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Wang S, Li X, Li T, Wang H, Zhang X, Lou J, Xing Q, Hu X, Bao Z. The GRP94 gene of Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): Characterization and expression regulation in response to thermal and bacterial stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:443-451. [PMID: 29894740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) belonging to the HSP90 family is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone. It plays critical roles in ER quality control, and has been implicated as a specialized immune chaperone to regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we identified and characterized a GRP94 gene (PyGRP94) from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). The protein sequence of PyGRP94 is highly conserved with its homologs in vertebrates, with a signal sequence in N-terminal, an ER retrieval signal sequence in C-terminal and a HATPase_c domain. Expression analysis suggests that PyGRP94 transcripts in early embryos are maternally derived and the zygotic expression is started from D-shaped larvae. This gene is also expressed in almost all the adult tissues examined except smooth muscle, with the highest expression level in hemocytes. Besides, PyGRP94 was demonstrated to be induced by heat shock and both Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative (Vibrio anguillarum) bacterial infection, with much more dramatic changes being observed after V. anguillarum challenge. Our results suggest the involvement of PyGRP94 in response to thermal stress, and that it might play an important role in the innate immune defense of scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiarun Lou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Sun X, Liu Z, Wu B, Zhou L, Wang Q, Wu W, Yang A. Differences between fast and slow muscles in scallops revealed through proteomics and transcriptomics. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:377. [PMID: 29783952 PMCID: PMC5963113 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scallops possess striated and catch adductor muscles, which have different structure and contractile properties. The striated muscle contracts very quickly for swimming, whereas the smooth catch muscle can keep the shells closed for long periods with little expenditure of energy. In this study, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differences between the striated (fast) and catch (slow) adductor muscles in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis reveals 1316 upregulated and 8239 downregulated genes in slow compared to fast adductor muscle. For the same comparison, iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals 474 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 198 up- and 276 downregulated. These DEPs mainly comprise muscle-specific proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, extracellular matrix, and metabolic pathways. A group of conventional muscle proteins-myosin heavy chain, myosin regulatory light chain, myosin essential light chain, and troponin-are enriched in fast muscle. In contrast, paramyosin, twitchin, and catchin are preferentially expressed in slow muscle. The association analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data provides the evidences of regulatory events at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in fast and slow muscles. Among 1236 differentially expressed unigenes, 22.7% show a similar regulation of mRNA levels and protein abundances. In contrast, more unigenes (53.2%) exhibit striking differences between gene expression and protein abundances in the two muscles, which indicates the existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory events in most of myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, titin, troponin, and twitchin. CONCLUSIONS This first, global view of protein and mRNA expression levels in scallop fast and slow muscles reveal that regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels are essential in the maintenance of muscle structure and function. The existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in myofibrillar proteins will greatly improve our understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction and its regulation in non-model invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China.
