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Cirelli M, Hao J, Bor TC, Duvigneau J, Benson N, Akkerman R, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Printing "Smart" Inks of Redox-Responsive Organometallic Polymers on Microelectrode Arrays for Molecular Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37060-37068. [PMID: 31525020 PMCID: PMC6790938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Printing arrays of responsive spots for multiplexed sensing with electrochemical readout requires new molecules and precise, high-throughput deposition of active compounds on microelectrodes with spatial control. We have designed and developed new redox-responsive polymers, featuring a poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) backbone and side groups with disulfide units, which allow an efficient and stable bonding to Au substrates, using sulfur-gold coupling chemistry in a "grafting-to" approach. The polymer molecules can be employed for area selective molecular sensing following their deposition by high-precision inkjet printing. The new PFS derivatives, which serve as "molecular inks", were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies and by gel permeation chromatography. The viscosity and surface tension of the inks were assessed by rheology and pendant drop contact angle measurements, respectively. Commercial microelectrode arrays were modified with the new PFS ink by using inkjet printing in the "drop-on-demand" mode. FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, and EDX-SEM confirmed a successful, spatially localized PFS modification of the individual electrodes within the sensing cells of the microelectrode arrays. The potential application of these devices to act as an electrochemical sensor array was demonstrated with a model analyte, ascorbic acid, by using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirelli
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jinmeng Hao
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis C. Bor
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Duvigneau
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Benson
- Institute
of Technology for Nanostructures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Bismarckstr. 81, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Remko Akkerman
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Mergel O, Schneider S, Tiwari R, Kühn PT, Keskin D, Stuart MCA, Schöttner S, de Kanter M, Noyong M, Caumanns T, Mayer J, Janzen C, Simon U, Gallei M, Wöll D, van Rijn P, Plamper FA. Cargo shuttling by electrochemical switching of core-shell microgels obtained by a facile one-shot polymerization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1844-1856. [PMID: 30842853 PMCID: PMC6371888 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04369h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling and understanding the electrochemical properties of electroactive polymeric colloids is a highly topical but still a rather unexplored field of research. This is especially true when considering more complex particle architectures like stimuli-responsive microgels, which would entail different kinetic constraints for charge transport within one particle. We synthesize and electrochemically address dual stimuli responsive core-shell microgels, where the temperature-responsiveness modulates not only the internal structure, but also the microgel electroactivity both on an internal and on a global scale. In detail, a facile one-step precipitation polymerization results in architecturally advanced poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylferrocene) P(NIPAM-co-VFc) microgels with a ferrocene (Fc)-enriched (collapsed/hard) core and a NIPAM-rich shell. While the remaining Fc units in the shell are electrochemically accessible, the electrochemical activity of Fc in the core is limited due to the restricted mobility of redox active sites and therefore restricted electron transfer in the compact core domain. Still, prolonged electrochemical action and/or chemical oxidation enable a reversible adjustment of the internal microgel structure from core-shell microgels with a dense core to completely oxidized microgels with a highly swollen core and a denser corona. The combination of thermo-sensitive and redox-responsive units being part of the network allows for efficient amplification of the redox response on the overall microgel dimension, which is mainly governed by the shell. Further, it allows for an electrochemical switching of polarity (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity) of the microgel, enabling an electrochemically triggered uptake and release of active guest molecules. Hence, bactericidal drugs can be released to effectively kill bacteria. In addition, good biocompatibility of the microgels in cell tests suggests suitability of the new microgel system for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mergel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Philipp T Kühn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Damla Keskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schöttner
- Ernst-Berl-Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Chemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Martinus de Kanter
- Chair for Laser Technology LLT , RWTH Aachen University , Steinbachstr. 15 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , JARA-SOFT , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Tobias Caumanns
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , RWTH Aachen University , Ahornstraße 55 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , RWTH Aachen University , Ahornstraße 55 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Christoph Janzen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT) , Steinbachstr. 15 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , JARA-SOFT , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl-Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Chemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dominik Wöll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Felix A Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-3731-39-2139
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3
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Song J, Tan YN, Jańczewski D, Hempenius MA, Xu JW, Tan HR, Vancso GJ. Poly(ferrocenylsilane) electrolytes as a gold nanoparticle foundry: "two-in-one" redox synthesis and electrosteric stabilization, and sensing applications. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:19255-19262. [PMID: 29188844 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with responsive polymers gained considerable interest due to their controllable size, good stability, and fast environmental response suitable for biological applications and sensing. Here we report on a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of stable and redox responsive AuNPs using organometallic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions of HAuCl4. In the redox reaction, positively or negatively charged poly(ferrocenylsilanes) (PFS+/PFS-) served as reducing agents, and also as stabilizing polymers. Due to their unique tunable electrostatic and electrosteric protection, AuNPs coated with PFS-, (PFS+)@AuNPs, possess high redox sensitivity, with reversible, repetitive, sustainable color switching between the assembled (purple color) and disassembled (red color) states as evidenced by UV-Vis absorption and TEM measurements. Feasibility studies reported here indicate that the particles described can be applied as a colorimetric probe for the detection of redox molecules, e.g. vitamin C, in a controlled and facile manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Song
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634.
