Role of miRNA-210, miRNA-21 and miRNA-126 as diagnostic biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma: impact of HIF-1α-VEGF signaling pathway

Association of ATG10 rs1864183, ATG16L1 rs2241880 and miR-126 with esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

In India, esophageal cancer (EC) is among the major cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes. In recent past, autophagy has emerged as one of the crucial process associated with cancer. In the development of EC, the role of autophagy and the precise molecular mechanism involved has yet to be fully understood. Recently, a small number of studies have proposed how variations in autophagy genes affect the growth and development of EC. Micro-RNA's are also known to play a critical role in the development of EC. Here, we examined the relationship between the risk of EC and two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the key autophagy genes, ATG10 rs1864183 and ATG16L1 rs2241880. We also analyzed the association of miR-107 and miR-126 with EC as these miRNA's are associated with autophagy.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 230 EC patients and 230 healthy controls from North-west Indian population were enrolled. ATG10 rs1864183 and ATG16L1 rs2241880 polymorphism were analyzed using TaqMan genotyping assay. Expression levels of miR-107 and miR-126 were analyzed through quantitative PCR using SYBR green chemistry. We found significant association of CT + CC genotype (OR 0.64, p = 0.022) in recessive model for ATG10 rs1864183 polymorphism with decreased EC risk. For ATG16L1 rs2241880 polymorphism significant association for AG genotype (OR 1.48, p = 0.05) and G allele (OR 1.43, p = 0.025) was observed for increased EC risk. Expression levels of miR-126 were also found to be significantly up regulated (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that ATG10 rs1864183, ATG16L1 rs2241880 and miR-126 may be associated with esophageal carcinogenesis and warrant further investigation.

The dual role of MiR-210 in the aetiology of cancer: A focus on hypoxia-inducible factor signalling

Tumorigenesis exemplifies the complex process of neoplasm origination, which is characterised by somatic genetic alterations and abnormal cellular growth. This multidimensional phenomenon transforms previously dormant cells into malignant equivalents, resulting in uncontrollable proliferation and clonal expansion. Various elements, including random mutations, harmful environmental substances, and genetic predispositions, influence tumorigenesis's aetiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are now recognised as crucial determinants of gene expression and key players in several biological methods, including oncogenesis. A well-known hypoxia-inducible miRNA is MiR-210, which is of particular interest because of its complicated role in the aetiology of cancer and a variation of physiological and pathological situations. MiR-210 significantly impacts cancer by controlling the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signalling pathway. By supporting angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and cellular survival in hypoxic microenvironments, HIF signalling orchestrates adaptive responses, accelerating the unstoppable development of tumorous growth. Targeting several components of this cascade, including HIF-1, HIF-3, and FIH-1, MiR-210 plays a vital role in modifying HIF signalling and carefully controlling the HIF-mediated response and cellular fates in hypoxic environments. To understand the complexities of this relationship, careful investigation is required at the intersection of MiR-210 and HIF signalling. Understanding this relationship is crucial for uncovering the mechanisms underlying cancer aetiology and developing cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. The current review emphasises MiR-210's significance as a vital regulator of the HIF signalling cascade, with substantial implications spanning a range of tumor pathogenesis.

Role of microRNA in colorectal carcinoma (CRC): a narrative review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in regulating gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). They were first discovered around 8 years after the identification of the first miRNA in 1993, and since then, there has been a significant increase in miRNA-related research and discoveries. MiRNAs have been implicated in various biological processes, including cancer, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). In CRC, miRNAs act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors, influencing essential cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The dysregulation of miRNAs in CRC can arise from different factors, leading to abnormal expression levels of their target mRNAs and subsequently affecting protein production. Consequently, miRNAs may directly target oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, thereby contributing to cancer initiation and progression. Notably, tumors often exhibit reduced expression of mature miRNAs. In CRC research, miRNAs offer potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Specific miRNA profiles could serve as non-invasive tools for early CRC detection and risk assessment. Additionally, miRNA-based therapies present a promising approach for targeted cancer treatment by modulating miRNA expression. However, challenges related to delivery systems and long-term safety must be addressed to fully harness their therapeutic potential.

