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Pinchak NP, Browning CR, Calder CA, Boettner B. Racial Inequalities in Adolescents' Exposure to Racial and Socioeconomic Segregation, Collective Efficacy, and Violence. Demography 2022; 59:1763-1789. [PMID: 36095161 PMCID: PMC9757129 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10210688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, Black youth tend to grow up in remarkably less resourced neighborhoods than White youth. This study investigates whether and to what extent Black youth are moreover exposed to less resourced activity spaces beyond the home. We draw on GPS data from a large sample of urban youth in the Columbus, Ohio-based Adolescent Health and Development in Context study (2014-2016) to examine to what extent Black youth experience nontrivial, disproportionate levels of exposure to more disadvantaged and segregated contexts in their daily routines compared with similarly residentially situated White youth. Specifically, we estimate Black-White differences in nonhome exposure to concentrated disadvantage, racial segregation, collective efficacy, and violent crime. We find that Black youths' activity spaces have substantially higher rates of racial segregation and violent crime than those of White youth, and substantially lower levels of collective efficacy-even after accounting for a host of individual- and home neighborhood-level characteristics. We find more modest evidence of differences in exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage. These findings have important implications for neighborhood-centered interventions focused on youth well-being and the contextual effects and segregation literatures more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo P. Pinchak
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute for Population Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christopher R. Browning
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute for Population Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Catherine A. Calder
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Bethany Boettner
- Institute for Population Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Thyden NH, Schmidt NM, Joshi S, Kim H, Nelson TF, Osypuk TL. Housing mobility protects against alcohol use for children with socioemotional health vulnerabilities: An experimental design. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1695-1709. [PMID: 36121443 PMCID: PMC9509446 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neighborhood context may influence alcohol use, but effects may be heterogeneous, and prior evidence is threatened by confounding. We leveraged a housing voucher experiment to test whether housing vouchers' effects on alcohol use differed for families of children with and without socioemotional health or socioeconomic vulnerabilities. TRIAL DESIGN In the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) study, low-income families in public housing in five US cities were randomized in 1994 to 1998 to receive one of three treatments: (1) a housing voucher redeemable in a low-poverty neighborhood plus housing counseling, (2) a housing voucher without locational restriction, or (3) no voucher (control). Alcohol use was assessed 10 to 15 years later (2008 to 2010) in youth ages 13 to 20, N = 4600, and their mothers, N = 3200. METHODS Using intention-to-treat covariate-adjusted regression models, we interacted MTO treatment with baseline socioemotional health vulnerabilities, testing modifiers of treatment on alcohol use. RESULTS We found treatment effect modification by socioemotional factors. For youth, MTO voucher treatment, compared with controls, reduced the odds of ever drinking alcohol if youth had behavior problems (OR = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09, 0.72]) or problems at school (OR = 0.46, [0.26, 0.82]). MTO low-poverty treatment (vs. controls) also reduced the number of drinks if their health required special medicine/equipment (OR = 0.50 [0.32, 0.80]). Yet treatment effects were nonsignificant among youth without socioemotional vulnerabilities. Among mothers of children with learning problems, MTO voucher treatment (vs. controls) reduced past-month drinking (OR = 0.69 [0.47, 0.99]), but was harmful otherwise (OR = 1.22 [0.99, 1.45]). CONCLUSIONS For low-income adolescents with special needs/socioemotional problems, housing vouchers protect against alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi H. Thyden
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Schmidt
- Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Spruha Joshi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA,New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Huiyun Kim
- Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Toben F. Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Theresa L. Osypuk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA,Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Modrek S, Roberts E, Warren JR, Rehkopf D. Long-Term Effects of Local-Area New Deal Work Relief in Childhood on Educational, Economic, and Health Outcomes Over the Life Course: Evidence From the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Demography 2022; 59:1489-1516. [PMID: 35852411 PMCID: PMC9516431 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The economic characteristics of one's childhood neighborhood have been found to determine long-term well-being. Policies enacted during childhood may change neighborhood trajectories and thus impact long-term outcomes for children. We use individual-level data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to examine the enduring consequences of childhood exposure to local-area New Deal emergency employment work-relief activity. Our outcomes include adolescent cognition, educational attainment, midlife income, health behaviors, late-life cognition, and mortality. We find that children (ages 0-3) living in neighborhoods with moderate work-relief activity in 1940 had higher adolescent IQ scores, had higher class rank, and were more likely to obtain at least a bachelor's degree. We find enduring benefits for midlife income and late-life cognition for males who grew up in areas with a moderate amount of work relief. We find mixed results for males who grew up in the most disadvantaged areas with the highest levels of work-relief activity. These children had similar educational outcomes as those in the most advantaged districts with the lowest work-relief activity but had higher adult smoking rates. Our findings provide some of the first evidence of the long-term consequences of New Deal policies on children's long-term life course outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Modrek
- Economics Department and Health Equity Institute, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Roberts
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | | | - David Rehkopf
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pinchak NP, Swisher RR. Neighborhoods, Schools, and Adolescent Violence: Ecological Relative Deprivation, Disadvantage Saturation, or Cumulative Disadvantage? J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:261-277. [PMID: 35000029 PMCID: PMC8831473 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood and school socioeconomic "disadvantage" are consequential for youth violence perpetration. This study considers alternative ecological cumulative disadvantage, disadvantage saturation, and relative deprivation hypotheses regarding how the association between neighborhood disadvantage and violence varies by levels of socioeconomic disadvantage in schools. These hypotheses are tested with data from Wave I of Add Health (n = 15,581; 51% Female; Age mean = 15.67, SD = 1.74). Cross-classified multilevel Rasch models are used to estimate the interaction between neighborhood and school disadvantage in predicting adolescent violence. Consistent with the ecological relative deprivation hypothesis, results indicate that the association between neighborhood disadvantage and violence is most pronounced among youth attending low-disadvantage schools. Further, youth exposed to high-disadvantage neighborhoods and low-disadvantage schools tend to be at the greatest risk of perpetrating violence. These patterns are evident among both males and females, and particularly among older youth and those from low-parent education families. This study motivates future investigations considering how adolescents' experiences beyond the neighborhood shape how they engage with and experience the effects of their neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo P Pinchak
- Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, 238 Townshend Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Institute for Population Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Raymond R Swisher
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, MS 4.02.68, San Antonio, TX, 27860, USA
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Kim B, Merlo AV, Park J, Hong YO. A Systematic Review of Public Housing, Poverty (De)Concentration, and Risk Behaviors: What About Youth? TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:73-87. [PMID: 32436461 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020927495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mobility housing programs aim to deconcentrate poverty in public housing areas. Previous synthesis research results describe the potential negative impact of mobility programs on the physical and mental health of youth. The current systematic review aims to expand our knowledge of the effects of living in a public housing development and leaving public housing and moving to a new neighborhood on youth risk behaviors, including both general crime/delinquency and substance use, sexual risk behavior, behavioral problems, and binge drinking. The systematic review process produced 7 primary research studies on public housing effects and 10 research studies on resettlement effects. Regarding public housing effects, five studies found a higher incidence of youth risk behaviors in public housing areas, while two studies concluded that not all children and adolescents living in public housing areas are adversely affected by the local environment. Of the 10 studies on the effects of relocation from public housing to other areas, 2 non-randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies found negative impacts, but 8 RCT studies found diversity in relocation effects on youth risk behaviors. These results highlight the need for tailored services for relocated youth taking into consideration their gender, age, family characteristics, and relocation sites. No studies on diversification housing projects satisfied the inclusion criteria in the current systematic review. With a thorough examination of the literature and a discussion of implications, a clear path for future inquiry and youth interventions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitna Kim
