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Mergel O, Schneider S, Tiwari R, Kühn PT, Keskin D, Stuart MCA, Schöttner S, de Kanter M, Noyong M, Caumanns T, Mayer J, Janzen C, Simon U, Gallei M, Wöll D, van Rijn P, Plamper FA. Cargo shuttling by electrochemical switching of core-shell microgels obtained by a facile one-shot polymerization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1844-1856. [PMID: 30842853 PMCID: PMC6371888 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04369h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling and understanding the electrochemical properties of electroactive polymeric colloids is a highly topical but still a rather unexplored field of research. This is especially true when considering more complex particle architectures like stimuli-responsive microgels, which would entail different kinetic constraints for charge transport within one particle. We synthesize and electrochemically address dual stimuli responsive core-shell microgels, where the temperature-responsiveness modulates not only the internal structure, but also the microgel electroactivity both on an internal and on a global scale. In detail, a facile one-step precipitation polymerization results in architecturally advanced poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylferrocene) P(NIPAM-co-VFc) microgels with a ferrocene (Fc)-enriched (collapsed/hard) core and a NIPAM-rich shell. While the remaining Fc units in the shell are electrochemically accessible, the electrochemical activity of Fc in the core is limited due to the restricted mobility of redox active sites and therefore restricted electron transfer in the compact core domain. Still, prolonged electrochemical action and/or chemical oxidation enable a reversible adjustment of the internal microgel structure from core-shell microgels with a dense core to completely oxidized microgels with a highly swollen core and a denser corona. The combination of thermo-sensitive and redox-responsive units being part of the network allows for efficient amplification of the redox response on the overall microgel dimension, which is mainly governed by the shell. Further, it allows for an electrochemical switching of polarity (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity) of the microgel, enabling an electrochemically triggered uptake and release of active guest molecules. Hence, bactericidal drugs can be released to effectively kill bacteria. In addition, good biocompatibility of the microgels in cell tests suggests suitability of the new microgel system for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mergel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Philipp T Kühn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Damla Keskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schöttner
- Ernst-Berl-Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Chemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Martinus de Kanter
- Chair for Laser Technology LLT , RWTH Aachen University , Steinbachstr. 15 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , JARA-SOFT , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Tobias Caumanns
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , RWTH Aachen University , Ahornstraße 55 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , RWTH Aachen University , Ahornstraße 55 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Christoph Janzen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT) , Steinbachstr. 15 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , JARA-SOFT , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl-Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Chemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dominik Wöll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40 , University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , Groningen , 9713 AV , The Netherlands
| | - Felix A Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-3731-39-2139
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Yang S, Schmidt DO, Khetan A, Schrader F, Jakobi S, Homberger M, Noyong M, Paulus A, Kungl H, Eichel RA, Pitsch H, Simon U. Electrochemical and Electronic Charge Transport Properties of Ni-Doped LiMn₂O₄ Spinel Obtained from Polyol-Mediated Synthesis. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11050806. [PMID: 29772663 PMCID: PMC5978183 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel has been extensively investigated as one of the most promising high-voltage cathode candidates for lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of LNMO, especially its rate performance, seems to be governed by its crystallographic structure, which is strongly influenced by the preparation methods. Conventionally, LNMO materials are prepared via solid-state reactions, which typically lead to microscaled particles with only limited control over the particle size and morphology. In this work, we prepared Ni-doped LiMn2O4 (LMO) spinel via the polyol method. The cycling stability and rate capability of the synthesized material are found to be comparable to the ones reported in literature. Furthermore, its electronic charge transport properties were investigated by local electrical transport measurements on individual particles by means of a nanorobotics setup in a scanning electron microscope, as well as by performing DFT calculations. We found that the scarcity of Mn3+ in the LNMO leads to a significant decrease in electronic conductivity as compared to undoped LMO, which had no obvious effect on the rate capability of the two materials. Our results suggest that the rate capability of LNMO and LMO materials is not limited by the electronic conductivity of the fully lithiated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dirk Oliver Schmidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Abhishek Khetan
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Schrader
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Simon Jakobi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Melanie Homberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Anja Paulus
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Hans Kungl
