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Wesenhagen KE, Gobom J, Bos I, Vos SJ, Martinez‐Lage P, Popp J, Tsolaki M, Vandenberghe R, Freund‐Levi Y, Verhey F, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Dobricic V, Bertram L, Blennow K, Pikkarainen M, Hallikainen M, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Soininen H, Scheltens P, Zetterberg H, Teunissen CE, Visser PJ, Tijms BM. Effects of age, amyloid, sex, and APOE ε4 on the CSF proteome in normal cognition. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12286. [PMID: 35571963 PMCID: PMC9074716 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction It is important to understand which biological processes change with aging, and how such changes are associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We studied how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics changed with age and tested if associations depended on amyloid status, sex, and apolipoprotein E Ɛ4 genotype. Methods We included 277 cognitively intact individuals aged 46 to 89 years from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery, and Metabolic Syndrome in Men. In total, 1149 proteins were measured with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring/Rules-Based Medicine, tandem mass tag mass spectrometry, and SOMAscan. We tested associations between age and protein levels in linear models and tested enrichment for Reactome pathways. Results Levels of 252 proteins increased with age independently of amyloid status. These proteins were associated with immune and signaling processes. Levels of 21 proteins decreased with older age exclusively in amyloid abnormal participants and these were enriched for extracellular matrix organization. Discussion We found amyloid-independent and -dependent CSF proteome changes with older age, perhaps representing physiological aging and early AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E.J. Wesenhagen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Johan Gobom
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyUniversity of GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | | | - Stephanie J.B. Vos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Pablo Martinez‐Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced TherapiesCITA‐Alzheimers FoundationDonostia‐San SebastianSpain
| | - Julius Popp
- Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and PsychiatryGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiMakedoniaThessalonikiGreece
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology ServiceUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Yvonne Freund‐Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of NeurogeriatricsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- School of Medical Sciences Örebro University and Dep of Psychiatry Örebro University HospitalÖrebroSweden
| | - Frans Verhey
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Janssen‐cilagHigh WycombeUK
- (at the time of study conduct)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Johannes Streffer
- formerly Janssen R&D, LLC, Beerse, Belgium (at the time of study conduct)AC Immune SALausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck UniversityLübeckGermany
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyUniversity of GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Maria Pikkarainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, NeurologyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Merja Hallikainen
- Institute of Clinical MedicineInternal Medicineand Kuopio University HospitalUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical MedicineInternal Medicineand Kuopio University HospitalUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical MedicineInternal Medicineand Kuopio University HospitalUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, NeurologyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyUniversity of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteLondonUK
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Lab, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of NeurogeriatricsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Robajac D, Križáková M, Šunderić M, Miljuš G, Gemeiner P, Nedić O, Katrlík J. Lectin-Based Protein Microarray for the Glycan Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers: The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2460:207-222. [PMID: 34972939 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-based protein microarrays are used for glycoprofiling of various kinds of biological samples. Here we describe lectin-based microarray assay in the reverse-phase format where glycoprotein samples are spotted onto microarray slide and then are incubated with set of lectins. This configuration allows high-throughput screening of a large cohort of samples by a set of lectins without need of separation of glycans from glycoproteins. We applied the described method for glycan analysis of glycoprotein biomarkers of colorectal cancer associated with the insulin-like growth factor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Robajac
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Križáková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miloš Šunderić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Miljuš
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Gemeiner
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olgica Nedić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Paton B, Suarez M, Herrero P, Canela N. Glycosylation Biomarkers Associated with Age-Related Diseases and Current Methods for Glycan Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115788. [PMID: 34071388 PMCID: PMC8198018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process which implies the accumulation of molecular, cellular and organ damage, leading to an increased vulnerability to disease. In Western societies, the increase in the elderly population, which is accompanied by ageing-associated pathologies such as cardiovascular and mental diseases, is becoming an increasing economic and social burden for governments. In order to prevent, treat and determine which subjects are more likely to develop these age-related diseases, predictive biomarkers are required. In this sense, some studies suggest that glycans have a potential role as disease biomarkers, as they modify the functions of proteins and take part in intra- and intercellular biological processes. As the glycome reflects the real-time status of these interactions, its characterisation can provide potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for multifactorial diseases. This review gathers the alterations in protein glycosylation profiles that are associated with ageing and age-related diseases, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the review includes the available techniques for the determination and characterisation of glycans, such as liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Paton
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Manuel Suarez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
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Abstract
Human lifespan has increased significantly in the last 200 years, emphasizing our need to age healthily. Insights into molecular mechanisms of aging might allow us to slow down its rate or even revert it. Similar to aging, glycosylation is regulated by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The dynamics of glycopattern variation during aging has been mostly explored for plasma/serum and immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycome, as we describe thoroughly in this chapter. In addition, we discuss the potential functional role of agalactosylated IgG glycans in aging, through modulation of inflammation level, as proposed by the concept of inflammaging. We also comment on the potential to use the plasma/serum and IgG N-glycome as a biomarker of healthy aging and on the interventions that modulate the IgG glycopattern. Finally, we discuss the current knowledge about animal models for human plasma/serum and IgG glycosylation and mention other, less explored, instances of glycopattern changes during organismal aging and cellular senescence.
