1
|
Pan MD, Arbe MF, Salamone GV, Glikin GC, Finocchiaro LME, Villaverde MS. Loss of viability and impairment of the cell cycle by combining metabolic modulators in canine and feline melanoma cells. Res Vet Sci 2025; 191:105691. [PMID: 40373651 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/17/2025]
Abstract
Despite encouraging advances during the last decade, clinical management of malignant human, canine and feline melanoma continues to be a challenge. Thus, new therapeutic development is required. One of the hallmarks of cancer is metabolic rearrangement, including increased glucose metabolism. This metabolic alteration seems to be involved not only in cell proliferation but also in drug resistance, thus offering potential therapeutic targets. The aim of the present work was to investigate the in vitro effects of a combination of metformin (MET, an antidiabetic drug and OXPHOS inhibitor), 2-deoxyglucose (2DG, an HK inhibitor) and 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN, a G6PDH inhibitor) on two melanoma cell lines, Sc (canine) and Dc (feline) derived from spontaneous tumors. We found that both 2DG and MET treatment significantly decreased the cell viability of both cell lines (p < 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas 6AN as monotherapy only significantly affected Sc. In addition, the effect of MET was significantly potentiated (p < 0.05) by the combination with both 2DG and 6AN in both cell lines. MET/2DG and MET/6AN significantly affected the cell cycle and increased the percentage of the subG0 population. These results support further studies to investigate the potential use of these metabolic drugs in a veterinary clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Denise Pan
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Dr. Ángel Roffo, Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Arbe
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Dr. Ángel Roffo, Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Veronica Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX - CONICET) - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Claudio Glikin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Dr. Ángel Roffo, Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana María Elena Finocchiaro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Dr. Ángel Roffo, Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Solange Villaverde
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Dr. Ángel Roffo, Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gherman LM, Isachesku E, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Molecular Markers in Canine Mammary Tumors. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2024; 74:159-182. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Unfortunately, the current diagnosis often occurs in later stages, and there is a pressing need for more comprehensive data on treatment options to improve overall prognosis. Consequently, the early detection of these tumors is critical for improving treatment outcomes and survival rates. As such, biomarkers are essential for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CMT, the reason for which further research is required to enhance our understanding of the disease. The most studied biomarkers for CMT are evaluated from serum and tissue samples using different molecular approaches and relate to proliferation and cell cycle. Several biomarkers were also described regarding cell damage, autophagy and apoptotic-related pathways, hypoxia, angiogenesis, EMT, invasion, metastasis or cancer stem features. Overall, biomarkers have shown the potential to be used as a tool for the early detection of mammary tumors in dogs. However, more research is needed to validate these biomarkers and to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. In this regard, we aimed to review known biomarkers and their role in CMT comprehensively. We also encouraged further investigations of reliable biomarkers that could improve treatment outcomes and survival rates for dogs with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana-Mădălina Gherman
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
- Animal Facility University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Ekaterina Isachesku
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang L, Haseeb A, Li H, Zheng X, Guo J, Cheng X, Yin W, Sun N, Sun P, Zhang Z, Yang H, Fan K. Fascin-1 Promotes Cell Metastasis through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Canine Mammary Tumor Cell Lines. Vet Sci 2024; 11:238. [PMID: 38921985 PMCID: PMC11209228 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common type of tumor in female dogs. In this study, we obtained a metastatic key protein, Fascin-1, by comparing the proteomics data of in situ tumor and metastatic cell lines from the same individual. However, the role of Fascin-1 in the CMT cell line is still unclear. Firstly, proteomics was used to analyze the differential expression of Fascin-1 between the CMT cell lines CHMm and CHMp. Then, the overexpression (CHMm-OE and CHMp-OE) and knockdown (CHMm-KD and CHMp-KD) cell lines were established by lentivirus transduction. Finally, the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CHMm and CHMm-OE cells were identified through proteomics. The results showed that the CHMm cells isolated from CMT abdominal metastases exhibited minimal expression of Fascin-1. The migration, adhesion, and invasion ability of CHMm-OE and CHMp-OE cells increased, while the migration, adhesion, and invasion ability of CHMm-KD and CHMp-KD cells decreased. The overexpression of Fascin-1 can upregulate the Tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4) protein