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Satta JP, Lan Q, Taketo MM, Mikkola ML. Stabilization of Epithelial β-Catenin Compromises Mammary Cell Fate Acquisition and Branching Morphogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1223-1237.e10. [PMID: 38159590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a critical role in cell fate specification, morphogenesis, and stem cell activation across diverse tissues, including the skin. In mammals, the embryonic surface epithelium gives rise to the epidermis as well as the associated appendages including hair follicles and mammary glands, both of which depend on epithelial Wnt/β-catenin activity for initiation of their development. Later on, Wnts are thought to enhance mammary gland growth and branching, whereas in hair follicles, they are essential for hair shaft formation. In this study, we report a strong downregulation of epithelial Wnt/β-catenin activity as the mammary bud progresses to branching. We show that forced activation of epithelial β-catenin severely compromises embryonic mammary gland branching. However, the phenotype of conditional Lef1-deficient embryos implies that a low level of Wnt/β-catenin activity is necessary for mammary cell survival. Transcriptomic profiling suggests that sustained high β-catenin activity leads to maintenance of mammary bud gene signature at the expense of outgrowth/branching gene signature. In addition, it leads to upregulation of epidermal differentiation genes. Strikingly, we find a partial switch to hair follicle fate early on upon stabilization of β-catenin, suggesting that the level of epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity may contribute to the choice between skin appendage identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prabha Satta
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HILIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiang Lan
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HILIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Colon Cancer Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HILIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Lima BM, de Azevedo ALK, Giner IS, Gomig THB, Ribeiro EMDSF, Cavalli IJ. Biomarker potential of the LEF1/TCF family members in breast cancer: Bioinformatic investigation on expression and clinical significance. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220346. [PMID: 38100720 PMCID: PMC10723634 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LEF1/TCF transcription factor family is related to the development of diverse tissue types, including the mammary tissue, and dysregulation of its expression and function has been described to favor breast tumorigenesis. However, the clinical and biological relevance of this gene family in breast cancer is still poorly understood. Here, we used bioinformatics approaches aiming to reduce this gap. We investigated its expression patterns in molecular and immune breast cancer subtypes; its correlation with immune cell infiltration, and its prognostic values in predicting outcomes. Also, through regulons construction, we determined the genes whose expression is influenced by these transcription factors, and the pathways in which they are involved. We found that LEF1 and TCF3 are over-expressed in breast tumors regarding non-tumor samples, while TCF4 and TCF7 are down-expressed, with the gene's methylation status being associated with its expression dysregulation. All four transcription factors presented significance at the diagnostic and prognostic levels. LEF1, TCF4, and TCF7 presented a significant correlation with immune cell infiltration, being associated with the immune subtypes of less favorable outcomes. Altogether, this research contributes to a more accurate understanding of the expression and clinical and biomarker significance of the LEF1/TCF transcription factors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miotto Lima
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética,
Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | - Igor Samesima Giner
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética,
Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | - Iglenir João Cavalli
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética,
Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
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3
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Ye L, Yin G, Jiang M, Tu B, Li Z, Wang Y. Dihydromyricetin Exhibits Antitumor Activity in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cell Through Antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin Signaling. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1534735421991217. [PMID: 33724059 PMCID: PMC7975991 DOI: 10.1177/1534735421991217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to play a vital role in a diversity of biological processes in cancers. With the emergence of new evidence, the important function of CSCs in the formation of multidrug resistance of nasopharyngeal cancer has been demonstrated. Dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important contributor to chemoresistance and maintenance of CSCs-like characteristics. This research aims to investigate comprehensively the function of dihydromyricetin (DMY), a natural flavonoid drug, on the cisplatin (cis) resistance and stem cell properties of nasopharyngeal cancer. METHODS In this study, the functional role of DMY in nasopharyngeal cancer progression was comprehensively investigated in vitro and in vivo, and then its relationship with CSCs-like phenotypes and multiple oncogenes was analyzed. RESULTS In parallel assays, the growth inhibitory action of cis was enhanced by the addition of DMY in cis-resistant nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines (Hone1/cis and CNE1/cis). Functional assays showed that DMY markedly diminished the stem cell properties of nasopharyngeal cells, such as colony and tumor-sphere formation. In vivo data showed that the growth of Hone1 CSCs formed tumor xenograft was inhibited significantly by the administration of DMY. Additionally, DMY could impair the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and regulate the expression of downstream proteins in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study clarified the anti-tumor activity of DMY through blocking the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer. Therefore, DMY could be a novel therapeutic agent for nasopharyngeal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gendi Yin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaohua Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicheng Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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He LJ, Yang DL, Chen HY, Huang JH, Zhang YJ, Qin HX, Wang JL, Tang DY, Chen ZZ. A Novel Imidazopyridine Derivative Exhibits Anticancer Activity in Breast Cancer by Inhibiting Wnt/β‑catenin Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10111-10121. [PMID: 33116593 PMCID: PMC7553630 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s266752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer exhibits poor prognosis and high relapse rates following chemotherapy therapeutics. Thus, this study aims to develop effective novel agents regulating the core molecular pathway of breast cancer such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Methods The present study screened a novel inhibitor, called “C188”, using MTT assay. The molecular formula of C188 is C21H15FN4O3 and the molecular weight is 390. