Phosphoinositides in Ca(2+) signaling and excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: an old player and newcomers

25-Hydroxycholesterol as a negative regulator of diaphragm muscle contractions via estrogen receptor and Ca2+ -dependent pathway

Cholesterol is involved in the regulation of various signaling processes, and oxysterols are essential lipid messengers. The cholesterol derivative 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is overproduced by muscle macrophages in sarcopenia, myasthenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we examined the effects of 25-HC on Ca2+ signaling and contractions of the mouse diaphragm, the main respiratory muscle. We found that 25-HC increased resting levels of cytosolic Ca2+ in muscle fibers. This effect was dependent on estrogen receptor α (ERα) and was mediated by Ca2+-efflux from intracellular stores via dantrolene-insensitive and TMB-8-sensitive channels, presumably inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). In addition, 25-HC suppressed diaphragm contractile responses to direct stimulation of the muscle fibers. The negative effect of 25-HC on contraction force was inhibited by blockers of ERα and Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, 25-HC may suppress diaphragm muscle contractility due to activation of an ERα/IP3R/Ca2+in axis in muscle fibers. At the same time, 25-HC did not significantly modify the contractions elicited by phrenic nerve stimulation and respiratory activity in vivo. We discuss that the previously found enhancement of neuromuscular transmission mediated by 25-HC in the diaphragm can compensate for the reduction in the muscle contractions in the case of phrenic nerve activation.

Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenic Fungal Virulence Regulation by Cell Membrane Phospholipids

Pathogenic fungi represent a growing concern for human health, necessitating a deeper understanding of their molecular mechanisms of virulence to formulate effective antifungal strategies. Recent research has increasingly highlighted the role of phospholipid components in fungal cell membranes, which are not only vital for maintaining cellular integrity but also significantly influence fungal pathogenicity. This review focuses on the impact of membrane phospholipid composition on fungal growth, morphogenesis, stress responses, and interactions with host cells. To be specific, membrane phospholipid composition critically influences fungal virulence by modulating growth dynamics and morphogenesis, such as the transition from yeast to hyphal forms, which enhances tissue invasion. Additionally, phospholipids mediate stress adaptation, enabling fungi to withstand host-derived oxidative and osmotic stresses, crucial for survival within hostile host environments. Phospholipid asymmetry also impacts interactions with host cells, including adhesion, phagocytosis evasion, and the secretion of virulence factors like hydrolytic enzymes. These adaptations collectively enhance fungal pathogenicity by promoting colonization, immune evasion, and damage to host tissues, directly linking membrane architecture to infection outcomes. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved, we aim to underscore the potential of targeting phospholipid metabolic pathways as a promising avenue for antifungal therapy. A comprehensive understanding of how membrane phospholipid composition regulates the virulence of pathogenic fungi can provide valuable insights for developing novel antifungal strategies.

Ca2+-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in myotubularin-deficient muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle deficiency in the 3-phosphoinositide (PtdInsP) phosphatase myotubularin (MTM1) causes myotubular myopathy which is associated with severe depression of voltage-activated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ release through ryanodine receptors. In the present study we aimed at further understanding how Ca²⁺ release is altered in MTM1-deficient muscle fibers, at rest and during activation. While in wild-type muscle fibers, SR Ca²⁺ release exhibits fast stereotyped kinetics of activation and decay throughout the voltage range of activation, Ca²⁺ release in MTM1-deficient muscle fibers exhibits slow and unconventional kinetics at intermediate voltages, suggestive of partial loss of the normal control of ryanodine receptor Ca²⁺ channel activity. In addition, the diseased muscle fibers at rest exhibit spontaneous elementary Ca²⁺ release events at a frequency 30 times greater than that of control fibers. Eighty percent of the events have spatiotemporal properties of archetypal Ca²⁺ sparks while the rest take either the form of lower amplitude, longer duration Ca²⁺ release events or of a combination thereof. The events occur at preferred locations in the fibers, indicating spatially uneven distribution of the parameters determining spontaneous ryanodine receptor 1 opening. Spatially large Ca²⁺ release sources were obviously involved in some of these events, suggesting that opening of ryanodine receptors in one cluster can activate opening of ryanodine receptors in a neighboring one. Overall results demonstrate that opening of Ca²⁺-activated ryanodine receptors is promoted both at rest and during excitation-contraction coupling in MTM1-deficient muscle fibers. Because access to this activation mode is denied to ryanodine receptors in healthy skeletal muscle, this may play an important role in the associated disease situation.