in CHMm cells and increase the number of migrations. In conclusion, re-expressed Fascin-1 could promote cell EMT and increase lamellipodia formation, resulting in the enhancement of CHMm cell migration, adhesion, and invasion in vitro. This may be beneficial to improve female dogs' prognosis of CMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Ye Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Linhao Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Hongquan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Cheng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Wei Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Na Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Panpan Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Huizhen Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Svolacchia F, Brongo S, Catalano A, Ceccarini A, Svolacchia L, Santarsiere A, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Finelli F, Milella L, Saturnino C, Sinicropi MS, Fabrizio T, Giuzio F. Natural Products for the Prevention, Treatment and Progression of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112981. [PMID: 37296944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the most used natural products as useful adjuvants in BC by clarifying how these products may play a critical role in the prevention, treatment and progression of this disease. BC is the leading cancer, in terms of incidence, that affects women. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of BC were widely reported. Inflammation and cancer are known to influence each other in several tumors. In the case of BC, the inflammatory component precedes the development of the neoplasm through a slowly increasing and prolonged inflammation that also favors its growth. BC therapy involves a multidisciplinary approach comprising surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There are numerous observations that showed that the effects of some natural substances, which, in integration with the classic protocols, can be used not only for prevention or integration in order to prevent recurrences and induce a state of chemoquiescence but also as chemo- and radiosensitizers during classic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Svolacchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, La Sapienza University, 00118 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Policlinic Foundation Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Brongo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Salerno, 84131 Campania, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Ceccarini
- U.O.C. Primary Care and Territorial Health, Social and Health Department, State Hospital, 47893 San Marino, San Marino
| | - Lorenzo Svolacchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, La Sapienza University, 00118 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santarsiere
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fabrizio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Federica Giuzio
- U.O.C. Primary Care and Territorial Health, Social and Health Department, State Hospital, 47893 San Marino, San Marino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff TNcKILLERS s.r.l., University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Metformin as a Potential Antitumor Agent. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Some recent findings suggest that metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, may have antitumor properties. Studies have shown that metformin can alter cell metabolism, both tumor and immune cells, which can greatly influence disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms in which metformin can directly induce apoptosis of tumor cells as well as mechanisms in which metformin can elicit or enhance antitumor immune response.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cerro PA, Mascaraque M, Gallego-Rentero M, Almenara-Blasco M, Nicolás-Morala J, Santiago JL, González S, Gracia-Cazaña T, Juarranz Á, Gilaberte Y. Tumor microenvironment in non-melanoma skin cancer resistance to photodynamic therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:970279. [PMID: 36338755 PMCID: PMC9634550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.970279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer has recently seen an increase in prevalence, and it is estimated that this grow will continue in the coming years. In this sense, the importance of therapy effectiveness has increased, especially photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy has attracted much attention as a minimally invasive, selective and repeatable approach for skin cancer treatment and prevention. Although its high efficiency, this strategy has also faced problems related to tumor resistance, where the tumor microenvironment has gained a well-deserved role in recent years. Tumor microenvironment denotes a wide variety of elements, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells or the extracellular matrix, where their interaction and the secretion of a wide diversity of cytokines. Therefore, the need of designing new strategies targeting elements of the tumor microenvironment to overcome the observed resistance has become evident. To this end, in this review we focus on the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages in the resistance to photodynamic therapy. We are also exploring new approaches consisting in the combination of new and old drugs targeting these cells with photodynamic therapy to enhance treatment outcomes of non-melanoma skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina A. Cerro
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Marta Mascaraque