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were employed to assess cell cycle arrest after treatment with C188. Wound-healing and transwell assays were applied to measure the cell migration and invasion viability. The regulatory effects of C188 on Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and localization of β‑catenin in the nucleus were investigated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results We found that C188 significantly suppressed proliferation and growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner in breast cancer cells, but not in normal breast cells. The inhibitory effect was caused by cell cycle arrest at the G1-phase which is induced by C188 treatment. Additionally, C188 dramatically inhibited cell migration of breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The migration inhibition was attributed to the suppression of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and localization of β‑catenin in the nucleus mediated by regulating phosphorylation of β‑catenin and its subsequent stability. Furthermore, the target genes, including Axin 2, c-JUN, and c-Myc, were downregulated due to the decrease of β‑catenin in the nucleus after exposure to C188. Conclusion C188 treatment resulted in the downregulation of cyclin D which led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and the inhibition of cell migration, indicating that C188 may be an effective novel therapeutic candidate as a potential treatment for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Jun He
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Lin Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Ying Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China.,Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,The Undergraduates Class of 2016 Entry the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Hong Huang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Qin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Li Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
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5
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Sun Q, Fu Q, Li S, Li J, Liu S, Wang Z, Su Z, Song J, Lu D. Emetine exhibits anticancer activity in breast cancer cells as an antagonist of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1735-1744. [PMID: 31436297 PMCID: PMC6775799 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emetine, an amoebicidal drug, exerts potent anticancer activity against various solid tumors, however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of emetine were investigated on various proteins involved in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, which has been linked to various human cancers. It was revealed that emetine blocked Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by targeting components of this pathway, including the low‑density lipoprotein‑receptor‑related protein 6 (LRP6) and disheveled (DVL). Moreover, nanomolar concentrations of emetine decreased phosphorylation of these proteins and suppressed the expression of Wnt target genes, including fibronectin, frizzled‑7 (Fzd7), c‑Myc, Nanog and CD133 in MDA‑MB‑231 and MDA‑MB‑468 breast cancer cells. Additionally, emetine treatment induced apoptosis and suppressed the viability, migration, invasion, and sphere formation of breast cancer cells. Collectively the present results indicated that emetine antagonizes Wnt/β‑catenin signaling, providing insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of emetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxia Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Shiyue Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zijie Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Desheng Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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6
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Fostok SF, El-Sibai M, El-Sabban M, Talhouk RS. Gap Junctions and Wnt Signaling in the Mammary Gland: a Cross-Talk? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:17-38. [PMID: 30194659 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), the building blocks of gap junctions (GJs), exhibit spatiotemporal patterns of expression and regulate the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, acting via channel-dependent and channel-independent mechanisms. Impaired Cx expression and localization are reported in breast cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for Cxs. The signaling events that mediate the role of GJs in the development and tumorigenesis of the mammary gland remain poorly identified. The Wnt pathways, encompassing the canonical or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathway, also play important roles in those processes. Indeed, aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with breast cancer. Despite the coincident roles of Cxs and Wnt pathways, the cross-talk in the breast tissue is poorly defined, although this is reported in a number of other tissues. Our previous studies revealed a channel-independent role for Cx43 in inducing differentiation or suppressing tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells by acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we provide a brief overview of mammary gland development, with emphasis on the role of Cxs in development and tumorigenesis of this tissue. We also discuss the role of Wnt signaling in similar contexts, and review the literature illustrating interplay between Cxs and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen F Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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7
