched databases containing PubMed, Springer Link, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to 11 October 2014. Pooled ORs and 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of the associations.

RESULTS

In total, 9 case-control studies with 2157 UL cases and 2197 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism was significantly associated with UL risk (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.75-2.99, P < 0.00001). In the subgroup analysis by race, significantly increased risks were found in the Asians (OR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.86-4.09, P < 0.00001) and Caucasians (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.30-2.68, P = 0.0007). However, MspI polymorphism was not significantly associated with UL risk (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.90-1.47, P = 0.27). In the subgroup analysis by race, no significant association was found in the Asians (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.86-1.54, P = 0.35).

CONCLUSION

In summary, the results of the meta-analysis suggested that CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism was significantly associated with UL risk.

Association of polymorphisms and haplotypes in the cytochrome P450 1B1 gene with uterine leiomyoma: A case control study

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is an estrogen-dependent neoplasm of the uterus and estrogen metabolizing enzymes affect its promotion and progression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene and UL risk. Four SNPs of the CYP1B1 gene in 105 UL patients and 112 unrelated healthy controls were genotyped using a direct sequencing method. Haplotype analyses were performed with UNPHASED software and linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed by Haploview software. There were no associations between Leu432Val (rs1056836), Asp449Asp (rs1056837) and Asn453Ser (rs1800440) polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene and UL. Although the genotypic frequencies of the Arg368His (rs79204362) polymorphism did not differ between the two groups, the frequency of A (His) allele was significantly higher in UL females (P=0.02). In addition, the frequency of GTAA haplotype was significantly higher in the controls and played a protective role in UL susceptibility. A strong LD between the three common SNPs (rs1056836, rs1056837 and rs1800440) in the CYP1B1 gene was observed in the population. In conclusion, a higher frequency of the CYP1B1 368His (A) allele was observed in UL females. The frequency of the GTAA haplotype was significantly higher in healthy females and this haplotype played a protective role in UL susceptibility.

Lack of Association between ESR1 and CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Uterine Leiomyoma in Female Patients of Iranian Descent

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is the most common benign smooth muscle cell tumor with as yet unknown etiology and pathogenesis. This study was carried out to investigate the association of ESR1-351 A>G, ESR1 -397 T>C and CYP1A1 (Ile462Val) polymorphisms with UL in female patients of Iranian origin. In this case-control study, 276 patients with UL and 156 healthy women were recruited. The genetic polymorphisms ESR1-351 A>G, ESR1-397 T>C and CYP1A1 (Ile462Val) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). No significant difference were found in frequencies of both genotypes and alleles of ESR1-351 A>G, ESR1-397 T>C and CYP1A1 (Ile462Val) polymorphisms between the two groups (p>0.05). Our findings indicated that these ESR1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not associated with the development of UL in the cases reported here.

Racial and ethnic differences in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign gynecologic condition. The prevalence is three times more common among women of African ethnicity. Disparity in this disease is evidenced by earlier age of onset, greater severity of symptoms, and different response to treatment. Although the pathogenesis of disease development is not completely known, growing evidence focuses on investigating the molecular mechanisms in disease development and the influence of ethnicity. Variation in the expression levels or function of estrogen and progesterone receptors, polymorphism of genes involved in estrogen synthesis and/or metabolism (COMT, CYP17), retinoic acid nuclear receptors (retinoid acid receptor-α, retinoid X receptor-α), and aberrant expression of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are some of the molecular mechanisms that may be involved. Nutritional factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, might also contribute to the higher incidence in dark skinned populations who are also commonly suffer from hypovitaminosis D. Culture and environmental difference might have a role in disease development. Further analysis and better understanding of these mechanisms will provide insight into the molecular basis of racial disparities in leiomyoma formation and will help to develop new innovations in leiomyoma treatment.

Is fibroid heterogeneity a significant issue for clinicians and researchers?

The clinical and scientific literature overwhelmingly deals with fibroids as a single entity or disease. This convenient assumption of homogeneity may be an important oversight given that substantial evidence exists for heterogeneity between fibroids at many levels. Failure to recognize and accommodate fibroid heterogeneity can have significant ramifications for both clinical treatment decisions and research protocol design. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge of fibroid heterogeneity and to identify key areas where fibroid heterogeneity should be taken into consideration both clinically and when designing research protocols. Uterine leiomyomata display significant and well-documented heterogeneity in symptoms, diagnostic imaging appearance, pathology, genetic background and therapeutic requirements. Additional research is needed to better understand fibroid heterogeneity as it relates to pathogenesis, molecular targets for potential new therapies, patient symptoms and, ultimately, treatment. To this list should also be added heterogeneity of genetics, lifestyle and individual clinical characteristics of the fibroid. Increasingly, an understanding of uterine leiomyoma heterogeneity will be of importance for clinicians who see patients with this common and costly disease.

Polymorphism of catechol-o-methyltransferase and uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyoma (ULM) is the most common gynecological benign tumor that is affecting around 20-50 % of women over the age of 30. Although its molecular pathogenesis is still unknown, ULM has a multifactorial etiology determined by both genetics and environmental factors. The present study was designed to find out whether Val158Met polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is associated with the risk of ULM. We analyzed COMT Val158Met polymorphism in 105 ULMs patients and 105 healthy subjects using a polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. We found remarkably similar frequencies in ULM compared with controls for COMT Val158Met genotypes and alleles, and no association was found between ULM and this polymorphism (p = 0.46). The COMT 158 Met allele in patients with large (≥5 cm) fibroids was higher than in patients with small (<5 cm) fibroids, and significant association was found between fibroid size and COMT 158 Met allele (p = 0.011, OR 0.50, 95 %CI 0.28-0.90). Our results reflect that COMT Val158Met polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of ULMs, but Val158Met polymorphism may be a risk factor for development of large fibroids in Turkish patients with ULM.

Is genetic polymorphism of ER-α, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 a risk factor for uterine leiomyoma?

INTRODUCTION

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign smooth muscle tumor.

OBJECTIVE

This study was carried out to evaluate the association of ER-α, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 polymorphisms with uterine leiomyoma in Egyptian women.

METHODS

The study population consisted of 160 patients with uterine leiomyoma and 100 healthy women as control. The genetic polymorphisms for ER-α MSP1 exon 1, CYP1B1 Leu432Val, and CYP1A1 Ile462Val were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing methods.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in the overall associations between the ER-α exon I CT genotypes and uterine leiomyoma (P = 0.47). However, an elevated risk of uterine leiomyoma was observed among women with the CYP1A1 Ile462Val AG genotype (P = 0.07) and CYP1B1 Leu 432Val C/C genotype (P = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the carriage of CYP1A1 Ile462Val AG and CYP1B1 Leu 432Val CC genotypes predict the susceptibility to leiomyoma in Egyptian women and they are likely to contribute in the pathogenesis of leiomyoma.