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Alida V Merlo
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Junhwi Park
- Judicial Reform Research Division, Korean Institute of Criminology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Oh Hong
- Crime Prevention and Treatment Research Division, Korean Institute of Criminology, Seoul, South Korea
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Rudolph KE, Gimbrone C, Díaz I. Helped into Harm: Mediation of a Housing Voucher Intervention on Mental Health and Substance Use in Boys. Epidemiology 2021; 32:336-346. [PMID: 33783392 PMCID: PMC8015202 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions can have harmful effects among subgroups they intend to help. The Moving To Opportunity experiment, in which families were randomized to receive a Section 8 housing voucher, was one example. Voucher receipt generally resulted in better long-term mental health and lower substance use and risk behavior outcomes among adolescent girls, but resulted in worse outcomes among adolescent boys. Reasons for this discrepancy and the unintended harmful health effects for boys are unclear. We used mediation analysis to estimate processes through which voucher receipt was hypothesized to affect adolescent mental health and substance use. METHODS We used longitudinal data (10-15 years) on boys enrolled in Moving To Opportunity. We estimated interventional (also known as stochastic) indirect effects of voucher receipt on mental health and substance use outcomes through mediators capturing aspects of the school environment, neighborhood poverty, and instability of the social environment. We also estimated interventional direct effects not operating through these mediators. We used a robust, efficient, nonparametric substitution estimator in the targeted minimum loss-based framework. RESULTS Housing voucher receipt increased long-term risk of any diagnostic statistical manual disorder, any mood disorder, any externalizing disorder, and cigarette smoking among boys. The majority (between 69% and 90%) of the total negative long-term effects could be explained by indirect effects through the mediators considered. CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests that, even though the intervention had the desired effects on neighborhood poverty and the school environment, these "positives" ultimately negatively impacted the long-term mental health and behaviors of boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Gimbrone
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Iván Díaz
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Mezuk B, Ohlsson H, Cederin K, Sundquist J, Kendler KS, Sundquist K. Immigrant enclaves and risk of drug involvement among asylum-seeking immigrants in Sweden: A quasi-experimental study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107666. [PMID: 31710993 PMCID: PMC7470170 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweden is a major host nation for asylum-seeking immigrants, and residential placement of these immigrants is an important policy concern. This quasi-experimental study estimated of the impact of being placed into an "immigrant enclave" on risk of officially-recognized drug involvement (ORDI) among asylum-seeking immigrants over a 15-year period. METHODS All data come from Swedish registries. The sample consisted of (a) asylum-seeking immigrants aged 5-35 years old at arrival (N = 51,017) that were subject to a nationwide policy (enforced 1987-1991) that dispersed asylum-seeking immigrants across municipalities, and (b) native-born Swedes aged 15 and older during this same period (N = 1,040,311). Neighborhood immigrant composition was quantified using the Reardon Index; residents of "immigrant enclave" neighborhoods (n = 960) were compared to residents of all other neighborhoods (n = 2,471). Cox proportional hazards models assessed the relationship between living in an enclave and risk of ORDI, identified by national registries, through 2015. RESULTS Overall, 29.7% of immigrants were assigned to, and 25.5% of Swedes lived in, an enclave. Cumulative incidence of ORDI in enclaves was 6.34% as compared to 6.89% in other neighborhoods. Immigrants living in an enclave had lower risk of ORDI (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.86, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.77 - 0.96). This protective association was marginally stronger in lower poverty areas. Native-born Swedes living in an enclave had higher risk of ORDI (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08), a relationship that was exacerbated by neighborhood poverty. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood immigrant composition is associated with risk of ORDI, with differential associations for immigrants and native-born populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Klas Cederin
- Health Sciences Centre, University of Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA USA
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Stefanie Deluca, Susan Clampet-Lundquist & Kathryn Edin: Coming of Age in the Other America. J Youth Adolesc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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