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Perrot-Applanat M, Kolf-Clauw M, Michel C, Beausoleil C. Alteration of mammary gland development by bisphenol a and evidence of a mode of action mediated through endocrine disruption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:29-53. [PMID: 30048677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and function of the mammary gland are endocrine-dependent processes, depending on the stage of development. Foetal and/or postnatal exposure to low doses of BPA alters tissue organisation through epithelial proliferation and stroma-epithelial interactions. BPA also alters the expression of E2-dependent epithelial and stroma transcriptomes. Several signalling pathways are consistent with the observed phenotype: proliferation and apoptosis, a focal adhesion pathway indicating changes in biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, and immune function. Some of BPA's effects are reversed by oestrogen and/or GPER inhibitors. BPA also alters the expression of epigenetic marks (EZH2, HOTAIR), which would explain the delayed effect of foetal BPA exposure. In conclusion, experimental evidence shows that pre- or postnatal BPA exposure consistently causes endocrine modifications in the mammary tissue of different animal species, disrupting stromal-epithelial interactions and ultimately increasing its susceptibility to carcinogens. An interspecies comparison highlights why and how these effects apply to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Kolf-Clauw
- CREFRE, Toulouse University, INSERM, Toulouse Veterinary School, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F 310176, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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8
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Wang Y, Weng X, Wang L, Hao M, Li Y, Hou L, Liang Y, Wu T, Yao M, Lin G, Jiang Y, Fu G, Hou Z, Meng X, Lu J, Wang J. HIC1 deletion promotes breast cancer progression by activating tumor cell/fibroblast crosstalk. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5235-5250. [PMID: 30204129 DOI: 10.1172/jci99974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the malignant tumor that most seriously threatens female health; however, the molecular mechanism underlying its progression remains unclear. Here, we found that conditional deletion of hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) in the mouse mammary gland might contribute to premalignant transformation in the early stage of tumor formation. Moreover, the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) secreted by HIC1-deleted BrCa cells bound to its cognate receptor GPR85 on mammary fibroblasts in the microenvironment and was responsible for activating these fibroblasts via the ERK1/2, Akt, and neddylation pathways, whereas the activated fibroblasts promoted BrCa progression via the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by the C-C chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17)/CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) axis. Finally, we confirmed that the HIC1-CXCL14-CCL17 loop was associated with the malignant progression of BrCa. Therefore, the crosstalk between HIC1-deleted BrCa cells and mammary fibroblasts might play a critical role in BrCa development. Exploring the progression of BrCa from the perspective of microenvironment will be beneficial for identifying the potential prognostic markers of breast tumor and providing more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Weng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luoyang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Wu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfei Yao
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Lin
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
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9
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Yan M, Xing GL, Xiong WC, Mei L. Agrin and LRP4 antibodies as new biomarkers of myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1413:126-135. [PMID: 29377176 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a common disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction. It is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptor and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase; however, some MG patients do not have antibodies against either of the proteins. Recent studies have revealed antibodies against agrin and its receptor LRP4-both critical for neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance-in MG patients from various populations. Results from experimental autoimmune MG animal models indicate that anti-LRP4 antibodies are causal to MG. Clinical studies have begun to reveal the significance of the new biomarkers. With their identification, MG appears to be a complex disease entity that can be classified into different subtypes with different etiology, each with unique symptoms. Future systematic studies of large cohorts of well-diagnosed MG patients are needed to determine whether each subtype of patients would respond to different therapeutic strategies. Results should contribute to the goal of precision medicine for MG patients. Anti-agrin and anti-LRP4 antibodies are also detectable in some patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease; however, whether they are a cause or response to the disorder remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guang-Lin Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Revuelta M, Santaolalla F, Arteaga O, Alvarez A, Sánchez-del-Rey A, Hilario E. Recent advances in cochlear hair cell regeneration-A promising opportunity for the treatment of age-related hearing loss. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:149-155. [PMID: 28414155 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review current information regarding the treatment of age-related hearing loss by using cochlear hair cell regeneration. Recent advances in the regeneration of the inner ear, including the usefulness of stem cells, are also presented. Based on the current literature, cochlear cell regeneration may well be possible in the short term and cochlear gene therapy may also be useful for the treatment of hearing loss associated with ageing. The present review provide further insight into the pathogenesis of Inner Ear senescence and aged-related hearing loss and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to repair hair cells damaged by ageing. More research will be needed in order to translate them into an effective treatment for deafness linked to cochlear senescence in humans.
