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Cunningham SA, Sugihara M, Jones-Antwi RE. Experiences of victimization before resettlement and chronic disease among foreign-born people in the United States. POPULATION STUDIES 2024; 78:447-466. [PMID: 39163527 PMCID: PMC11479837 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2024.2371286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Stressful experiences are common among migrants and may have health implications. With the only US nationally representative data set on migration, the New Immigrant Survey, we used survey-adjusted descriptive and multivariate regression methods to examine whether victimization prior to resettlement was associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and chronic lung disease. Among foreign-born people who obtained lawful permanent residence in the US in 2003-04, 6.7 per cent reported victimization before arriving in the US. Those who had experienced victimization more often suffered from chronic conditions than people without such experiences: they were 32 per cent more likely to suffer from at least one chronic condition (p < 0.05), especially cancer (4.36, p < 0.05), arthritis (1.77, p < 0.01), and cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 1.32, p < 0.05). These relationships were in part mediated by differences in healthcare access after arriving in the US between those who had experienced victimization and those who had not. Victimization may have consequences for integration and later-life chronic disease.
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Keller BA, Skubic J, Betancourt-Garcia M, Ignacio RC, Radowsky JS, Tyroch AH, Lascano CP, Joseph B, Stewart C, Moore FO, Costantini TW, Rizzo JA, Paul JS, Galindo RM, Silva A, Coimbra R, Berndtson AE. Understanding the burden of traumatic injuries at the United States-Mexico border: A scoping review of the literature. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 95:276-284. [PMID: 36872517 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The US-Mexico border is the busiest land crossing in the world and faces continuously increasing numbers of undocumented border crossers. Significant barriers to crossing are present in many regions of the border, including walls, bridges, rivers, canals, and the desert, each with unique features that can cause traumatic injury. The number of patients injured attempting to cross the border is also increasing, but significant knowledge gaps regarding these injuries and their impacts remain. The purpose of this scoping literature review is to describe the current state of trauma related to the US-Mexico border to draw attention to the problem, identify knowledge gaps in the existing literature, and introduce the creation of a consortium made up of representatives from border trauma centers in the Southwestern United States, the Border Region Doing Research on Trauma Consortium. Consortium members will collaborate to produce multicenter up-to-date data on the medical impact of the US-Mexico border, helping to elucidate the true magnitude of the problem and shed light on the impact cross-border trauma has on migrants, their families, and the US health care system. Only once the problem is fully described can meaningful solutions be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Keller
- From the Department of Surgery (B.A.K., R.C.I.), Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery (J.S., A.S.), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas; Department of Trauma (J.S., M.B.-G.), DHR Health, Edinburg, Texas; Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (J.S.R., J.A.R.), Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Surgery (A.H.T.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas; Department of Surgery (C.P.L.), South Texas Health System, McAllen, Texas; Department of Surgery (B.J., C.S.), University of Arizona-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Surgery (F.O.M.), John Peter Smith Health, Fort Worth, Texas; Department of Surgery (T.W.C., A.E.B.), Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery (J.S.P.), Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Department of Surgery (R.M.G.), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, Texas; and Department of Surgery (R.C.), Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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3
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Dwight KD, Kent WT, Hughes-Austin JM. Musculoskeletal injuries sustained at the California, USA: Baja California, Mexico border. Inj Epidemiol 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 36008848 PMCID: PMC9403971 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-022-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals attempting to enter the USA from Mexico at non-authorized points along the border fence often sustain injuries requiring medical intervention. We evaluated characteristics of this patient population and their hospital care to better understand patient treatment needs. Given the high-velocity nature of these injuries, we hypothesized that higher pain scores would be associated with longer lengths of hospital stay. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we selected records of all patients from 2013 to 2019 who received care by the Orthopaedic Surgery department following an injury sustained at the California-Baja California border. We evaluated demographics, musculoskeletal injuries, procedures, length of hospital stay (LOS), follow-up, and pain scores via retrospective chart review. We used linear regression, adjusting for age and gender, to evaluate associations between pain scores and hospital LOS. Results Among all 168 patients, there were 248 total injuries comprised of 46% lower extremity, 15% upper extremity, 17% spine, and 4% pelvic injuries. Average age at injury was 33 ± 10, 74% were male, and 85% identified as Hispanic. Of this patient population, 68% underwent operative interventions, 26% sustained open injuries, and 21% required external fixation for initial injury stabilization. Thirteen percent were seen for follow-up after discharge. Spine (n = 42), pilon (n = 36), and calcaneus fractures (n = 25) were the three most common injury types. Average LOS for all patients was 7.8 ± 8.1 days. Pain scores were not significantly associated with LOS ( p = 0.08). However, for every surgical procedure performed, hospital LOS was increased by 5.16 ± 0.47 days (p < 0.001). Conclusion Many injuries incurred by patients crossing the border were severe, requiring multiple surgical interventions and a prolonged LOS. The higher number of procedures was significantly associated with longer LOS in all operatively treated patients. Future studies are needed to determine how we can optimize care for this unique patient population and facilitate post-discharge care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Dwight