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger-Albert Eichel
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-JARA, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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3
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Sierpe R, Noyong M, Simon U, Aguayo D, Huerta J, Kogan MJ, Yutronic N. Construction of 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine carriers based on βcyclodextrins and gold nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schmidt DO, Raab N, Noyong M, Santhanam V, Dittmann R, Simon U. Resistive Switching of Sub-10 nm TiO₂ Nanoparticle Self-Assembled Monolayers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:E370. [PMID: 29113050 PMCID: PMC5707587 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistively switching devices are promising candidates for the next generation of non-volatile data memories. Such devices are up to now fabricated mainly by means of top-down approaches that apply thin films sandwiched between electrodes. Recent works have demonstrated that resistive switching (RS) is also feasible on chemically synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) in the 50 nm range. Following this concept, we developed this approach further to the sub-10 nm range. In this work, we report RS of sub-10 nm TiO₂ NPs that were self-assembled into monolayers and transferred onto metallic substrates. We electrically characterized these monolayers in regard to their RS properties by means of a nanorobotics system in a scanning electron microscope, and found features typical of bipolar resistive switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Oliver Schmidt
- JARA-FIT, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Raab
- JARA-FIT, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institut 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Noyong
- JARA-FIT, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Venugopal Santhanam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Regina Dittmann
- JARA-FIT, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institut 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Simon
- JARA-FIT, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Asela I, Noyong M, Simon U, Andrades-Lagos J, Campanini-Salinas J, Vásquez-Velásquez D, Kogan M, Yutronic N, Sierpe R. Gold nanoparticles stabilized with βcyclodextrin-2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole complex: A novel system for drug transport. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185652. [PMID: 29020065 PMCID: PMC5636091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole (AT) drug and thiazole derivatives have several biological applications, these compounds present some drawbacks, such as low aqueous solubility and instability. A new complex of βCD-AT has been synthesized to increase AT solubility and has been used as a substrate for the deposit of solid-state AuNPs via magnetron sputtering, thus forming the βCD-AT-AuNPs ternary system, which is stable in solution. Complex formation has been confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance. Importantly, the amine and sulfide groups of AT remained exposed and can interact with the surfaces of the AuNPs. The complex association constant (970 M-1) has been determined using phase solubility analysis. AuNPs formation (32 nm average diameter) has been studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission/scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The in vitro permeability assays show that effective permeability of AT increased using βCD. In contrast, the ternary system did not have the capacity to diffuse through the membrane. Nevertheless, the antibacterial assays have demonstrated that AT is transferred from βCD-AT-AuNPs, being available to exert its antibacterial activity. In conclusion, this novel βCD-AT-AuNPs ternary system is a promising alternative to improve the delivery of AT drugs in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Asela
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - U. Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Andrades-Lagos
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J. Campanini-Salinas
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D. Vásquez-Velásquez
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Kogan
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (MK); (NY); (RS)
| | - N. Yutronic
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (MK); (NY); (RS)
| | - R. Sierpe
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (MK); (NY); (RS)
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Sigolaeva LV, Gladyr SY, Mergel O, Gelissen APH, Noyong M, Simon U, Pergushov DV, Kurochkin IN, Plamper FA, Richtering W. Easy-Preparable Butyrylcholinesterase/Microgel Construct for Facilitated Organophosphate Biosensing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6091-6098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Sigolaeva
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Snezhana Yu. Gladyr
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mergel
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arjan P. H. Gelissen
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitry V. Pergushov
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Kurochkin
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Wünnemann P, Noyong M, Kreuels K, Brüx R, Gordiichuk P, van Rijn P, Plamper FA, Simon U, Böker A. Microstructured Hydrogel Templates for the Formation of Conductive Gold Nanowire Arrays. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1446-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wünnemann
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; JARA-FIT, Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Kreuels
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Roland Brüx
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