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11
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Abstract
Mammary gland development starts during prenatal life, when at designated positions along the ventrolateral boundary of the embryonic or fetal trunk, surface ectodermal cells coalesce to form primordia for mammary glands, instead of differentiating into epidermis. With the wealth of genetically engineered mice available as research models, our understanding of the prenatal phase of mammary development has recently greatly advanced. This understanding includes the recognition of molecular and mechanistic parallels between prenatal and postnatal mammary morphogenesis and even tumorigenesis, much of which can moreover be extrapolated to human. This makes the murine embryonic mammary gland a useful model for a myriad of questions pertaining to normal and pathological breast development. Hence, unless indicated otherwise, this review describes embryonic mammary gland development in mouse only, and lists mouse models that have been examined for defects in embryonic mammary development. Techniques that originated in the field of developmental biology, such as explant culture and tissue recombination, were adapted specifically to research on the embryonic mammary gland. Detailed protocols for these techniques have recently been published elsewhere. This review describes how the development and adaptation of these techniques moved the field forward from insights on (comparative) morphogenesis of the embryonic mammary gland to the understanding of tissue and molecular interactions and their regulation of morphogenesis and functional development of the embryonic mammary gland. It is here furthermore illustrated how generic molecular biology and biochemistry techniques can be combined with these older, developmental biology techniques, to address relevant research questions. As such, this review should provide a solid starting point for those wishing to familiarize themselves with this fascinating and important subdomain of mammary gland biology, and guide them in designing a relevant research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Xu Q, Krause M, Samoylenko A, Vainio S. Wnt Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E57. [PMID: 27322325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Due to poor diagnosis, high resistance to the systemic therapies and the fact that most RCC cases occur sporadically, current research switched its focus on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC. The aim is the discovery of new effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs and novel diagnostic markers. Besides the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HGF/Met and VHL/hypoxia cellular signaling pathways, the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RCC is commonly studied. Wnt signaling and its targeted genes are known to actively participate in different biological processes during embryonic development and renal cancer. Recently, studies have shown that targeting this pathway by alternating/inhibiting its intracellular signal transduction can reduce cancer cells viability and inhibit their growth. The targets and drugs identified show promising potential to serve as novel RCC therapeutics and prognostic markers. This review aims to summarize the current status quo regarding recent research on RCC focusing on the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and how its understanding could facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, new drugs and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Abstract
Wnt signaling has emerged in recent years as a major player in both nervous system development and adult synaptic plasticity. Of particular relevance to researchers studying learning and memory, Wnt signaling is critical for normal functioning of the hippocampus, a brain region that is essential for many types of memory formation and whose dysfunction is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. Impaired hippocampal Wnt signaling is implicated in several of these conditions, however, little is known about how Wnt signaling mediates hippocampal memory formation. This review will provide a general overview of Wnt signaling and discuss evidence demonstrating a key role for Wnt signaling in hippocampal memory formation in both normal and disease states. The regulation of Wnt signaling by ovarian sex steroid hormones will also be highlighted, given that the neuroprotection afforded by Wnt-hormone interactions may have significant implications for cognitive function in aging, neurodegenerative disease, and ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fortress
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Rangel MC, Bertolette D, Castro NP, Klauzinska M, Cuttitta F, Salomon DS. Developmental signaling pathways regulating mammary stem cells and contributing to the etiology of triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:211-26. [PMID: 26968398 PMCID: PMC4819564 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been considered as temporal and spatial aberrations of normal development in tissues. Similarities between mammary embryonic development and cell transformation suggest that the underlying processes required for mammary gland development are also those perturbed during various stages of mammary tumorigenesis and breast cancer (BC) development. The master regulators of embryonic development Cripto-1, Notch/CSL, and Wnt/β-catenin play key roles in modulating mammary gland morphogenesis and cell fate specification in the embryo through fetal mammary stem cells (fMaSC) and in the adult organism particularly within the adult mammary stem cells (aMaSC), which determine mammary progenitor cell lineages that generate the basal/myoepithelial and luminal compartments