1
|
Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Wang H, Zheng G, Zhao J, Lu Q. Pathophysiology and transcriptomic analysis of Picea koraiensis inoculated by bark beetle-vectored fungus Ophiostoma bicolor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944336. [PMID: 35928703 PMCID: PMC9345248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ophiostomatoid fungi exhibit a complex relationship with bark beetles; exhausting of host tree defenses is traditionally regarded as one of the key benefits provided to beetle vectors. Ophiostoma bicolor is one of the dominant species of the mycobiota associated with Ips genus bark beetles which infect the spruce trees across the Eurasian continent. Host spruce trees resist fungal invasion through structural and inducible defenses, but the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level, particularly with respect to the interaction between bark beetle-associated fungi and host trees, remain unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the pathological physiology and molecular changes in Picea koraiensis seedlings after artificial inoculation with O. bicolor strains (TS, BH, QH, MX, and LWQ). This study showed that O. bicolor was a weakly virulent pathogen of spruce, and that the virulent of the five O. bicolor strains showed differentiation. All O. bicolor strains could induce monoterpenoid release. A positive correlation between fungal virulence and release of monoterpenoids was observed. Furthermore, the release rate of monoterpenoids peaked at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) and then decreased from 4 to 90 dpi. Transcriptomic analysis at 4 dpi showed that many plant-pathogen interaction processes and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) metabolic processes were activated. The expression of monoterpenoid precursor synthesis genes and diterpenoid synthesis genes was upregulated, indicating that gene expression regulated the release rate of monoterpenoids at 4 dpi. The enriched pathways may reveal the immune response mechanism of spruce to ophiostomatoid fungi. The dominant O. bicolor possibly induces the host defense rather than defense depletion, which is likely the pattern conducted by the pioneers of beetle-associated mycobiota, such as Endoconidiophora spp.. Overall, these results facilitate a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between the dominant association of beetles and the host at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qinzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Guiheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nizioł J, Misiorek M, Ruman T. Mass spectrometry imaging of low molecular weight metabolites in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Primoris with 109Ag nanoparticle enhanced target. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 159:11-19. [PMID: 30551117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch., Rosaceae) is the subject of many research studies due to its numerous features such as unique taste, aroma and health qualities. The distribution of low molecular weight metabolites belonging to aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, organic acids, phenolics, amino acids and sugars classes within strawberry fruit cross-section was studied using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method with 109Ag nanoparticle enhanced target (109AgNPET). Correlation of distribution of over thirty compounds found in cross-section of strawberry with their biological function is also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nizioł
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang T, Weisenhorn P, Gilbert JA, Ni Y, Sun R, Shi Y, Chu H. Carbon constrains fungal endophyte assemblages along the timberline. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2455-69. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 71 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pamela Weisenhorn
- Argonne National Laboratory Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology Argonne IL 60439 USA
- Departments of Ecology and Evolution
- Surgery University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yingying Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 71 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Ruibo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 71 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 71 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 71 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hammerbacher A, Paetz C, Wright LP, Fischer TC, Bohlmann J, Davis AJ, Fenning TM, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Flavan-3-ols in Norway spruce: biosynthesis, accumulation, and function in response to attack by the bark beetle-associated fungus Ceratocystis polonica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:2107-22. [PMID: 24550241 PMCID: PMC3982766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common polyphenolic polymers of plants found in foliage, fruit, bark, roots, rhizomes, and seed coats that consist of flavan-3-ol units such as 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and 2,3-cis-(-)-epicatechin. Although the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols has been studied in angiosperms, little is known about their biosynthesis and ecological roles in gymnosperms. In this study, the genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, a branch point enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, were identified and functionally characterized in Norway spruce (Picea abies), the most widespread and economically important conifer in Europe. In addition, the accumulation of flavan-3-ols and PAs was investigated in Norway spruce saplings after wounding or inoculation with the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis polonica, which is vectored by bark beetles (Ips typographus) and is usually present during fatal beetle attacks. Monomeric and dimeric flavan-3-ols were analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, while the size and subunit composition of larger PAs were characterized using a novel acid hydrolysis method and normal phase chromatography. Only flavan-3-ol monomers with 2,3-trans stereochemistry were detected in spruce bark; dimeric and larger PAs contained flavan-3-ols with both 2,3-trans and 2,3-cis stereochemistry. Levels of monomers as well as PAs with a higher degree of polymerization increased dramatically in spruce bark after infection by C. polonica. In accordance with their role in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, transcript abundance of Norway spruce LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE genes also increased significantly during fungal infection. Bioassays with C. polonica revealed that the levels of 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and PAs that are produced in the tree in response to fungal infection inhibit C. polonica growth and can therefore be considered chemical defense compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Thilo C. Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Andrew J. Davis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | | | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scioneaux AN, Schmidt MA, Moore MA, Lindroth RL, Wooley SC, Hagerman AE. Qualitative variation in proanthocyanidin composition of Populus species and hybrids: genetics is the key. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:57-70. [PMID: 21116841 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The literature on proanthocyanidins (tannins) in ecological systems is dominated by quantitative studies. Despite evidence that the qualitative characteristics (subunit type, polymer chain length) of these complex polyphenolics are important determinants of biological activity, little is known about genetic and environmental controls on the type of proanthocyanidins produced by plants. We tested the hypothesis that genetics, season, developmental stage, and environment determine proanthocyanidin qualitative characteristics by using four Populus "cross types" (narrowleaf [P. angustifolia], Fremont [P. fremontii], F1 hybrids, and backcrosses to narrowleaf). We used thiolysis and HPLC analysis to characterize the proanthocyanidins, and found that genetics strongly control composition. The narrowleaf plants accumulate mixed procyanidin/prodelphinidins with average composition epicatechin(11)-epigallocatechin(8)-catechin(2)-catechin((terminal)). Backcross genotypes produce mixed procyanidin/prodelphinidins similar to narrowleaf, while Fremont makes procyanidin dimers, and the F1 plants contain procyanidin heptamers. Less striking effects were noted for genotype × environment, while season and developmental zone had little effect on proanthocyanidin composition or chain length. We discuss the metabolic and ecological consequences of differences in condensed tannin qualitative traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Scioneaux
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Iriti M, Faoro F. Chemical diversity and defence metabolism: how plants cope with pathogens and ozone pollution. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3371-3399. [PMID: 20111684 PMCID: PMC2812827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10083371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical defences represent a main trait of the plant innate immune system. Besides regulating the relationship between plants and their ecosystems, phytochemicals are involved both in resistance against pathogens and in tolerance towards abiotic stresses, such as atmospheric pollution. Plant defence metabolites arise from the main secondary metabolic routes, the phenylpropanoid, the isoprenoid and the alkaloid pathways. In plants, antibiotic compounds can be both preformed (phytoanticipins) and inducible (phytoalexins), the former including saponins, cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates. Chronic exposure to tropospheric ozone (O(3)) stimulates the carbon fluxes from the primary to the secondary metabolic pathways to a great extent, inducing a shift of the available resources in favour of the synthesis of secondary products. In some cases, the plant defence responses against pathogens and environmental pollutants may overlap, leading to the unspecific synthesis of similar molecules, such as phenylpropanoids. Exposure to ozone can also modify the pattern of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), emitted from plant in response to herbivore feeding, thus altering the tritrophic interaction among plant, phytophagy and their natural enemies. Finally, the synthesis of ethylene and polyamines can be regulated by ozone at level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the biosynthetic precursor of both classes of hormones, which can, therefore, mutually inhibit their own biosynthesis with consequence on plant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Faoro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|