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Chirivi M, Cortes D, Rendon CJ, Contreras GA. Lipolysis inhibition as a treatment of clinical ketosis in dairy cows: Effects on adipose tissue metabolic and immune responses. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00044-4. [PMID: 38278290 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Dairy cows with clinical ketosis (CK) exhibit excessive adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and systemic inflammation. Lipolysis in cows can be induced by the canonical (hormonally induced) and inflammatory lipolytic pathways. Currently, the most common treatment for CK is oral propylene glycol (PG); however, PG does not reduce lipolysis or inflammation. Niacin (NIA) can reduce the activation of canonical lipolysis, whereas cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as flunixin meglumine (FM) can limit inflammation and inhibit the inflammatory lipolytic pathway. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of including NIA and FM in the standard PG treatment for postpartum CK on AT function. Multiparous Jersey cows [n = 18; 7.1 (SD = 3.8) DIM] were selected from a commercial dairy. Inclusion criteria were CK symptoms (lethargy, depressed appetite, and drop in milk yield) and high blood levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L). Cows with CK were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) PG: 310 g administered orally once per d for 5 d, 2) PG+NIA: 24 g administered orally oral once per d for 3 d, 3) PG+NIA+FM: 1.1 mg/kg administered IV once per day for 3 d. Healthy cows (HC; n = 6) matched by lactation and DIM (±2 d) were sampled. Subcutaneous AT explants were collected at d 0 (d0) and 7 (d7) relative to enrollment. To assess AT insulin sensitivity, explants were treated with insulin (INS = 1 µL/L) during lipolysis stimulation with a β-adrenergic receptor agonist (isoproterenol, ISO = 1 µM). Lipolysis was quantified by glycerol release in the media. Lipid mobilization and inflammatory gene networks were evaluated using real-time qPCR. Protein biomarkers of lipolysis, insulin signaling, and AT inflammation, including HSL, AKT, and ERK1/2, were quantified by capillary immunoassays. Flow cytometry of AT cellular components was used to characterize macrophage inflammatory phenotypes. Statistical significance was determined by a non-parametric t-test when 2 groups (HC vs CK) were analyzed and an ANOVA test with Tukey adjustment when 3 treatment groups (PG vs PGNIA vs PGNIAFM) were evaluated. At d0, AT from CK cows showed higher mRNA expression of lipolytic enzymes ABHD5, LIPE, and LPL, as well as increased phosphorylation of the lipase HSL (pHSL) compared with HC. At d0, INS reduced lipolysis by 41 ± 8% in AT from HC, while CK cows were unresponsive (-2.9 ± 4%). AT from CK cows exhibited reduced Akt phosphorylation compared with HC. CK had increased AT expression of inflammatory gene markers, including CCL2, IL8, IL10, TLR4, and TNF, along with ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AT from CK cows showed increased macrophage infiltration compared with HC. By d7, AT from PGNIAFM cows had a more robust response to INS, as evidenced by reduced glycerol release (36.5 ± 8% compared with PG, 26.9 ± 7%, and PGNIA, 7.4 ± 8%) and enhanced phosphorylation of Akt. By d7, PGNIAFM cows presented lower inflammatory markers, including ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reduced macrophage infiltration, compared with PG and PGNIA. These data suggest that including NIA and FM in CK treatment improves AT insulin sensitivity and reduces AT inflammation and macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Daniela Cortes
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - C Javier Rendon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
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8-OxoG in GC-rich Sp1 binding sites enhances gene transcription in adipose tissue of juvenile mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15618. [PMID: 31666587 PMCID: PMC6821754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of guanine to 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is the most common type of oxidative DNA lesion. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that 8-oxoG is not only pre-mutagenic, but also plays an essential role in modulating gene expression along with its cognate repair proteins. In this study, we investigated the relationship between 8-oxoG formed under intrinsic oxidative stress conditions and gene expression in adipose and lung tissues of juvenile mice. We observed that transcriptional activity and the number of active genes were significantly correlated with the distribution of 8-oxoG in gene promoter regions, as determined by reverse-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (RP-LC/MS), and 8-oxoG and RNA sequencing. Gene regulation by 8-oxoG was not associated with the degree of 8-oxoG formation. Instead, genes with GC-rich transcription factor binding sites in their promoters became more active with increasing 8-oxoG abundance as also demonstrated by specificity protein 1 (Sp1)- and estrogen response element (ERE)-luciferase assays in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. These results indicate that the occurrence of 8-oxoG in GC-rich Sp1 binding sites is important for gene regulation during adipose tissue development.