of the adult mammary gland. Together with recognized transcription factors and embryonic stem cell markers, these embryonic regulatory molecules can be inappropriately augmented during tumorigenesis to support the tumor-initiating cell (TIC)/cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment, and the effects of their deregulation may contribute for the etiology of BC, in particular the most aggressive subtype of BC, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This in depth review will present evidence of the involvement of Cripto-1, Notch/CSL, and Wnt/β-catenin in the normal mammary gland morphogenesis and tumorigenesis, from fMaSC/aMaSC regulation to TIC generation and maintenance in TNBC. Specific therapies for treating TNBC by targeting these embryonic pathways in TICs will be further discussed, providing new opportunities to destroy not only the bulk tumor, but also TICs that initiate and promote the metastatic spread and recurrence of this aggressive subtype of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Rangel
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Bertolette
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nadia P Castro
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Malgorzata Klauzinska
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Frank Cuttitta
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-40B, 1050 Boyles Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
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Voutilainen M, Lindfors PH, Trela E, Lönnblad D, Shirokova V, Elo T, Rysti E, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Schneider P, Mikkola ML. Ectodysplasin/NF-κB Promotes Mammary Cell Fate via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005676. [PMID: 26581094 PMCID: PMC4651331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development commences during embryogenesis with the establishment of a species typical number of mammary primordia on each flank of the embryo. It is thought that mammary cell fate can only be induced along the mammary line, a narrow region of the ventro-lateral skin running from the axilla to the groin. Ectodysplasin (Eda) is a tumor necrosis factor family ligand that regulates morphogenesis of several ectodermal appendages. We have previously shown that transgenic overexpression of Eda (K14-Eda mice) induces formation of supernumerary mammary placodes along the mammary line. Here, we investigate in more detail the role of Eda and its downstream mediator transcription factor NF-κB in mammary cell fate specification. We report that K14-Eda mice harbor accessory mammary glands also in the neck region indicating wider epidermal cell plasticity that previously appreciated. We show that even though NF-κB is not required for formation of endogenous mammary placodes, it is indispensable for the ability of Eda to induce supernumerary placodes. A genome-wide profiling of Eda-induced genes in mammary buds identified several Wnt pathway components as potential transcriptional targets of Eda. Using an ex vivo culture system, we show that suppression of canonical Wnt signalling leads to a dose-dependent inhibition of supernumerary placodes in K14-Eda tissue explants. Mammary glands are the most characteristic feature of all mammals. The successful growth and function of the mammary glands is vital for the survival of offspring since the secreted milk is the main nutritional source of a new-born. Ectodysplasin (Eda) is a signaling molecule that regulates the formation of skin appendages such as hair, teeth, feathers, scales, and several glands in all vertebrates studied so far. In humans, mutations in the EDA gene cause a congenital disorder characterized by sparse hair, missing teeth, and defects in exocrine glands including the breast. We have previously shown that excess Eda induces formation of supernumerary mammary glands in mice. Here, we show that Eda leads to extra mammary gland formation also in the neck, a region previously not thought to harbor capacity to support mammary development. Using Eda loss- and gain-of-function mouse models and transcriptional profiling we identify the downstream mediators of Eda. The presence of extra nipples is a fairly common developmental abnormality in humans. We suggest that misregulation of Eda or its effectors might account for some of these malformations. Further, the number and location of the mammary glands vary widely between different species. Tinkering with the Eda pathway activity could provide an evolutionary means to modulate the number of mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Voutilainen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi H. Lindfors
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewelina Trela
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darielle Lönnblad
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Shirokova
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Elo
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Rysti
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marja L. Mikkola