Exploring the lncRNA-VEGF axis: Implications for cancer detection and therapy

Cancer is a complicated illness that spreads indefinitely owing to epigenetic, genetic, and genomic alterations. Cancer cell multidrug susceptibility represents a severe barrier in cancer therapy. As a result, creating effective therapies requires a better knowledge of the mechanisms driving cancer development, progress, and resistance to medications. The human genome is predominantly made up of long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are currently identified as critical moderators in a variety of biological functions. Recent research has found that changes in lncRNAs are closely related to cancer biology. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling system is necessary for angiogenesis and vascular growth and has been related to an array of health illnesses, such as cancer. LncRNAs have been identified to alter a variety of cancer-related processes, notably the division of cells, movement, angiogenesis, and treatment sensitivity. Furthermore, lncRNAs may modulate immune suppression and are being investigated as possible indicators for early identification of cancer. Various lncRNAs have been associated with cancer development and advancement, serving as cancer-causing or suppressing genes. Several lncRNAs have been demonstrated through research to impact the VEGF cascade, resulting in changes in angiogenesis and tumor severity. For example, the lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been shown to foster the formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by stimulating the VEGF-A and Notch systems. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) promotes angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer by affecting miR-29c and boosting the VEGF cascade. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate VEGF production and angiogenesis by interacting with multiple downstream signalling networks, including Wnt, p53, and AKT systems. Identifying how lncRNAs engage with the VEGF cascade in cancer gives beneficial insights into tumor biology and possible treatment strategies. Exploring the complicated interaction between lncRNAs and the VEGF pathway certainly paves avenues for novel ways to detect better accurately, prognosis, and cure cancers. Future studies in this area could open avenues toward the creation of innovative cancer therapy regimens that enhance the lives of patients.

Tumor circulating biomarkers in colorectal cancer

CRC is a major global health concern and is responsible for a significant number of cancer-related deaths each year. The successful treatment of CRC becomes more difficult when it goes undetected until it has advanced to a later stage. Diagnostic biomarkers can play a critical role in the early detection of CRC, which leads to improved patient outcomes and increased survival rates. It is important to develop reliable biomarkers for the early detection of CRC to enable timely diagnosis and treatment. To date, CRC detection methods such as endoscopy, blood, and stool tests are imperfect and often only identify cases in the later stages of the disease. To overcome these limitations, researchers are turning to molecular biomarkers as a promising avenue for improving CRC detection. Diagnostic information can be provided more reliably through a noninvasive approach using biomarkers such as mRNA, circulating cell-free DNA, micro-RNA, long non-coding RNA, and proteins. These biomarkers can be found in blood, tissue, feces, and volatile organic compounds. The identification of molecular biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for early detection of CRC that are safe, cost-effective, and easily measurable remains a significant challenge for researchers. In this article, we will explore the latest advancements in blood-based diagnostic biomarkers for CRC and their potential impact on improving patient survival rates.

Impact of Hypoxia-Induced miR-210 on Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) poses significant clinical challenges, with late-stage diagnosis and limited therapeutic options contributing to its dismal prognosis. A hallmark feature of PC is the presence of a profoundly hypoxic tumour microenvironment, resulting from various factors such as fibrotic stroma, rapid tumour cell proliferation, and poor vascularization. Hypoxia plays a crucial role in promoting aggressive cancer behaviour, therapeutic resistance, and immunosuppression. Previous studies have explored the molecular mechanisms behind hypoxia-induced changes in PC, focusing on the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Among the myriad of molecules affected by hypoxia, microRNA-210 (miR-210) emerges as a central player. It is highly responsive to hypoxia and regulated by HIF-dependent and HIF-independent pathways. miR-210 influences critical cellular processes, including angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis, all of which contribute to PC progression and resistance to treatment. Understanding these pathways provides insights into potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, investigating the role of miR-210 and its regulation in hypoxia sheds light on the potential development of early diagnostic strategies, which are urgently needed to improve outcomes for PC patients. This review delves into the complexities of PC and introduces the roles of hypoxia and miR-210 in the progression of PC.

Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer: Its Present State and Future Role in Africa

The rising mortality and morbidity rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Africa has been attributed to factors such as the poor state of health infrastructures, genetics, and late presentation resulting in the delayed diagnosis of these tumors. If well harnessed, emerging molecular and omics diagnostic technologies such as liquid biopsy can potentially play a major role in optimizing the management of HNC in Africa. However, to successfully apply liquid biopsy technology in the management of HNC in Africa, factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural acceptability of the technology must be given due consideration. This review outlines the role of circulating molecules such as tumor cells, tumor DNA, tumor RNA, proteins, and exosomes, in liquid biopsy technology for the management of HNC with a focus on studies conducted in Africa. The present state and the potential opportunities for the future use of liquid biopsy technology in the effective management of HNC in resource-limited settings such as Africa is further discussed.

From strings to signals: Unraveling the impact of miRNAs on diagnosis, and progression of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as the third most prevalent ailment globally and represents the primary cause of mortality associated with cancer. Significant advancements have been made in the clinical management of patients with CRC, encompassing the development of more streamlined methodologies and a diverse array of biomarkers utilized for prognostic, diagnostic, and predictive objectives. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) play a key role in the development of CRC by modulating the expression of their target genes, which govern a number of metabolic and cellular processes. They are related to malignant traits such as enhanced invasive and proliferative capacity, evasion of apoptosis, cell cycle aberration, and promotion of angiogenesis through dysregulation in their function. This review's objectives were to examine miRNA biogenesis, provide an updated list of oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs, and discuss the likely causes of miRNA dysregulation in CRC. Additionally, we discuss the diagnostic and predictive functions of miRNAs in CRC and summarize their biological significance and clinical potential.

Role of non-coding RNAs as new therapeutic targets in regulating the EMT and apoptosis in metastatic gastric and colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC), are the two most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and are serious health concerns worldwide. The discovery of more effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, and improved patient prognosis is important. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), can regulate cellular processes such as apoptosis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to progression and resistance of GC and CRC tumors. Moreover these pathways (apoptosis and EMT) may serve as therapeutic targets, to prevent metastasis, and to overcome drug resistance. A subgroup of ncRNAs is common to both GC and CRC tumors, suggesting that they might be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight some ncRNAs that can regulate EMT and apoptosis as two opposite mechanisms in cancer progression and metastasis in GC and CRC. A better understanding of the biological role of ncRNAs could open up new avenues for the development of personalized treatment plans for GC and CRC patients.

MicroRNA expression as a diagnostic parameter in early endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVES

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as biomarkers that showed strong diagnostic potential in various diseases, including cancer. This study aimed to estimate the expression and diagnostic potential of miRNAs (miR-200a, miR-21, miR-210, miR-126, and miR-130a) in endometrial cancer samples. The DICER1 and AGO2 genes were also analysed.

METHODS

The expression of miRNAs, DICER1, and AGO2 was quantified using the quantitative real-time PCR method in 40 tissue samples with early-stage endometrial cancer and 16 normal controls.

RESULTS

All tested miRNAs showed significantly higher expression in endometrial cancer compared with the control group, while DICER1 was significantly downregulated. The expression levels of miR-200a, miR-21, and miR-210 were negatively correlated with DICER1 expression. Individually, miR-200a, miR-21, miR-210, and DICER1 showed the best diagnostic performance in distinguishing patients with endometrial cancer from normal controls, whereas a combination of all biomarkers resulted in an even higher area under the curve.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that a panel of selected biomarkers (miR-200a, miR-21, miR-210, miR-126, miR-130a, DICER1, and AGO2) may be candidates for the detection of early-stage endometrial cancer.