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0863, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William T Kent
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0863, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jan M Hughes-Austin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0863, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Cigrand DL, Fawcett M, Miyakuni R, Arredondo P, Onderak G. A phenomenological study of perseverance and resilience through the migration journey. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Fawcett
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
| | - Rieko Miyakuni
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
| | | | - Gail Onderak
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
- All New Directions Rochester Minnesota USA
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Cohodes EM, Kribakaran S, Odriozola P, Bakirci S, McCauley S, Hodges HR, Sisk LM, Zacharek SJ, Gee DG. Migration-related trauma and mental health among migrant children emigrating from Mexico and Central America to the United States: Effects on developmental neurobiology and implications for policy. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22158. [PMID: 34292596 PMCID: PMC8410670 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Children make up over half of the world's migrants and refugees and face a multitude of traumatic experiences prior to, during, and following migration. Here, we focus on migrant children emigrating from Mexico and Central America to the United States and review trauma related to migration, as well as its implications for the mental health of migrant and refugee children. We then draw upon the early adversity literature to highlight potential behavioral and neurobiological sequalae of migration-related trauma exposure, focusing on attachment, emotion regulation, and fear learning and extinction as transdiagnostic mechanisms underlying the development of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology following early-life adversity. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary efforts to both mitigate the effects of trauma faced by migrant and refugee youth emigrating from Mexico and Central America and, of primary importance, to prevent child exposure to trauma in the context of migration. Thus, we conclude by outlining policy recommendations aimed at improving the mental health of migrant and refugee youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Cohodes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sahana Kribakaran
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paola Odriozola
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Bakirci
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah McCauley
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - H R Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lucinda M Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sadie J Zacharek
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Vasquez Guzman CE, Hess JM, Casas N, Medina D, Galvis M, Torres DA, Handal AJ, Carreon-Fuentes A, Hernandez-Vallant A, Chavez MJ, Rodriguez F, Goodkind JR. Latinx/@ immigrant inclusion trajectories: Individual agency, structural constraints, and the role of community-based organizations in immigrant mobilities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2020; 90:772-786. [PMID: 32853008 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immigration is at the forefront of national, state, and local policy struggles in the United States, and Latinx/@ immigrants have experienced increased deportations, detention, and individual threats. A mobilities perspective allows analysis to extend our view of migration beyond frameworks confined to pre- and postmigration, examining trajectories of social inclusion and exclusion that are influenced by multiple factors in the receiving country. The Immigrant Well-being Project, a community-based participatory research project involving university faculty, students, staff, and representatives from 4 community-based organizations (CBOs), was initiated in New Mexico in 2017 to better understand and promote Latinx/@ immigrant mental health and integration by creating change at multiple levels. We began these efforts by conducting an in-depth study of the mental health needs, stressors, current socioeconomic, legal, and political context, and local solutions as experienced by 24 Latinx/@ immigrants and their mixed status families. Five trajectories of immigrant integration emerged: continuous exclusion, simultaneous exclusion and inclusion, continuous inclusion, movement from exclusion to inclusion, and movement from inclusion to exclusion. These diverse mobilities were shaped by participants' social locations, agency, and experiences with CBOs, which played critical roles in creating, maintaining, and/or transforming immigrants' trajectories. However, CBOs could not completely buffer immigrants from the current hostile climate and related stressors that resulted in experiences of exclusion or movement from inclusion to exclusion. These findings add to understandings of immigrant mental health, complex ongoing mobility, and mechanisms of resilience and resistance within the United States and have important implications for policy and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis J Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health
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Vaya Con Dios: The Influence of Religious Constructs on Stressors around the Migration Process and U.S. Lived Experiences among Latina/o Immigrants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113961. [PMID: 32503248 PMCID: PMC7311971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study explores the role of religious practices on the migration process and the U.S. lived experiences of Latina/o immigrants. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Latino/a immigrant adults living in a southern state of the United States. Interviews focused on participants’ migration experiences, religious constructs, and stress responses. Results revealed that religious practices provided strength, well-being, and positive life outlook during the migration process. After migration, religious practices also assisted participants in creating a sense of community/family, as well as provided financial and social support during difficult times. Recommendations for future interdisciplinary research and for practitioners are discussed for individuals working with Latinx and immigrant populations.
