1
|
Jeong KY, Lee J, Yuk JE, Park KH, Lee JH, Kim JD, Park JW. Optimal conditions for the storage of German cockroach extract. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:953-958. [PMID: 31789410 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen extracts are commonly utilized for diagnosis and immunotherapy; however, the stability of protease‑rich extracts is important for a precise diagnosis and treatment efficacy. The present study determines the optimal conditions for the storage of German cockroach allergen extract. Cockroach extracts were reconstituted in four buffers: normal saline (NS), 50% glycerol in NS, 0.3% phenol in NS, or 0.3% phenol and 50% glycerol in NS. The extracts in different buffers were stored either at room temperature (18‑26˚C, RT) or refrigerated (2‑8˚C). Subsequently, the protein concentration and allergen content (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in the extracts were examined for the course of one year. Extract potency was estimated by inhibition ELISA. At least 90.5% protein, 94.4% Bla g 1, 65.2% Bla g 2, and 91.4% potency remained after one year when 50% glycerol NS was added to the extract with refrigeration. However, less than 13.7% protein, 17.1% Bla g 1, 0% Bla g 2 and 32.5% potency were maintained after one year when 50% glycerol NS was not added to the extract and was maintained at RT. The addition of 0.3% phenol NS did not show significant effects on extract stability. The addition of 50% glycerol NS and refrigerated storage temperature were found to be important factors for increasing the shelf life of protease‑rich cockroach extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong KY, Choi SY, Han IS, Lee JH, Lee JS, Hong CS, Park JW. The effects of storage conditions on the stability of house dust mite extracts. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 5:397-401. [PMID: 24179687 PMCID: PMC3810547 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2013.5.6.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Allergen extracts from the house dust mite (HDM, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) are widely utilized for diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. It is known that allergen extracts degrade and lose potency when stored over time. Methods This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for stability of allergen extracts. This study was undertaken to investigate the optimal storage conditions for HDM extracts, the effects of adding 0.03% human serum albumin (HSA) and 50% glycerol were evaluated at -20℃, 4℃, and room temperature (RT). Changes in protein and group 1 major allergen (Der p 1) concentration, as well as allergenicity were measured over a 1 year period using the Bradford assay, two-site ELISA, and ELISA inhibition. Results Protein concentrations decreased by 86%, 51%, and 6% at RT, 4℃, and -20℃, respectively, when stored in distilled water. Overall allergenicity remained high (89.9%) when the extracts was reconstituted in 50% glycerol solution, and was 93.1% when reconstituted in 50% glycerol and 0.03% HSA at RT. Allergenicity was decreased to 36.6% and 33.3%, however, reconstitution in DW or 0.03% HSA solution at RT, respectively. Allergenicity was remained high as 92.0%-97.0% when stored at 4℃ regardless of the buffer conditions. Conclusions Storage temperature is the most important factor in preserving allergenicity of HDM extracts, which is ideal at 4℃. The addition of 50% glycerol to the storage buffer was also found to play an important role in increasing the shelf-life of HDM extracts at RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Departmet of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goel C, Govindaraj D, Singh BP, Farooque A, Kalra N, Arora N. Serine protease Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low IL-12 secretions. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:412-22. [PMID: 22356142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease activity of Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana induces airway inflammation and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per a 10 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS Non-atopic subjects with no family history of asthma/allergy were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-6, compared to inactive forms of Per a 10. Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus IL-6 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high IL-6 and reduced IL-12 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Role of Allergen Source-Derived Proteases in Sensitization via Airway Epithelial Cells. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:903659. [PMID: 22523502 PMCID: PMC3303585 DOI: 10.1155/2012/903659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activity is a characteristic common to many allergens. Allergen source-derived proteases interact with lung epithelial cells, which are now thought to play vital roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Allergen source-derived proteases act on airway epithelial cells to induce disruption of the tight junctions between epithelial cells, activation of protease-activated receptor-2, and the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These facilitate allergen delivery across epithelial layers and enhance allergenicity or directly activate the immune system through a nonallergic mechanism. Furthermore, they cleave regulatory cell surface molecules involved in allergic reactions. Thus, allergen source-derived proteases are a potentially critical factor in the development of allergic sensitization and appear to be strongly associated with heightened allergenicity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Stability of Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper) Ant venom for use in immunotherapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:303-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Jeong KY, Kim C, Yong TS. Enzymatic activities of allergen extracts from three species of dust mites and cockroaches commonly found in Korean home. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:151-5. [PMID: 20585532 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergen extracts from dust mites and cockroaches commonly found in Korean homes were used to evaluate their enzymatic activity as they are believed to influence allergenicity. Allergen extracts were prepared from 3 dust mite species (Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and 3 cockroach species (Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and P. fuliginosa) maintained in the Korea National Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank. Proteins were extracted in PBS after homogenization using liquid nitrogen. The activities of various enzymes were investigated using the API Zym system. No significant difference in phosphatase, lipase, or glycosidase activity was observed among the 6 allergen extracts, but much difference was observed in protease activity. Protease activity was assessed in more detail by gelatin zymography and the EnzChek assay. Extract from T. putrescentiae showed the highest protease activity, followed by those of the cockroach extracts. Extracts from D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus showed only weak protease activity. Gelatinolytic activity was detected mainly in a 30-kDa protein in D. farinae, a 28-kDa protein in D. pteronyssinus, a > 26-kDa protein in T. putrescentiae, a > 20-kDa protein in B. germanica, and a > 23-kDa protein in P. americana and P. fuliginosa. The information on various enzymatic activities obtained in this study may be useful for future studies. In particular, the strong protease activity found in cockroach extracts could contribute to sensitization to cockroach allergens, which is known to be associated with the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Srivastava D, Singh BP, Arora N, Gaur SN. Clinico-immunologic study on immunotherapy with mixed and single insect allergens. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:665-73. [PMID: 19533313 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy (IT) is practiced mainly with mixed and single allergen vaccines. But studies are rare with mixed allergen preparations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to study mix and single insect allergen IT in patients of allergic rhinitis and asthma. METHODS We performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of mix and single allergen IT for 1 year in 99 patients of asthma or rhinitis or both. There were two groups, (1) active allergen IT (n = 61) with three subgroups single insect extract (cockroach, housefly, or mosquito) and mix allergen IT (two or three insect extracts) and (2) placebo (n = 38). Clinical (skin reactivity, airway reactivity, and symptom score) and immunological (IgE/IgG4 and IgG1/IgG4 ratio) parameters were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of IT. RESULTS Eighty-five patients completed 1 year of IT. The active allergen IT group patients showed a significant improvement compared to baseline values (p < 0.05) and placebo group patients (p < 0.05) with regard to symptom scores, FEV1 values, and immunological parameters (IgG4). No significant difference was found between mixed and single IT group patients for changes in clinical and immunological parameters. Positive correlation was observed between increase in IgG4 and clinical improvement. The changes in above parameters in placebo group were nonsignificant after 1 year of treatment. CONCLUSION IT with two to three mix extract from the same allergen group is effective for insect hypersensitivity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Srivastava D, Arora N, Singh BP. Current immunological approaches for management of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:523-36. [PMID: 19333724 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A large population world over is affected with allergic diseases and asthma. Pharmacotherapy for allergic diseases and asthma is effective in controlling symptoms but on discontinuation of medication, symptoms reoccur. In contrast, immunotherapy modifies and corrects the underlying pathological immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. Immunotherapy shows an increase in IgG (blocking antibody) that competes with IgE for allergen, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Recent studies suggest that immunotherapy acts by modifying CD4+ T-cell responses either by immune deviation, T-cell anergy and/or both. Current immunological approaches for management of allergies and asthma involve immunization with native allergen, modified allergen, peptides/cDNA of allergen, anti-IgE, adjuvants coupled allergen, including immunostimulatory DNA sequences, cytokines, and bacterial products. These approaches modulate the immune response and are intended to give long-term benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Yuan JM, Cui XD, Wang ZH. Molecular cloning, recombinant expression, and immunological characterization of a novel allergen from tartary buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10947-10953. [PMID: 18980324 DOI: 10.1021/jf801855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat is generally regarded as a nutritionally rich food source. However, earlier studies prove that it also causes allergies to subjects. Allergenic proteins with a strong IgE-binding activity have been identified in common buckwheat (CB) and a 24 kDa allergen (rTBa) in tartary buckwheat (TB). The objective of this research was to clone and express a novel allergen in tartary buckwheat and to evaluate its structure and immunological activity. The 1773 bp full-length cDNA was amplified and cloned from the total RNA of TB by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. Its nucleotide sequence had high similarity with legume-like 13S storage protein mRNA in CB. The deduced amino acid sequence included a putative signal peptide and 18 fragments as its epitope sites. The predicted full-length TB allergen sequence was found to have two domains, and the recombinant protein reacted with sera from patients with positive IgE binding to buckwheat and had a lower binding ability than the recombinant TBa and recombinant TBb (C- and N-terminal amino acid sequence of TBt codes for protein). This fact suggests that full-length TB allergen may hydrolyze to two domains in vivo, decreasing the IgE-binding ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sudha VT, Arora N, Gaur SN, Pasha S, Singh BP. Identification of a serine protease as a major allergen (Per a 10) of Periplaneta americana. Allergy 2008; 63:768-76. [PMID: 18445191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens are associated with the development of asthma, but none of these has been characterized for proteolytic activity. This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize a protease from Periplaneta americana and determine its allergenicity. METHODS A serine protease was isolated from P. americana extract using benzamidine sepharose column and characterized by immunobiochemical methods. Allergenicity of the protease was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, intradermal testing, histamine release and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation. RESULTS Affinity purified protein of approximately 28 kDa (Per a 10) showed a single band of activity in gelatin zymogram and agarose plate assay. N-terminal sequence (IVGGRPAQI) revealed similarity with mite serine protease allergens and insect trypsins. It demonstrated proteolytic activity with azocollagen > gelatin > defatted-milk > casein including serine protease specific substrate, N-benzoyl-arginine-ethyl-ester-hydrochloride. It was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, namely aprotinin > pefabloc > AEBSF > PMSF > benzamidine > antipain > leupeptin and trypsin-specific inhibitor (tosyl-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone) suggesting it to be a trypsin-like serine protease. Per a 10 was recognized as a major allergen, showing IgE reactivity with >80% of cockroach sensitized patients by skin tests and immunoblot. It could induce significant histamine release (P < 0.05) in blood and secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and IL-5 (P < 0.05) in culture supernatant of PBMCs from cockroach hypersensitive patients, suggesting a strong allergenic potency. CONCLUSION A serine protease isolated from P. americana was demonstrated to be a major allergen (Per a 10). It has a potential for component-based diagnosis of allergy and will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|