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Żak M, Klis SFL, Grolman W. The Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in the developing cochlea: Formation of hair cells and induction of regenerative potential. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:247-58. [PMID: 26471908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt and Notch signalling pathways control proliferation, specification, and cell fate choices during embryonic development and in adult life. Hence, there is much interest in both signalling pathways in the context of stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. In the developing ear, the Wnt and Notch signalling pathways specify otic cells and refine the ventral boundary of the otic placode. Since both signalling pathways control events essential for the formation of sensory cells, such as proliferation and hair cell differentiation, these pathways could hold promise for the regeneration of hair cells in adult mammalian cochlea. Indeed, modulating either the Wnt or Notch pathways can trigger the regenerative potential of supporting cells. In the neonatal mouse cochlea, Notch-mediated regeneration of hair cells partially depends on Wnt signalling, which implies an interaction between the pathways. This review presents how the Wnt and Notch signalling pathways regulate the formation of sensory hair cells and how modulating their activity induces regenerative potential in the mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G.02.531, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjaak F L Klis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G.02.531, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko Grolman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G.02.531, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Carroll LS, Capecchi MR. Hoxc8 initiates an ectopic mammary program by regulating Fgf10 and Tbx3 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Development 2015; 142:4056-67. [PMID: 26459221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of Hox genes in the formation of cutaneous accessory organs such as hair follicles and mammary glands has proved elusive, a likely consequence of overlapping function and expression among various homeobox factors. Lineage and immunohistochemical analysis of Hoxc8 in mice revealed that this midthoracic Hox gene has transient but strong regional expression in ventrolateral surface ectoderm at E10.5, much earlier than previously reported. Targeted mice were generated to conditionally misexpress Hoxc8 from the Rosa locus using select Cre drivers, which significantly expanded the domain of thoracic identity in mutant embryos. Accompanying this expansion was the induction of paired zones of ectopic mammary development in the cervical region, which generated between three and five pairs of mammary placodes anterior to the first wild-type mammary rudiment. These rudiments expressed the mammary placode markers Wnt10b and Tbx3 and were labeled by antibodies to the mammary mesenchyme markers ERα and androgen receptor. Somitic Fgf10 expression, which is required for normal mammary line formation, was upregulated in mutant cervical somites, and conditional ablation of ectodermal Tbx3 expression eliminated all normally positioned and ectopic mammary placodes. We present evidence that Hoxc8 participates in regulating the initiation stages of mammary placode morphogenesis, and suggest that this and other Hox genes are likely to have important roles during regional specification and initiation of these and other cutaneous accessory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Carroll
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Szychlinska MA, Aiello FC, Vecchio GM, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Imbesi R. Mammary gland: From embryogenesis to adult life. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:379-85. [PMID: 25800977 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular factors that ensure the optimal development and maintenance of the mammary gland thanks to their integration and coordination. The development of the mammary gland is supported, not only by endocrine signals, but also by regulatory molecules, which are able to integrate signals from the surrounding microenvironment. A major role is certainly played by homeotic genes, but their incorrect expression during the spatiotemporal regulation of proliferative, functional and differentiation cycles of the mammary gland, may result in the onset of neoplastic processes. Attention is directed also to the endocrine aspects and sexual dimorphism of mammary gland development, as well as the role played by ovarian steroids and their receptors in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Flavia Concetta Aiello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giada Maria Vecchio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Fortress AM, Heisler JD, Frick KM. The mTOR and canonical Wnt signaling pathways mediate the mnemonic effects of progesterone in the dorsal hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:616-29. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Fortress
- Department of Psychology; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - John D. Heisler
- Department of Psychology; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Karyn M. Frick
- Department of Psychology; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Howard BA, Lu P. Stromal regulation of embryonic and postnatal mammary epithelial development and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 25-26:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Our understanding of prenatal morphogenesis of mammary glands has recently greatly advanced. This review focuses on morphogenesis proper, as well as cellular processes and tissue interactions involved in the progression of the embryonic mammary gland through sequential morphogenic stages in both the mouse and rabbit embryo. We provide a synthesis of both historical and more recent studies of embryonic mammary gland development, as well as arguments to revise old concepts about mechanisms of mammary line and rudiment formation. Finally, we highlight outstanding issues that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Y. Propper
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, (Emeritus), 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Beatrice A. Howard
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Jacqueline M. Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
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