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4
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Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of electrochemically responsive cobalt-methacrylates. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Folkertsma L, Zhang K, Czakkel O, de Boer HL, Hempenius MA, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Vancso GJ. Synchrotron SAXS and Impedance Spectroscopy Unveil Nanostructure Variations in Redox-Responsive Porous Membranes from Poly(ferrocenylsilane) Poly(ionic liquid)s. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orsolya Czakkel
- Insitut Laue
Langevin, CS 20156, 71 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
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6
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Scheid D, von der Lühe M, Gallei M. Synthesis of Breathing Metallopolymer Hollow Spheres for Redox-Controlled Release. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1573-1580. [PMID: 27491362 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of uniform metallopolymer-containing hollow spheres based on 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate (FcMA) as monomer by sequential starved feed emulsion polymerization is described. Core/shell particles consisting of a noncrosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) core and a slightly crosslinked ferrocene-containing shell allows for the simple dissolution of core material and, thus, monodisperse metallopolymer hollow spheres are obtained. Since PFcMA is incorporated in the particle shell, herein investigated hollow spheres can be addressed by external triggers, i.e., solvent variation and redox chemistry in order to change the particle swelling capability. PFcMA-containing core/shell particles and hollow spheres are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, cryogenic TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic light scattering in terms of size, size distribution, hollow sphere character, redox-responsiveness, and composition. Moreover, the general suitability of prepared stimulus-responsive nanocapsules for the use in catch-release systems is demonstrated by loading the nanocapsules with malachite green as model payload followed by release studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scheid
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz von der Lühe
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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7
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Hailes RLN, Oliver AM, Gwyther J, Whittell GR, Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5358-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review covers polyferrocenylsilanes (PFSs), a well-established, readily accessible class of main chain organosilicon metallopolymer. The focus is on the recent advances involving PFS homopolymers and block copolymers and the article covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol
- UK
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8
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Ghimire G, Yi Y, Derylo MA, Baker LA, Ito T. Electron Propagation within Redox-Active Microdomains in Thin Films of Ferrocene-Containing Diblock Copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12307-12314. [PMID: 26485062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the electrochemical behavior of redox-active microdomains in thin films of ferrocene-containing diblock copolymers, polystyrene-block-poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate) (PS-b-PAEFc). PS-b-PAEFc with different PAEFc volume fractions (PS154-b-PAEFc51, PS154-b-PAEFc26, and PS154-b-PAEFc12, where the subscripts represent the polymerization degree of each block; f(PAEFc) = 0.47, 0.30, and 0.17, respectively) was synthesized by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization. PS-b-PAEFc films of controlled thicknesses (20-160 nm) were prepared on gold substrates via spin-coating and characterized by ellipsometry. Microdomains were observed via atomic force microscopy on the surfaces of PS154-b-PAEFc51 and PS154-b-PAEFc26 thin films but not on the surfaces of PS154-b-PAEFc12 thin films. Electrochemical behavior of films was assessed by cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry in acetonitrile solution. The redox potential of ferrocene moieties was similar (ca. + 0.29 V vs Fc(+)/Fc) regardless of fPAEFc and film thickness. For PS154-b-PAEFc51 and PS154-b-PAEFc26, thicker films afforded larger faradaic peak currents and exhibited diffusion-controlled voltammograms at faster sweep rates. PS154-b-PAEFc26 produced voltammograms less influenced by solvent-induced swelling than PS154-b-PAEFc51, reflecting the improved morphological stability of PAEFc microdomains by redox-inert PS frameworks. In contrast, PS154-b-PAEFc12 films yielded similar faradaic peak currents regardless of film thickness and exhibited voltammograms indicative of surface-confined species. These observations suggest that PS154-b-PAEFc51 and PS154-b-PAEFc26 films contain continuous PAEFc microdomains extending from the electrode to the surface, in contrast to the PS154-b-PAEFc12 films which contain isolated PAEFc microdomains buried within the PS matrix. Electron propagation took place only through PAEFc microdomains that could electrically communicate with the underlying electrode. Apparent diffusion coefficients within PAEFc microdomains were similar (≈ 2 × 10(-11) cm(2)/s) for PS154-b-PAEFc51 and PS154-b-PAEFc26. The relatively low efficiency in electron propagation was attributable to ineffective electron self-exchange reaction within the PAEFc microdomains and/or limited counterion migration through the acetonitrile-swollen microdomains. These results provide guidance in design of redox-active metalloblock copolymers for various applications, which include electrocatalysis, electrochemical mediation in enzyme sensors, and redox-controlled molecular deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maksymilian A Derylo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