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Almenara-Blasco
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santiago
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
González-Ballesteros MM, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L. Metallodrugs, an approach against invasion and metastasis in cancer treatment. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:880-899. [PMID: 35170871 PMCID: PMC9063434 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that causes high mortality throughout the world; therefore, finding the most effective therapies is a major research challenge. Currently, most anticancer drugs present a limited number of well‐established targets, such as cell proliferation or death; however, it is important to consider that the worse progression of cancer toward pathological stages implies invasion and metastasis processes. Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry (MIC) is a young area that deals with the design, synthesis, characterization, preclinical evaluation, and mechanism of action of new inorganic compounds, called metallodrugs. The properties of metallic ions allow enriching of strategies for the design of new drugs, enabling the adjustment of physicochemical and stereochemical properties. Metallodrugs can adopt geometries, such as tetrahedral, octahedral, square planar, and square planar pyramid, which adjusts their arrangement and facilitates binding with a wide variety of targets. The redox properties of some metal ions can be modulated by the presence of the bound ligands to adjust their interaction, thereby opening a range of mechanisms of action. In this regard, the mechanisms of action that trigger the biological activity of metallodrugs have been generally identified by: (a) coordination of the metal to biomolecules (for instance, cisplatin binds to the N7 in DNA guanine, as Pt‐N via coordination of the inhibition of enzymes); (b) redox‐active; and (c) ROS production. For this reason, a series of metallodrugs can interact with several specific targets in the anti‐invasive processes of cancer and can prevent metastasis. The structural base of several metal compounds shows great anticancer potential by inhibiting the signaling pathways related to cancer progression. In this minireview, we present the advances in the field of antimetastatic effects of metallodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio M González-Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P, 76230, México
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Custódio PR, Colombo J, Ventura FV, Castro TB, Zuccari DAPC. Melatonin Treatment Combined with TGF-β Silencing Inhibits Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition in CF41 Canine Mammary Cancer Cell Line. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:989-997. [PMID: 32264814 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200407122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in female dogs. The main cause of mortality is the occurrence of metastasis. The metastatic process is complex and involves the Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), which can be activated by Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) and involves changes in cellular phenotype, as well as, in the expression of proteins such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7. Melatonin is a hormone with oncostatic and anti-metastatic properties and appears to participate in the TGF-β pathway. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the expression of EMT markers, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7, as well as, the cell migration of the canine mammary cancer cell line, CF41, after treatment with melatonin and TGF-β silencing. METHODS Canine mammary cancer cell line, CF41, was cultured and characterized in relation to markers ER, PR and HER2. Cell line CF41 with reducing expression level of TGF-βwas performed according to Leonel et al. (2017). Expression of the protein E-caderin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7 was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and quantified by optical densitometry. The analysis of cell migration was performed in transwell chambers with 8μM pore size membrane. RESULTS CF41 cells present a triple negative phenotype, which is an aggressive phenotype. Immunocytochemistry staining showed increased expression of E-caderin and claudin-7 (P˂0.05) and decreased expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (P˂0.05) in CF41 cells after treatment with 1mM melatonin and TGF-β silencing. Moreover, treatment with melatonin and TGF-β silencing was able to reduce migration in cell line CF41 (P˂0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggests that therapies combining TGF- β1 silencing and melatonin may be effective in suppressing the process of EMT, corroborating the hypothesis that melatonin acts on the TGF-β1 pathway and can reduce the metastatic potential of CF41 cells. This is so far the first study that reports melatonin treatment in CF41 cells with TGF-β1 silencing and its effect on EMT. Thus, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Custódio
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Colombo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício V Ventura
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tialfi B Castro
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora A P C Zuccari