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Benedetti E, Gerstner N, Pučić-Baković M, Keser T, Reiding KR, Ruhaak LR, Štambuk T, Selman MH, Rudan I, Polašek O, Hayward C, Beekman M, Slagboom E, Wuhrer M, Dunlop MG, Lauc G, Krumsiek J. Systematic Evaluation of Normalization Methods for Glycomics Data Based on Performance of Network Inference. Metabolites 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 32630764 PMCID: PMC7408386 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycomics measurements, like all other high-throughput technologies, are subject to technical variation due to fluctuations in the experimental conditions. The removal of this non-biological signal from the data is referred to as normalization. Contrary to other omics data types, a systematic evaluation of normalization options for glycomics data has not been published so far. In this paper, we assess the quality of different normalization strategies for glycomics data with an innovative approach. It has been shown previously that Gaussian Graphical Models (GGMs) inferred from glycomics data are able to identify enzymatic steps in the glycan synthesis pathways in a data-driven fashion. Based on this finding, here, we quantify the quality of a given normalization method according to how well a GGM inferred from the respective normalized data reconstructs known synthesis reactions in the glycosylation pathway. The method therefore exploits a biological measure of goodness. We analyzed 23 different normalization combinations applied to six large-scale glycomics cohorts across three experimental platforms: Liquid Chromatography - ElectroSpray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (UHPLC-FLD), and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Furier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR-MS). Based on our results, we recommend normalizing glycan data using the 'Probabilistic Quotient' method followed by log-transformation, irrespective of the measurement platform. This recommendation is further supported by an additional analysis, where we ranked normalization methods based on their statistical associations with age, a factor known to associate with glycomics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Benedetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA;
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Nathalie Gerstner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Maja Pučić-Baković
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (G.L.)
| | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (T.Š.)
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.R.R.); (M.H.J.S.)
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.R.R.); (M.W.)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.R.R.); (M.W.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Štambuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (T.Š.)
| | - Maurice H.J. Selman
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.R.R.); (M.H.J.S.)
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK;
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Gen-Info Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Marian Beekman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.R.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Malcolm G. Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (G.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (T.Š.)
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA;
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
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Liu C, Li Z, Xu L, Shi Y, Zhang X, Shi S, Hou K, Fan Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou L, Liu Y, Qu X, Che X. GALNT6 promotes breast cancer metastasis by increasing mucin-type O-glycosylation of α2M. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11794-11811. [PMID: 32559179 PMCID: PMC7343513 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most lethal malignancy in women. N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6) is an enzyme which mediates the initial step of mucin-type O-glycosylation, and has been reported to be involved in mammary carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of GALNT6 in breast cancer metastasis has not been fully explored. In this study, based on online database analyses and tissue microarrays, the overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients with high expression of GALNT6 was found to be shorter than those with low expression of GALNT6. Also, high GALNT6 expression was positively correlated with advanced pN stage and pTNM stage. GALNT6 was shown to be able to promote the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and enhance the level of mucin-type O-glycosylation of substrates in the supernatants of breast cancer cells. Qualitative mucin-type glycosylomics analysis identified α2M as a novel substrate of GALNT6. Further investigation showed that GALNT6 increased O-glycosylation of α2M, and the following activation of the downstream PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved in the promotion of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. This study identified a new substrate of GALNT6 and provides novel understanding of the role of GALNT6 in promoting metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast/pathology
- Breast/surgery
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Datasets as Topic
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mastectomy
- Middle Aged
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tissue Array Analysis
- alpha-Macroglobulins/metabolism
- Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Sha Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Kezuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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