Genetic control of longissimus dorsi muscle gene expression variation and joint analysis with phenotypic quantitative trait loci in pigs

Background

Economically important growth and meat quality traits in pigs are controlled by cascading molecular events occurring during development and continuing throughout the conversion of muscle to meat. However, little is known about the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Evaluating transcriptomic profiles of skeletal muscle during the initial steps leading to the conversion of muscle to meat can identify key regulators of polygenic phenotypes. In addition, mapping transcript abundance through genome-wide association analysis using high-density marker genotypes allows identification of genomic regions that control gene expression, referred to as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). In this study, we perform eQTL analyses to identify potential candidate genes and molecular markers regulating growth and meat quality traits in pigs.

Results

Messenger RNA transcripts obtained with RNA-seq of longissimus dorsi muscle from 168 F2 animals from a Duroc x Pietrain pig resource population were used to estimate gene expression variation subject to genetic control by mapping eQTL. A total of 339 eQTL were mapped (FDR ≤ 0.01) with 191 exhibiting local-acting regulation. Joint analysis of eQTL with phenotypic QTL (pQTL) segregating in our population revealed 16 genes significantly associated with 21 pQTL for meat quality, carcass composition and growth traits. Ten of these pQTL were for meat quality phenotypes that co-localized with one eQTL on SSC2 (8.8-Mb region) and 11 eQTL on SSC15 (121-Mb region). Biological processes identified for co-localized eQTL genes include calcium signaling (FERM, MRLN, PKP2 and CHRNA9), energy metabolism (SUCLG2 and PFKFB3) and redox hemostasis (NQO1 and CEP128), and results support an important role for activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway during the initial conversion of muscle to meat.

Conclusion

Co-localization of eQTL with pQTL identified molecular markers significantly associated with both economically important phenotypes and gene transcript abundance. This study reveals candidate genes contributing to variation in pig production traits, and provides new knowledge regarding the genetic architecture of meat quality phenotypes.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5386-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition restores Ca2+ release defects and prolongs survival in myotubularin-deficient mice

Mutations in the gene encoding the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase myotubularin (MTM1) are responsible for a pediatric disease of skeletal muscle named myotubular myopathy (XLMTM). Muscle fibers from MTM1-deficient mice present defects in excitation-contraction (EC) coupling likely responsible for the disease-associated fatal muscle weakness. However, the mechanism leading to EC coupling failure remains unclear. During normal skeletal muscle EC coupling, transverse (t) tubule depolarization triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ release through ryanodine receptor channels gated by conformational coupling with the t-tubule voltage-sensing dihydropyridine receptors. We report that MTM1 deficiency is associated with a 60% depression of global SR Ca²⁺ release over the full range of voltage sensitivity of EC coupling. SR Ca²⁺ release in the diseased fibers is also slower than in normal fibers, or delayed following voltage activation, consistent with the contribution of Ca²⁺-gated ryanodine receptors to EC coupling. In addition, we found that SR Ca²⁺ release is spatially heterogeneous within myotubularin-deficient muscle fibers, with focally defective areas recapitulating the global alterations. Importantly, we found that pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase) activity rescues the Ca²⁺ release defects in isolated muscle fibers and increases the lifespan and mobility of XLMTM mice, providing proof of concept for the use of PtdIns 3-kinase inhibitors in myotubular myopathy and suggesting that unbalanced PtdIns 3-kinase activity plays a critical role in the pathological process.

The Inositol Trisphosphate/Calcium Signaling Pathway in Health and Disease

Many cellular functions are regulated by calcium (Ca2+) signals that are generated by different signaling pathways. One of these is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium (InsP3/Ca2+) signaling pathway that operates through either primary or modulatory mechanisms. In its primary role, it generates the Ca2+ that acts directly to control processes such as metabolism, secretion, fertilization, proliferation, and smooth muscle contraction. Its modulatory role occurs in excitable cells where it modulates the primary Ca2+ signal generated by the entry of Ca2+ through voltage-operated channels that releases Ca2+ from ryanodine receptors (RYRs) on the internal stores. In carrying out this modulatory role, the InsP3/Ca2+ signaling pathway induces subtle changes in the generation and function of the voltage-dependent primary Ca2+ signal. Changes in the nature of both the primary and modulatory roles of InsP3/Ca2+ signaling are a contributory factor responsible for the onset of a large number human diseases.