Investigation the inclusion complexes of valsartan with polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch Larix sibirica and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin: preparation, characterization and physicochemical properties

Mechanochemical Transformations of Polysaccharides: A Systematic Review

Taking into consideration the items of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this study reviews application of mechanochemical approaches to the modification of polysaccharides. The ability to avoid toxic solvents, initiators, or catalysts during processes is an important characteristic of the considered approach and is in line with current trends in the world. The mechanisms of chemical transformations in solid reactive systems during mechanical activation, the structure and physicochemical properties of the obtained products, their ability to dissolve and swell in different media, to form films and fibers, to self-organize in solution and stabilize nanodispersed inorganic particles and biologically active substances are considered using a number of polysaccharides and their derivatives as examples.

The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications

Nanosponges are nanosized drug carriers with a three-dimensional structure created by crosslinking polymers. They have the advantage of being able to hold a wide range of drugs of various sizes. Nanosponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are distinguished by the research method used, the type of polymer used, and the type of drug they may contain. Nanosponges are superior to other delivery systems because they can provide a controlled drug release pattern with targeted drug delivery. The period of action, as well as the drug's residence time, may be regulated. Since it is made of biodegradable materials, it has a low toxicity and is safe to use. The efficiency of drug encapsulation is determined by the size of the drug molecule and the amount of void space available. Cancer, enzyme and biocatalyst carrier, oxygen delivery, solubility enhancement, enzyme immobilization, and poison absorbent are some of the applications for nanosponges. The method of preparation, characterization, factors affecting nanosponge development, drug loading and release mechanism, recent developments in this area, and patents filed in the area of nanosponges are all highlighted in this study. Graphical abstract.

Mechanochemical preparation of chrysomycin A self-micelle solid dispersion with improved solubility and enhanced oral bioavailability

BACKGROUND

Chrysomycin A (CA) has been reported as numerous excellent biological activities, such as antineoplastic and antibacterial. Though, poor solubility of CA limited its application in medical field. Due to good amphiphilicity and potential anticancer effect of disodium glycyrrhizin (Na2GA) as an excipient, an amorphous solid dispersion (Na2GA/CA-BM) consisting of CA and Na2GA was prepared in the present study by mechanochemical technology (roll mill ML-007, zirconium balls, 30 rpm, 2.5 h) to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of CA. Then, Na2GA/CA-BM was self-assembled to micelles in water. The interaction of CA and Na2GA in solid state were investigated by X-ray diffraction studies, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the properties of the sample solution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron. Furthermore, the oral bioavailability and antitumor ability of Na2GA/CA-BM in vivo were tested, providing a theoretical basis for future application of CA on cancer therapy.

RESULTS

CA encapsulated by Na2GA was self-assembled to nano-micelles in water. The average diameter of nano-micelle was 131.6 nm, and zeta potential was - 11.7 mV. Three physicochemical detections showed that CA was transformed from crystal into amorphous form after treated with ball milling and the solubility increased by 50 times. Na2GA/CA-BM showed a significant increase of the bioavailability about two time that of free CA. Compared with free CA, the in-vivo antitumor studies also exhibited that Na2GA/CA-BM had an excellent inhibition of tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

Na2GA/CA-BM nanoparticles (131.6 nm, - 11.7 mV) prepared by simple and low-cost mechanochemical technology can improve oral bioavailability and antitumor efficacy of CA in vivo, suggesting a potential formulation for efficient anticancer treatment.

Solubility, Permeability, Anti-Inflammatory Action and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Properties of Several Mechanochemically Obtained Pharmaceutical Solid Dispersions of Nimesulide

Nimesulide (NIM, N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide) is a relatively new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug. It is practically insoluble in water (<0.02 mg/mL). This very poor aqueous solubility of the drug may lead to low bioavailability. The objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of improving the solubility and the bioavailability of NIM via complexation with polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG), disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Na₂GA), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and MgCO₃. Solid dispersions (SD) have been prepared using a mechanochemical technique. The physical properties of nimesulide SD in solid state were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies. The characteristics of the water solutions which form from the obtained solid dispersions were analyzed by reverse phase and gel permeation HPLC. It was shown that solubility increases for all complexes under investigation. These phenomena are obliged by complexation with auxiliary substances, which was shown by ¹H-NMR relaxation methods. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) was used for predicting passive intestinal absorption. Results showed that mechanochemically obtained complexes with polysaccharide AG, Na₂GA, and HP-β-CD enhanced permeation of NIM across an artificial membrane compared to that of the pure NIM. The complexes were examined for anti-inflammatory activity on a model of histamine edema. The substances were administered per os to CD-1 mice. As a result, it was found that all investigated complexes dose-dependently reduce the degree of inflammation. The best results were obtained for the complexes of NIM with Na₂GA and HP-β-CD. In noted case the inflammation can be diminished up to 2-fold at equal doses of NIM.

Atorvastatin calcium inclusion complexation with polysaccharide arabinogalactan and saponin disodium glycyrrhizate for increasing of solubility and bioavailability

The aim of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of atorvastatin calcium (ATV), a poorly water-soluble drug with larch polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) and disodium glycyrrhizate (Na₂GA) as carriers of drug delivery systems for improving its bioavailability. The interactions of ATV with AG or Na₂GA were investigated by DSC, XRD, SEM, and NMR techniques. The molecular weights of supramolecular systems-inclusion complexes and micelles-which are the hosts for ATV molecules were measured. On the other hand, the rapid storage assay (+ 40 °C for 3 months) showed that the chemical stability of ATV/AG and ATV/Na₂GA complexes had been enhanced compared with pure ATV. In vitro drug release showed a significant increase in ATV's dissolution rate after formation of a complex with Na₂GA or AG. Pharmacokinetic tests in vivo on laboratory animals showed a significant increase in ATV's bioavailability after its introduction as a complex with Na₂GA or AG. Moreover, ATV/AG and ATV/Na₂GA complexes showed a more prominent decrease of total cholesterol (TC) level compared to net ATV. Therefore, the novel mechanochemically synthesized complexes of ATV with AG or Na₂GA as drug delivery systems might be potential and promising candidates for hypercholesterolemia treatment and deserved further researches.