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Pérez-Alenza D, Peña L. From Conventional to Precision Therapy in Canine Mammary Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623800. [PMID: 33681329 PMCID: PMC7925635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Sakai K, Yonezawa T, Maeda S. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:53-62. [PMID: 33054598 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820963087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by serine proteases. In humans, PAR2 is highly expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, the expression and roles of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma, the association between PAR2 expression and clinical characteristics, and the role of PAR2 in the metastatic phenotypes of tumor cells. Mammary carcinoma from 31 dogs and 10 normal mammary glands were included in this study, and used for immunohistochemical analysis of PAR2 expression. Normal mammary glands did not express PAR2. In contrast, mammary carcinomas showed PAR2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm, and its expression level varied between specimens from negative to strongly positive. The overall survival of dogs with high PAR2 expression was shorter than that of dogs with low PAR2 expression. Moreover, PAR2 expression level was associated with the presence of lymph node involvement, advanced clinical stage, and high histopathological grade. In vitro analyses revealed that a PAR2 agonist accelerated cell migration and invasion in a canine mammary carcinoma cell line. In addition, the PAR2 agonist induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and actin polymerization. These results suggest that PAR2 expression plays a role in tumor progression and clinical outcomes in canine mammary carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Samuel SM, Varghese E, Koklesová L, Líšková A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Counteracting Chemoresistance with Metformin in Breast Cancers: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2482. [PMID: 32883003 PMCID: PMC7565921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the leaps and bounds in achieving success in the management and treatment of breast cancers through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, breast cancer remains the most frequently occurring cancer in women and the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Systemic therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, although beneficial in treating and curing breast cancer subjects with localized breast tumors, tend to fail in metastatic cases of the disease due to (a) an acquired resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug and (b) the development of intrinsic resistance to therapy. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) plays a crucial role in both acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. CSCs are less abundant than terminally differentiated cancer cells and confer chemoresistance through a unique altered metabolism and capability to evade the immune response system. Furthermore, CSCs possess active DNA repair systems, transporters that support multidrug resistance (MDR), advanced detoxification processes, and the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor progenitor cells, thereby supporting cancer invasion, metastasis, and recurrence/relapse. Hence, current research is focusing on targeting CSCs to overcome resistance and improve the efficacy of the treatment and management of breast cancer. Studies revealed that metformin (1, 1-dimethylbiguanide), a widely used anti-hyperglycemic agent, sensitizes tumor response to various chemotherapeutic drugs. Metformin selectively targets CSCs and improves the hypoxic microenvironment, suppresses the tumor metastasis and inflammation, as well as regulates the metabolic programming, induces apoptosis, and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MDR. Here, we discuss cancer (breast cancer) and chemoresistance, the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in breast cancers, and metformin as a chemo-sensitizing/re-sensitizing agent, with a particular focus on breast CSCs as a critical contributing factor to acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. The review outlines the prospects and directions for a better understanding and re-purposing of metformin as an anti-cancer/chemo-sensitizing drug in the treatment of breast cancer. It intends to provide a rationale for the use of metformin as a combinatory therapy in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Lenka Koklesová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Alena Líšková
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen GG, Woo PYM, Ng SCP, Wong GKC, Chan DTM, van Hasselt CA, Tong MCF, Poon WS. Impact of metformin on immunological markers: Implication in its anti-tumor mechanism. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107585. [PMID: 32473961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug, has been known to have antitumor properties for around 15 years. Although there are a number of reports attributing the antitumor function of metformin to its impact on energy homeostasis and oxygen re-distribution in tumor microenvironment, detailed mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the past several years, there is an increasing number of publications indicating that metformin can affect various immunological components including lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines and several key immunological molecules in both human and animal studies. These interesting results appear to be in line with emerging data that suggest associations between immune responses and energy homeostasis/oxygen re-distribution, which may explain effective impacts of metformin on immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases as well as cancers. This review article is to analyse and discuss recent development in the above areas with aim to