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9
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Schmidt BVKJ, Elbert J, Scheid D, Hawker CJ, Klinger D, Gallei M. Metallopolymer-Based Shape Anisotropic Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:731-735. [PMID: 35596497 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of nanostructured shape anisotropic nanoparticles from poly(ferrocenylsilane)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PFS-b-P2VP) block copolymers is presented. Ellipsoidal particles with an axially stacked lamellar structure and nanosheets with a hexagonal structure of PFS cylinders are obtained under neutral wetting conditions through the use of a mixed surfactant system during self-assembly. In contrast to traditional systems, the resulting particle structure is strongly influenced by crystallization of the PFS domains under colloidal confinement with lamella-forming PFS-b-P2VP block copolymers leading to cylindrical morphologies. A blending approach was developed to control this morphological change and by the addition of PFS homopolymers, ellipsoidal particles with a lamellar structure could also be obtained. Ultimately, the spatial control over two orthogonal functionalities was exploited to demonstrate morphology transitions for nanosheets upon the exposure to methanol as solvent for P2VP and FeCl3 as a redox stimulus, opening up a variety of applications in the field of stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Scheid
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Gallei M. The Renaissance of Side-Chain Ferrocene-Containing Polymers: Scope and Limitations of Vinylferrocene and Ferrocenyl Methacrylates. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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11
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Tonhauser C, Alkan A, Schömer M, Dingels C, Ritz S, Mailänder V, Frey H, Wurm FR. Ferrocenyl Glycidyl Ether: A Versatile Ferrocene Monomer for Copolymerization with Ethylene Oxide to Water-Soluble, Thermoresponsive Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302241w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tonhauser
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, D-55128
Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry,
Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU),
D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arda Alkan
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry,
Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU),
D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, D-55128
Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Schömer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry,
Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU),
D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Dingels
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry,
Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU),
D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, D-55128
Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, D-55128
Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry,
Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU),
D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, D-55128
Mainz, Germany
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12
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Mazurowski M, Gallei M, Li J, Didzoleit H, Stühn B, Rehahn M. Redox-Responsive Polymer Brushes Grafted from Polystyrene Nanoparticles by Means of Surface Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mazurowski
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstraße
22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstraße
22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Junyu Li
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Haiko Didzoleit
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Bernd Stühn
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Matthias Rehahn
- Ernst-Berl
Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstraße
22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Eloi JC, Rider DA, Cambridge G, Whittell GR, Winnik MA, Manners I. Stimulus-Responsive Self-Assembly: Reversible, Redox-Controlled Micellization of Polyferrocenylsilane Diblock Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8903-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Eloi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
| | - David A. Rider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graeme Cambridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
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14