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Ornelas IJ, Yamanis TJ, Ruiz RA. The Health of Undocumented Latinx Immigrants: What We Know and Future Directions. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 41:289-308. [PMID: 32237989 PMCID: PMC9246400 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Undocumented Latinx immigrants experience unique factors prior to migration, during migration, and after migration that shape their health. Our review summarizes the limited but growing literature highlighting how exposure to trauma, immigration enforcement, changes to social networks, and discrimination negatively affect the mental and physical health of undocumented Latinx immigrants. We also discuss how policies and social ties can promote their health. We focus on areas of particular concern, including health care, mental health, and HIV. Future research should use interdisciplinary approaches and intersectional frameworks to understand and address health inequities. Conducting research with undocumented Latinx immigrant communities requires community engagement, assurance of confidentiality, and creative recruitment and retention strategies. Recommendations for public health practice include investing in community health centers and organizations to ensure access to health and social services; presenting results with sufficient contextualization to interpret their generalizability; and advocating for federal-, state-, and local-level policy changes that reduce the negative health consequences associated with being undocumented.
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Affiliation(s)
- India J Ornelas
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
| | - Thespina J Yamanis
- School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC 20016-8071, USA;
| | - Raymond A Ruiz
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
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Chávez S, Altman CE, Gorman BK. The migration decision process among returnees: Assessing the risks and benefits in contemporary Mexico–US migration. MIGRATION STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article investigates how return migrants assess the risks and benefits of migrating internationally by drawing on their previous migration experiences. We draw on data collected in a small city in Guanajuato, Mexico that contains in-depth interviews with 49 participants and 480 surveys on migration and health outcomes for return migrants and nonmigrants. This manuscript contributes to the literature by focusing on how return migrants, who previously worked in the USA without legal authorization, assess the risks and benefits in the migration decision process. Our article contributes to the substantive and theoretical migration literature by taking into consideration how the accumulation of migration and labor market experience may shape intentions and behaviors among returnees. Our findings highlight the broad array of factors that migrants consider including the dangers of crossing the border, hazardous working conditions, and prolonged family separation. Though the risks associated with unauthorized migration to the USA have escalated in recent years, some return migrants in our sample plan to migrate again to the USA. Respondents report wanting to return to the USA because of the perceived availability of jobs through social networks that provide access to higher wages and improvements to lifestyle and work experiences when compared to their current socioeconomic situation. Therefore, we argue that prior US experience provides migrants with a new frame of reference which they use to compare their lives upon returning to Mexico—and which likely informs their future desires to remigrate to the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chávez
- Department of Sociology, Rice University, TX 77251, USA
| | - Claire E. Altman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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de Arellano MA, Andrews AR, Reid-Quiñones K, Vasquez D, Silcott Doherty L, Danielson CK, Rheingold A. Immigration Trauma among Hispanic Youth: Missed by Trauma Assessments and Predictive of Depression and PTSD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF LATINX PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 6:159-174. [PMID: 31840010 PMCID: PMC6909935 DOI: 10.1037/lat0000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Few quantitative studies have examined the rate of exposure to traumatic events during immigration among Hispanics or its relation to mental health outcomes. Failing to capture traumatic events that occur during immigration may impede investigations of trauma and related mental health disparities with Hispanics. In order to better understand the need for immigration-related trauma assessment, interviews were conducted with 131 immigrant Hispanic youth. First, youth completed a comprehensive trauma assessment interview. Items were added to the interview to assess if each traumatic event occurred during the process of immigration. An