justify metformin as a new adjuvant for immunotherapy against human cancers. We hope that our summary will help to optimize the application of metformin for various types of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George G Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Peter Y M Woo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie C P Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - George K C Wong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny T M Chan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles A van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael C F Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Silveira TL, Espirito Santo JT, Figueiredo LV, Varaschin MS, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Ferreira E. ZEB and Snail expression indicates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in canine melanoma. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:7-14. [PMID: 32278962 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma progression is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) when tumor cells reduce E-cadherin and increase N-cadherin expression resulting in an escape from the microenvironment via loss of cellular adhesion and gain of motility. Transcription factor proteins Snail and ZEB trigger EMT by repression of epithelial markers and activation of mesenchymal properties. This study evaluated E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression by IHC and investigated their relationship with morphological characteristics in cutaneous and oral canine melanoma. Results from melanoma cases demonstrated E-cadherin expression in 45% (9/20) of oral and 58% (22/38) of cutaneous tumors, while N-cadherin expression was observed in 95% (18/19) of oral and 92% (34/37) of cutaneous melanoma. Cytoplasmic and nuclear N-cadherin expression was positively correlated with ZEB1 expression, while the cell membrane N-cadherin expression was positively correlated with ZEB2. In addition, an increase in nuclear N-cadherin expression was associated with reduced Snail expression in cutaneous melanoma and an increase in Snail expression in oral melanoma, indicating that the correlation between N-cadherin and Snail expression is coincident with tumor location. Our data suggest that ZEB family protein is associated with N-cadherin translocation from cell membrane to the cytoplasm and nuclei, and may act as important transcription factors of EMT regulation in canine melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Soares Veloso
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiany Luiza Silveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Vieira Figueiredo
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Helen Lima Del Puerto
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Connexin 26 and Connexin 43 in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040101. [PMID: 31818036 PMCID: PMC6958330 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of canine mammary carcinoma is two times higher than the rate of human breast cancer. Mammary tumors are the most common type of cancer in intact female dogs and account for about half of all neoplasms in these dogs. Well-established models of breast cancer have shown that neoplastic cells often have a loss of intercellular communication, particularly gap junction proteins. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the aspect of gap junction intercellular communication in canine mammary carcinoma, non-cancerous (CMEC) and cancerous (CMT12, CMT27, and CF41.Mg) cells, and patient-derived tumors. Both non-cancerous and cancerous mammary cells express connexins 26 and 43 using immunofluorescence; however, the level of expression is significantly different in quantitative analysis using western blot in which connexin 43 in both CMT12 and CMT27 is significantly decreased compared to CMEC. Furthermore, a decrease of gap junction capacity in CMT12 and CMT27 was observed compared to CMEC. Immunostaining of CMT27-xenograft tumors revealed positive Cx26 and negative Cx43 expression. Similarly, immunostaining of spontaneous canine mammary tumors revealed that Cx26 is present in all tumors while Cx43 is present in 25% of tumors. Overall, the study provides for the first time that a differential pattern of connexin expression exists between non-cancerous and cancerous mammary cells in dogs. This study will pave the path for further in vitro work of connexins in comparative canine models and possibly allow for novel therapeutics to be developed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bozickovic O, Skartveit L, Engelsen AST, Helland T, Jonsdottir K, Flågeng MH, Fenne IS, Janssen E, Lorens JB, Bjørkhaug L, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. A novel SRC-2-dependent regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:57-70. [PMID: 30048685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC-2) is a nuclear receptor coactivator, important for the regulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells. However, the transcriptional role of SRC-2 in breast cancer is still ambiguous. Here we aimed to unravel a more precise transcriptional role of SRC-2 and uncover unique target genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, as opposed to the known oncogene SRC-3. Gene expression analyses of cells depleted of either SRC-2 or SRC-3 showed that they transcriptionally regulate mostly separate gene sets. However, individual unique gene sets were implicated in some of the same major gene ontology biological processes, such as cellular structure and development. This finding was supported by three-dimensional cell cultures, demonstrating that depletion of SRC-2 and SRC-3 changed the morphology of the cells into epithelial-like hollow acinar structures, indicating that both SRC proteins are involved in maintaining the hybrid E/M phenotype. In clinical ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer samples the expression of SRC-2 was negatively correlated with the expression of MCF-7-related luminal, cell cycle and cellular morphogenesis genes. Finally, elucidating SRC-2 unique transcriptional effects, we identified Lyn kinase (an EMT biomarker) to be upregulated exclusively after SRC-2 depletion. In conclusion, we show that both SRC-2 and SRC-3 are essential for the EMT in breast cancer cells, controlling different transcriptional niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Bozickovic