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Sui X, van Ingen L, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Preparation of a Rapidly Forming Poly(ferrocenylsilane)-Poly(ethylene glycol)-based Hydrogel by a Thiol-Michael Addition Click Reaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:2059-63. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The study of metallopolymers has blossomed into a mature field over the last few decades. Especially, polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) chemistry has taken a tremendous leap and continues to raise intense interest. Since the discovery of thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of sila[1]ferrocenophanes, PFSs have been also accessed by anionic, cationic, transition-metal-catalyzed, and photolytic anionic ROP methodologies. A plethora of synthetic strategies have been devised, enabling access to a wide variety of copolymers, polyelectrolytes, and nanostructured materials. The distinctive physical properties and functions of many PFS-based polymers have been explored, leading to their apt exploitation in technical applications. Therefore, it is conceivable that PFS-related platforms might be indispensable nano-objects in the near future, as they stand on the verge of a new generation of sophisticated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Bellas
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Ma Y, Dong WF, Kooij ES, Hempenius MA, Möhwald H, Vancso GJ. Supramolecular assembly of water-soluble poly(ferrocenylsilanes): multilayer structures on flat interfaces and permeability of microcapsules. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:889-895. [PMID: 32900083 DOI: 10.1039/b702132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the layer-by-layer (LBL) supramolecular assembly of redox responsive, organometallic polyion films on planar and curved (spherical) substrates. Organometallic poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) polyanions and polycations were first used to assemble multilayers on planar quartz, silicon and quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) electrodes. UV/Vis spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and quartz-crystal microgravimetry showed a linear increase of UV absorbance, film thickness and frequency shift with increasing the number of deposited bilayers. Additional ellipsometric studies showed a square-root dependence of the film thickness on solution salt (NaCl) concentration. For the preparation of multilayer films on colloidal particles (manganese carbonate, MnCO), relatively high salt concentrations (0.5 M) were employed. PFS microcapsules were subsequently obtained by colloidal template removal using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Following the removal of the spherical template, hollow microcapsules were obtained, whose wall structure-permeability characteristics received particular attention. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to study the wall thickness, integrity and permeability of the capsules. Capsule-wall thickness obtained from AFM indicated the existence of a linear film growth regime when the number of adsorbed bilayers was larger than four. Capsules made of PFS polyanions and rhodamine-labelled PFS polycations were directly visualized by CLSM. Using tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labelled dextran (∼ 4 400 g mol) as probe, CLSM showed that capsules containing more than four PFS polycation-polyanion bilayers displayed good stability and integrity. These stable capsules are excellent candidates for the investigation of polyelectrolyte microcapsule permeability control triggered by redox stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Wen-Fei Dong
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm, Potsdam, D-14476, Germany
| | - E Stefan Kooij
- Department of Solid State Physics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hempenius
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm, Potsdam, D-14476, Germany
| | - G Julius Vancso
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Ma Y, Dong WF, Hempenius MA, Möhwald H, Vancso GJ. Redox-controlled molecular permeability of composite-wall microcapsules. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:724-9. [PMID: 16921362 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many smart materials in bioengineering, nanotechnology and medicine allow the storage and release of encapsulated drugs on demand at a specific location by an external stimulus. Owing to their versatility in material selection, polyelectrolyte multilayers are very promising systems in the development of microencapsulation technologies with permeation control governed by variations in the environmental conditions. Here, organometallic polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules, composed of polyanions and polycations of poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS), are introduced. Their preparation involved layer-by-layer self-assembly onto colloidal templates followed by core removal. PFS polyelectrolytes feature redox-active ferrocene units in the main chain. Incorporation of PFS into the capsule walls allowed us to explore the effects of a new stimulus, that is, changing the redox state, on capsule wall permeability. The permeability of these capsules could be sensitively tuned via chemical oxidation, resulting in a fast capsule expansion accompanied by a drastic permeability increase in response to a very small trigger. The substantial swelling could be suppressed by the application of an additional coating bearing common redox-inert species of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS(-)) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH(+)) on the outer wall of the capsules. Hence, we obtained a unique capsule system with redox-controlled permeability and swellability with a high application potential in materials as well as in bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Research Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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