immigration-focused module was then added to the end of the assessment. A substantial minority of youths reported experiencing a traumatic event during immigration (n = 39; 29.8%). The majority of these were not captured by the standard trauma assessment (n = 32; 82.1% of those with in-transit trauma). Of these, the majority stated that the process of immigration itself was traumatic, but had not indicated experiencing any event assessed during the standard trauma assessment (n = 28; 87.5% of those with unidentified in-transit trauma). The traumatic events that were not captured during the standard trauma assessment significantly predicted both depression (p < .001) and PTSD symptoms (p = .012). Results suggest that standard trauma assessments may not capture traumatic events that occur during immigration for Hispanic youth. Failing to capture these events during trauma assessment may have large implications for research on trauma-related mental health disparities, as the events that were not captured overlapped significantly with depression and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. de Arellano
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Arthur R. Andrews
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Desi Vasquez
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center-San Antonio
| | - Lauren Silcott Doherty
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Carla K. Danielson
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Alyssa Rheingold
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina
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Altman CE, Gorman BK, Chávez S, Ramos F, Fernández I. The mental well-being of Central American transmigrant men in Mexico. Glob Public Health 2016; 13:383-399. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1177568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Altman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Sergio Chávez
- Department of Sociology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federico Ramos
- Psychiatry Specialty Program, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Isaac Fernández
- Psychiatry Specialty Program, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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12
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Belknap RA. Desert, detention, and deportation: Mexican women's descriptions of migration stressors and sources of strength. Health Care Women Int 2016; 37:995-1009. [PMID: 26953868 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2016.1162165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
I analyzed interviews (n = 10) of women recently deported from the United States of America to Mexico, exploring what women experienced immediately after deportation. The women who were residing in a short-term shelter in Nogales, Mexico, described their greatest stressors and sources of strength. Women identified the border crossing experience, apprehension, detention, and family separation due to deportation as stressors. Sources of strength included God and family. Irregular migration is not unique between the United States and Mexico. Women migrate in search of work, education, and safety. I offer these women's stories as exemplars and this study as one to be replicated with women in other contexts across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ann Belknap
- a College of Nursing, Marquette University , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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13
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Linesch D, Ojeda A, Fuster ME, Moreno S, Solis G. Art Therapy and Experiences of Acculturation and Immigration. ART THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2014.935586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Psychological homelessness and enculturative stress among US-deported Salvadorans: a preliminary study with a novel approach. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 16:1278-83. [PMID: 24639053 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the construct psychological homelessness-feelings of not belonging in one's home country-within the context of deported Salvadorans' enculturation to El Salvador. Participants (n = 66) who had been deported from the United States completed a set of questionnaires related to their deportation experience. Results indicated that deportees, in various degrees, experienced the phenomenon of psychological homelessness and enculturative stress related to living in El Salvador. As hypothesized, enculturative stress related to re-adapting to life in El Salvador significantly correlated with psychological homelessness after controlling for time spent in the United States, acculturation, and enculturation. Additional analyses revealed that maladaptive cognitions related to the deportation experience also predicted psychological homelessness. Our findings suggest psychological homelessness appears to be a valid construct and is experienced by many undocumented immigrants.