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Linn Skartveit
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Agnete S T Engelsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Thomas Helland
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kristin Jonsdottir
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | - Ingvild S Fenne
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Emiel Janssen
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - James B Lorens
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lise Bjørkhaug
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu SQ, Xu CY, Wu WH, Fu ZH, He SW, Qin MB, Huang JA. Sphingosine kinase 1 promotes the metastasis of colorectal cancer by inducing the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition mediated by the FAK/AKT/MMPs axis. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:41-52. [PMID: 30365116 PMCID: PMC6254930 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was demonstrated that Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) promotes tumor progression and confers the malignancy phenotype of colorectal cancer by activating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. However, further clarification is required to determine if SphK1 promotes the metastasis of colorectal cancer by inducing epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), and its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect protein expression in normal colonic mucosa tissues and colorectal cancer tissues. Cells were transfected to overexpress SphK1, downregulate SphK1 or downregulate FAK. An MTT assay was used to detect the drug toxicity to cells. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to detect cell migration ability. Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the microvilli and pseudopodia of the cells. The analysis of protein expression in 114 human colorectal cancer tissues demonstrated that the expressions of SphK1, FAK, phosphorylated (p)‑FAK, E‑cadherin and vimentin were associated with the metastasis of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the patients with colorectal cancer with SphK1‑positive cancer demonstrated poorer prognosis compared with SphK1‑negative cancer. FAK knockdown and SphK1 knockdown of human colon cancer RKO cells inhibited the EMT and migrational potency, along with the expression of p‑FAK, p‑protein kinase B (AKT) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2/9. In contrast, SphK1 overexpression promoted EMT, migrational potency, and the expression of p‑FAK, p‑AKT and MMP2/9 in HT29 cells. Additionally, the EMT and migrational potency of SphK1‑overexpressing HT29 cells was suppressed by a FAK inhibitor, and the expression of p‑FAK, p‑AKT and MMP2/9 was suppressed by blocking the FAK pathway. In conclusion, SphK1 promoted the migration and metastasis of colon cancer by inducing EMT mediated by the FAK/AKT/MMPs axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Quan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Si-Wei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Bin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Jie-An Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gallik KL, Treffy RW, Nacke LM, Ahsan K, Rocha M, Green-Saxena A, Saxena A. Neural crest and cancer: Divergent travelers on similar paths. Mech Dev 2017; 148:89-99. [PMID: 28888421 PMCID: PMC5811199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are multipotent progenitors that dynamically interpret diverse microenvironments to migrate significant distances as a loosely associated collective and contribute to many tissues in the developing vertebrate embryo. Uncovering details of neural crest migration has helped to inform a general understanding of collective cell migration, including that which occurs during cancer metastasis. Here, we discuss several commonalities and differences of neural crest and cancer cell migration and behavior. First, we focus on some of the molecular pathways required for the initial specification and potency of neural crest cells and the roles of many of these pathways in cancer progression. We also describe epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which plays a critical role in initiating both neural crest migration and cancer metastasis. Finally, we evaluate studies that demonstrate myriad forms of cell-cell and cell-environment communication during neural crest and cancer collective migration to highlight the remarkable similarities in their molecular and cell biological regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Gallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Randall W Treffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lynne M Nacke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Kamil Ahsan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Manuel Rocha
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail Green-Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|