- W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9713AW Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; JARA-FIT, Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) & Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien; University of Potsdam; Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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8
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Ruff J, Steitz J, Buchkremer A, Noyong M, Hartmann H, Besmehn A, Simon U. Multivalency of PEG-thiol ligands affects the stability of NIR-absorbing hollow gold nanospheres and gold nanorods. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2828-2841. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work the effect of multivalency on the stability of NIR-absorbing HAuNSs and AuNRs functionalized by mono-, bi- and tridentate polyethyleneglycol (PEG) thiol ligands is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ruff
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - J. Steitz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science
- University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - A. Buchkremer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - M. Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - H. Hartmann
- Central Institute for Engineering
- Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3)
- Jülich
- Germany
| | - A. Besmehn
- Central Institute for Engineering
- Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3)
- Jülich
- Germany
| | - U. Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
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Schmidt DO, Hoffmann-Eifert S, Zhang H, La Torre C, Besmehn A, Noyong M, Waser R, Simon U. Resistive Switching of Individual, Chemically Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles. Small 2015; 11:6444-6456. [PMID: 26540646 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistively switching devices are considered promising for next-generation nonvolatile random-access memories. Today, such memories are fabricated by means of "top-down approaches" applying thin films sandwiched between nanoscaled electrodes. In contrast, this work presents a "bottom-up approach" disclosing for the first time the resistive switching (RS) of individual TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs, which have sizes of 80 and 350 nm, respectively, are obtained by wet chemical synthesis and thermally treated under oxidizing or vacuum conditions for crystallization, respectively. These NPs are deposited on a Pt/Ir bottom electrode and individual NPs are electrically characterized by means of a nanomanipulator system in situ, in a scanning electron microscope. While amorphous NPs and calcined NPs reveal no switching hysteresis, a very interesting behavior is found for the vacuum-annealed, crystalline TiO(2-x) NPs. These NPs reveal forming-free RS behavior, dominantly complementary switching (CS) and, to a small degree, bipolar switching (BS) characteristics. In contrast, similarly vacuum-annealed TiO2 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition show standard BS behavior under the same conditions. The interesting CS behavior of the TiO(2-x) NPs is attributed to the formation of a core-shell-like structure by re-oxidation of the reduced NPs as a unique feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert
- Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Peter-Gruenberg-Institute 7 and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52425, Juelich, Germany
| | - Hehe Zhang
- Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Peter-Gruenberg-Institute 7 and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52425, Juelich, Germany
| | - Camilla La Torre
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik 2, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Astrid Besmehn
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Waser
- Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Peter-Gruenberg-Institute 7 and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52425, Juelich, Germany
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik 2, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Rodríguez-Llamazares S, Jara P, Yutronic N, Noyong M, Fischler M, Simon U. Preferential adhesion of silver nanoparticles onto crystal faces of alpha-cyclodextrin/carboxylic acids inclusion compounds. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:8929-8934. [PMID: 23447940 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-Cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) inclusion compounds containing the carboxylic acids (octanoic, decanoic, lauric or dodecanoic, myristic or tetradecanoic, palmitic or hexadecanoic and stearic or octadecanoic) as guests were synthesized and applied for preferential adhesion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The binding affinity depends of the chain length of the respective guest and is most efficient for octanoic and decanoic acids. The immobilization of nanoparticles is caused by the spatial replacing of the stabilized shell of the nanoparticles by COOH groups of the guests molecules, located at the entrance of cavity of alpha-CD, corresponding to the {001} crystal plane. Crystalline coating with nanoparticles provides a means of storing of AgNPs on solids state without aggregation. The stabilization of the particles on the surface is valid for a given length and ordering of the guest in the cavities of the alpha-CD being the octanoic and decanoic acid the most appropriated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodríguez-Llamazares
- Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados (CIPA), Beltrán Mathieu 224, Concepción 4070412, Chile