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Xu J, Gu W, Ji K, Xu Z, Zhu H, Zheng W. Sequence analysis and structure prediction of ABHD16A and the roles of the ABHD family members in human disease. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180017. [PMID: 29794032 PMCID: PMC5990648 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abhydrolase domain containing 16A (ABHD16A) is a member of the α/β hydrolase domain-containing (ABHD) protein family and is expressed in a variety of animal cells. Studies have shown that ABHD16A has acylglycerol lipase and phosphatidylserine lipase activities. Its gene location in the main histocompatibility complex (MHC) III gene cluster suggests that this protein may participate in the immunomodulation of the body. The results of studies investigating nearly 20 species of ABHDs reveal that the ABHD proteins are key factors in metabolic regulation and disease occurrence and development. In this paper, we summarize the related progress regarding the function of ABHD16A and other ABHD proteins. A prediction of the active sites and structural domains of ABHD16A and an analysis of the amino acid sites are included. Moreover, we analysed the amino acid sequences of the ABHD16A molecules in different species and provide an overview of the related functions and diseases associated with these proteins. The functions and diseases related to ABHD are systematically summarized and highlighted. Future research directions for studies investigating the functions and mechanisms of these proteins are also suggested. Further studies investigating the function of ABHD proteins may further confirm their positions as important determinants of lipid metabolism and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhen Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.,Henan Business Research Institute Co. Ltd, Zhengzhou, He'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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Up-regulation of PCSK9 gene expression and diminished level of LDL-receptor in rat liver as a potential cause of post-lipectomy hypercholesterolemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 455:207-217. [PMID: 30483910 PMCID: PMC6445806 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies designed to examine effects of fat mass reduction (including lipodystrophy and lipectomy) on human serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to examine effect of partial lipectomy in rats (as an experimental model of fat mass reduction in humans) on (1) circulating total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol + VLDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and (2) factors which may affect serum cholesterol concentrations such as: (a) liver LDL-receptor level, (b) expression of liver PCSK9 and (c) circulating PCSK9 concentration. Reduction of rat adipose tissue mass resulted in an increase in circulating total and LDL + VLDL—cholesterol concentrations, which was associated with (a) decrease in liver LDL-R level, (b) increase in liver PCSK9 expression, and (c) increase in circulating PCSK9 concentration as compared with sham controls. These changes were accompanied by elevated liver HNF1α (and HNF4α) mRNA levels. Silencing HNF1α in HepG2 cells by siRNA led to decrease in PCSK9 mRNA levels. This suggests that overexpression of HNF1α gene in liver of lipectomized rats can lead to overproduction of PCSK9. In conclusion, up-regulation of PCSK9, due to overexpression of HNF1α gene in liver of lipectomized rats and subsequently increase in circulating PCSK9 concentration lead to decrease in liver LDL-R level. This may contribute, at least in part, to an increase in the concentration of circulating cholesterol in rats with reduced fat mass. These findings provide a possible explanation for the molecular mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed sometimes after reduction of fat mass in human.
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Phan V, Cox D, Cipriani S, Spendiff S, Buchkremer S, O'Connor E, Horvath R, Goebel HH, Hathazi D, Lochmüller H, Straka T, Rudolf R, Weis J, Roos A. SIL1 deficiency causes degenerative changes of peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions in fish, mice and human. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:218-229. [PMID: 30468864 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome (MSS) is a rare neuromuscular condition caused by recessive mutations in the SIL1 gene resulting in the absence of functional SIL1 protein, a co-chaperone for the major ER chaperone, BiP. As BiP is decisive for proper protein processing, loss of SIL1 results in the accumulation of misshaped proteins. This accumulation likely damages and destroys cells in vulnerable tissues, leading to congenital cataracts, cerebellar ataxia, vacuolar myopathy and other MSS phenotypes. Whether the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is affected in MSS has not been conclusively shown. METHODS To study PNS vulnerability in MSS, intramuscular nerves fibres from MSS patients and from SIL1-deficient mice (woozy) as well as sciatic nerves and neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) from these mice have been investigated via transmission electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies accompanied by transcript studies and unbiased proteomic profiling. In addition, PNS and NMJ integrity were analyzed via immunofluorescence studies in an MSS-zebrafish model which has been generated for that purpose. RESULTS Electron microscopy revealed morphological changes indicative of impaired autophagy and mitochondrial maintenance in distal axons and in Schwann cells. Moreover, changes of the morphology of NMJs as well as of transcripts encoding proteins important for NMJ function were detected in woozy mice. These findings were in line with a grossly abnormal structure of NMJs in SIL1-deficient zebrafish embryos. Proteome profiling of sciatic nerve specimens from woozy mice revealed altered levels of proteins implicated in neuronal maintenance suggesting the activation of compensatory mechanisms. CONCLUSION Taken together, our combined data expand the spectrum of tissues affected by SIL1-loss and suggest that impaired neuromuscular transmission might be part of MSS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vietxuan Phan
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS, e.V. Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Dan Cox
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Silvia Cipriani
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Neuromotor and Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Stephan Buchkremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
| | - Emily O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. emily.o'
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | | | - Denisa Hathazi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS, e.V. Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tatjana Straka
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
| | - Andreas Roos
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS, e.V. Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany; Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany; Pediatric Neurology, University Childrens Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany.
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