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Perreira KM, Ornelas I. Painful Passages: Traumatic Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress among Immigrant Latino Adolescents and their Primary Caregivers. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2013; 47:10.1111/imre.12050. [PMID: 24385676 PMCID: PMC3875301 DOI: 10.1111/imre.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using data from a stratified random sample of 281 foreign-born adolescents and their parents, this study provides data on migration-related trauma exposures and examines how the migration process influences the risk of experiencing trauma and developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We find that 29% of foreign-born adolescents and 34% of foreign-born parents experienced trauma during the migration process. Among those that experienced trauma, 9% of adolescents and 21% of their parents were at risk for PTSD. Pre-migration poverty combined with clandestine entry into the US increased the risk of trauma and the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Post-migration experiences of discrimination and neighborhood disorder further exacerbated this risk, while social support and familism mitigated it. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding how factors prior to, during, and after migration combine to influence the health of immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Perreira
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - India Ornelas
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle
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Poon KK, Dang BN, Davila JA, Hartman C, Giordano TP. Treatment outcomes in undocumented Hispanic immigrants with HIV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60022. [PMID: 23555868 PMCID: PMC3608625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Little is known about the treatment outcomes of undocumented Hispanic immigrants with HIV infection. We sought to compare the treatment outcomes of undocumented and documented patients 12-months after entering HIV care. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of antiretroviral-naive patients 18 years and older attending their first visit at Thomas Street Health Center in Houston, Texas, between 1/1/2003 and 6/30/2008. The study population of 1,620 HIV-infected adults included 186 undocumented Hispanic, 278 documented Hispanic, 986 Black, and 170 White patients. The main outcome measures were retention in care (quarter years with at least one completed HIV primary care provider visit) and HIV suppression (HIV RNA <400 copies/mL), both measured 12-months after entering HIV care. Results Undocumented Hispanic patients had lower median initial CD4 cell count (132 cells/mm3) than documented Hispanic patients (166 cells/mm3; P = 0.186), Black patients (226 cells/mm3; P<0.001), and White patients (264 cells/mm3; P = 0.001). However, once in care, undocumented Hispanic patients did as well or better than their documented counterparts. One year after entering HIV care, undocumented Hispanics achieved similar rates of retention in care and HIV suppression as documented Hispanic and White patients. Of note, black patients were significantly less likely to have optimal retention in care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.65, CI = 0.45–0.94) or achieve HIV suppression (aOR 0.32, CI = 0.17–0.61) than undocumented Hispanics. Conclusions Undocumented Hispanic persons with HIV infection enter care with more advanced disease than documented persons, suggesting testing and/or linkage to care efforts for this difficult-to-reach population need intensification. Once diagnosed, however, undocumented Hispanics have outcomes as good as or better than other racial/ethnic groups. Safety net providers for undocumented immigrants are vital for maintaining individual and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. Poon
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bich N. Dang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Davila
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Linesch D, Aceves HC, Quezada P, Trochez M, Zuniga E. An Art Therapy Exploration of Immigration With Latino Families. ART THERAPY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2012.701603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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A two-way road: rates of HIV infection and behavioral risk factors among deported Mexican labor migrants. AIDS Behav 2012; 16:1630-40. [PMID: 22562390 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A large number of Mexican migrants are deported to Mexico and released in the North Mexican border region every year. Despite their volume and high vulnerability, little is known about the level of HIV infection and related risk behaviors among this hard-to-reach population. We conducted a cross-sectional, probability survey with deported Mexican migrants in Tijuana, Mexico (N = 693) and estimated levels of HIV infection and behavioral risk factors among this migrant flow. The sample and population estimated rates of HIV for deported males were 1.23 and 0.80 %, respectively. No positive cases were found among the female sample. We found high lifetime rates of reported sexually transmitted infections (22.3 %) and last 12-months rates of unprotected sex (63.0 %), sex with multiple sexual partners (18.1 %), casual partners (25.7 %), and sex workers (8.6 %), compared to U.S. and Mexico adults. HIV prevention, testing, and treatment programs for this large, vulnerable, and transnational population need to be implemented in both the U.S. and Mexico.
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Ornelas IJ, Perreira KM. The role of migration in the development of depressive symptoms among Latino immigrant parents in the USA. Soc Sci Med 2011; 73:1169-77. [PMID: 21908089 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one out of every four children in the US is a child of immigrants. Yet few studies have assessed how factors at various stages of migration contribute to the development of health problems in immigrant populations. Most focus only on post-migration factors influencing health. Using data from the Latino Adolescent Migration, Health, and Adaptation Project, this study assessed the extent to which pre-migration (e.g., major life events, high poverty), migration (e.g., unsafe and stressful migration experiences), post-migration (e.g., discrimination, neighborhood factors, family reunification, linguistic isolation), and social support factors contributed to depressive symptoms among a sample of Latino immigrant parents with children ages 12-18. Results indicated that high poverty levels prior to migration, stressful experiences during migration, as well as racial problems in the neighborhood and racial/ethnic discrimination upon settlement in the US most strongly contribute to the development of depressive symptoms among Latino immigrant parents. Family reunification, social support, and familism reduce the likelihood of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- India J Ornelas
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, United States
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Violence Committed Against Migrants in Transit: Experiences on the Northern Mexican Border. J Immigr Minor Health 2011; 14:449-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-011-9489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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