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Koch S, Joshi RK, Noyong M, Timper J, Schneider JJ, Simon U. Hierarchical Structures of Carbon Nanotubes and Arrays of Chromium-Capped Silicon Nanopillars: Formation and Electrical Properties. Chemistry 2012; 18:11614-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Timper J, Gutsmiedl K, Wirges C, Broda J, Noyong M, Mayer J, Carell T, Simon U. Herstellung leitfähiger Nanostrukturen durch Oberflächen- Klickreaktion und kontrollierte Metallisierung von DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Timper J, Gutsmiedl K, Wirges C, Broda J, Noyong M, Mayer J, Carell T, Simon U. Surface "click" reaction of DNA followed by directed metalization for the construction of contactable conducting nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7586-8. [PMID: 22707394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Timper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University; JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Schaal PA, Besmehn A, Maynicke E, Noyong M, Beschoten B, Simon U. Electrically conducting nanopatterns formed by chemical e-beam lithography via gold nanoparticle seeds. Langmuir 2012; 28:2448-54. [PMID: 22201225 DOI: 10.1021/la204393h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of thiol nanopatterns on SAM covered silicon wafers by converting sulfonic acid head groups via e-beam lithography. These thiol groups act as binding sites for gold nanoparticles, which can be enhanced to form electrically conducting nanostructures. This approach serves as a proof-of-concept for the combination of top-down and bottom-up processes for the generation of electrical devices on silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Schaal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Mauder C, Tuna Ö, Gutrath B, Balmes V, Behmenburg H, Rzheutskii MV, Lutsenko EV, Yablonskii GP, Noyong M, Simon U, Heuken M, Kalisch H, Vescan A. Highly n-type doped InGaN films for efficient direct solar hydrogen generation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.201100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Blech K, Noyong M, Juillerat F, Nakayama T, Hofmann H, Simon U. In-situ electrical addressing of one-dimensional gold nanoparticle assemblies. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2008; 8:461-465. [PMID: 18468104 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Substrates with 1-dimensional nanosize grooves were prepared using extreme-ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL), wherein gold nanoparticles were self-assembled to form 1-dimensional structures. To measure the electrical properties of gold nanoparticle chains we introduce a novel in-situ measuring method based on nanomanipulator system in a scanning electron microscope. This method comprises enormous versatility for the precisely electrical addressing of low-dimensional nanoscale structures and may even be applied to routinely addressing of structures in the sub-10 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Blech
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University 52074 Aachen, Germany
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17
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Rodríquez-Llamazares S, Jara P, Yutronic N, Noyong M, Bretschneider J, Simon U. Face preferred deposition of gold nanoparticles on α-cyclodextrin/octanethiol inclusion compound. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 316:202-5. [PMID: 17719597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The preferred deposition of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto microcrystal faces of alpha-cyclodextin/octanethiol inclusion compound was obtained. The immobilization of Au NPs is caused by the spatial replacing of the citrate shell of the NPs by the free dangling SH groups of the guest molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodríquez-Llamazares
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Rodríquez-Llamazares S, Yutronic N, Jara P, Englert U, Noyong M, Simon U. The Structure of the First Supramolecular α-Cyclodextrin Complex with an Aliphatic Monofunctional Carboxylic Acid. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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20
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Noyong M, Ceyhan B, Niemeyer CM, Simon U. Preparation, structural, and optical features of two-dimensional cross-linked DNA/gold-nanoparticle conjugates. Colloid Polym Sci 2006; 284:1265-1273. [PMID: 24058236 PMCID: PMC3776280 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The formation and the optical features of two-dimensional aggregates formed by DNA-directed immobilization and cross-linking of bifunctional DNA-gold nanoparticles at flat gold substrates are analyzed. The samples are structurally characterized by atomic force microscopy to evaluate the particle size, the particle densities, and the degree of aggregation. The optical characteristics determined by UV/visible measurements are correlated with the structural features observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noyong
- />RWTH Aachen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Buelent Ceyhan
- />Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- />Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- />RWTH Aachen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Niemeyer CM, Ceyhan B, Noyong M, Simon U. Bifunctional DNA–gold nanoparticle conjugates as building blocks for the self-assembly of cross-linked particle layers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 311:995-9. [PMID: 14623280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-directed self-assembly of surface-bound layers of gold nanoparticles offers a broad range of applications in biomedical analyses as well as in materials science. We here describe a new concept for the assembly of substrate-bound nanoparticle monolayers which employs bifunctional nanoparticles as building blocks, containing two independently addressable DNA oligomer sequences. One of the sequences was utilized for attaching the particle at the solid support, while the other sequence was used to establish cross-links between adjacently immobilized particles. AFM analyses proved the functionality of inter-particle cross-links leading to enhanced surface coverages and the formation of monolayered supramolecular aggregates attached to the substrate. We anticipate that further refinement of this approach will enable applications, for instance, the assembly of ordered layers useful as transducers in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M Niemeyer
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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