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Yu H, Li H, Li Q. Molecular characterization and expression profiles of myosin essential light chain gene in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 213:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chantler PD. Scallop Adductor Muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62710-0.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Matusovsky OS, Shevchenko UV, Matusovskaya GG, Sobieszek A, Dobrzhanskaya AV, Shelud’ko NS. Catch muscle myorod modulates ATPase activity of Myosin in a phosphorylation-dependent way. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125379. [PMID: 25915932 PMCID: PMC4410989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myorod is expressed exclusively in molluscan catch muscle and localizes on the surface of thick filaments together with twitchin and myosin. Myorod is an alternatively spliced product of the myosin heavy-chain gene that contains the C-terminal rod part of myosin and a unique N-terminal domain. The unique domain is a target for phosphorylation by gizzard smooth myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) and, perhaps, molluscan twitchin, which contains a MLCK-like domain. To elucidate the role of myorod and its phosphorylation in the catch muscle, the effect of chromatographically purified myorod on the actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity of myosin was studied. We found that phosphorylation at the N-terminus of myorod potentiated the actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity of mussel and rabbit myosins. This potentiation occurred only if myorod was phosphorylated and introduced into the ATPase assay as a co-filament with myosin. We suggest that myorod could be related to the catch state, a function specific to molluscan muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S. Matusovsky
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- * E-mail: (OM); (NS)
| | - Ulyana V. Shevchenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina G. Matusovskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Apolinary Sobieszek
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna V. Dobrzhanskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikolay S. Shelud’ko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- * E-mail: (OM); (NS)
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Identification of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75609. [PMID: 24069432 PMCID: PMC3777977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bivalves comprise around 30,000 extant species and have received much attention for their importance in ecosystems, aquaculture and evolutionary studies. Despite the increasing application of real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in gene expression studies on bivalve species, little research has been conducted on reference gene selection which is critical for reliable and accurate qRT-PCR analysis. For scallops, systematic evaluation of reference genes that can be used among tissues or embryo/larva stages is lacking, and β-actin (ACT) is most frequently used as qRT-PCR reference gene without validation. RESULTS In this study, 12 commonly used candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome data of Yesso scallop (Patinopectenyessoensis) for suitable qRT-PCR reference genes identification. The expression of these genes in 36 tissue samples and 15 embryo/larva samples under normal physiological conditions was examined by qRT-PCR, and their expression stabilities were evaluated using three statistic algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, and comparative ∆Ct method. Similar results were obtained by the three approaches for the most and the least stably expressed genes. Final comprehensive ranking for the 12 genes combing the results from the three programs showed that, for different tissues, DEAD-box RNA helicase (HELI), ubiquitin (UBQ), and 60S ribosomal protein L16 (RPL16) were the optimal reference genes combination, while for different embryo/larva stages, gene set containing Cytochrome B (CB), Cytochrome C (CC), Histone H3.3 (His3.3), and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were recommended for qRT-PCR normalization. ACT was among the least stable genes for both adult tissues and embryos/larvae. CONCLUSIONS This work constitutes the first systematic analysis on reference genes selection for qRT-PCR normalization in scallop under normal conditions. The suitable reference genes we recommended will be useful for the identification of genes related to biological processes in Yesso scallop, and also in the reference gene selection for other scallop or bivalve species.
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Balseiro P, Moreira R, Chamorro R, Figueras A, Novoa B. Immune responses during the larval stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis: metamorphosis alters immunocompetence, body shape and behavior. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:438-447. [PMID: 23684811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the development of the immune system during the larval stages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The ability of trochophore and veliger larvae to phagocytose foreign particles (Escherichia coli and zymosan) was measured. Phagocytosis was detected as early as 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. However, although there was a high basal production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NRS), the phagocytosis of zymosan did not trigger an associated increase in radical production. In addition, a panel of immune-related mussel genes (Myticin B, Myticin C, Mytilin B, Mytimycin precursor 1, Macrophage migration inhibition factor, lysozyme, C1q, membrane attack complex protein and fibrinogen-related protein) was selected for expression profile analysis throughout the different developmental stages (trochophore, veliger, metamorphosis, post-settlement and spat). The expression of these genes increased during the transition from trochophore to spat, and the level of expression was higher in oocytes than in trochophores, suggesting that gene expression during the first larval stages might be maternal in origin. Metamorphosis was identified as a crucial stage when larvae increased the expression of immune-related genes and responded to environmental signals. Whole-mount in situ hybridization studies showed the mantle edge as an important area in the development of immunocompetence in bivalve larvae. Larvae responded to both live and heat-inactivated bacteria by modulating expression of immune-related genes. Altogether, our results support that during the early stages of M. galloprovincialis development, immune mechanisms emerge to aid larvae in managing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Balseiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, C.P.36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Molluscan catch muscle myorod and its N-terminal peptide bind to F-actin and myosin in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 509:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Matusovsky OS, Dyachuk VA, Kiselev KV, Matusovskaya GG, Shelud’ko NS. Expression of several domains of twitchin and myorod in the ontogeny of the mussel Mytilus trossulus. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350910050015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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