Predictive biomarkers for colorectal cancer: a state-of-the-art systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a substantial health burden, with early detection paramount for improved prognosis. This study aims to evaluate potential CRC biomarkers and detection techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review, reported in adherence to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines, collates the latest research on potential biomarkers and detection/prognosis methods for CRC, spanning the last decade.

RESULTS

Out of the 38 included studies, diverse biomarkers and detection methods emerged, with DNA methylation markers like SFRP2 and SDC2, microRNAs including miR-1290, miR-506, and miR-4316, and serum and plasma markers such as NTS levels and U2 snRNA fragments standing out. Methylated cfDNA and m5C methylation alteration in immune cells of the blood, along with circular RNA, showed promise as diagnostic markers. Meanwhile, techniques involving extracellular vesicles and lateral flow immunoassays exhibited potential for swift and effective CRC screening.

DISCUSSION

Our state-of-the-art review identifies potential biomarkers, including SFRP2, SDC2, miR-1290, miR-506, miR-4316, and U2 snRNA fragments, with significant potential in enhancing CRC detection. However, comprehensive validation studies and a rigorous evaluation of clinical utility and cost-effectiveness remain necessary before integration into routine clinical practice.

CONCLUSION

The findings emphasize the need for continued research into biomarkers and detection methods to improve patient outcomes.

Genomic and Transcriptomic Research in the Discovery and Application of Colorectal Cancer Circulating Markers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy in the world. However, the mortality from CRC can be reduced through early diagnostics, selection of the most effective treatment, observation of the therapy success, and the earliest possible diagnosis of recurrences. A comprehensive analysis of genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to the CRC development is needed to refine diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies and to ensure appropriate decision making in managing specific CRC cases. The liquid biopsy approach utilizing circulating markers has demonstrated its good performance as a tool to detect the changes in the molecular pathways associated with various cancers. In this review, we attempted to brief the main tendencies in the development of circulating DNA and RNA-based markers in CRC such as cancer-associated DNA mutations, DNA methylation changes, and non-coding RNA expression shifts. Attention is devoted to the existing circulating nucleic acid-based CRC markers, the possibility of their application in clinical practice today, and their future improvement. Approaches to the discovery and verification of new markers are described, and the existing problems and potential solutions for them are highlighted.

miR-210 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating macrophage autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling

BACKGROUND

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor development. Increasing research suggests that miR-210 may promote the progression of tumor virulence, but whether its pro-carcinogenic effect in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is via an action on M2 macrophages has not been examined.

METHODS

Differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into M2-polarized macrophages was induced with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and IL-4, IL-13. M2 macrophages were transfected with miR-210 mimics or miR-210 inhibitors. Flow cytometry was used to identify macrophage-related markers and apoptosis levels. The autophagy level of M2 macrophages, expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related mRNAs and protein were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. HepG2 and MHCC-97H HCC cell lines were cultured with M2 macrophages conditioned medium to explore the effects of M2 macrophage-derived miR-210 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of HCC cells.

RESULTS

qRT-PCR showed increased expression of miR-210 in M2 macrophages. Autophagy-related gene and protein expression was enhanced in M2 macrophages transfected with miR-210 mimics, while apoptosis-related proteins were decreased. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy observed the accumulation of MDC-labeled vesicles and autophagosomes in M2 macrophages in the miR-210 mimic group. The expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in M2 macrophages was reduced in miR-210 mimic group. HCC cells co-cultured with M2 macrophages transfected with miR-210 mimics exhibited enhanced proliferation and invasive ability as compared to the control group, while apoptosis levels were reduced. Moreover, promoting or inhibiting autophagy could enhance or abolish the above observed biological effects, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-210 can promote autophagy of M2 macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. M2 macrophage-derived miR-210 promotes the malignant progression of HCC via autophagy, suggesting that macrophage autophagy may serve as a new therapeutic target for HCC, and targeting miR-210 may reset the effect of M2 macrophages on HCC.

Orthometric multicolor encoded hybridization chain reaction amplifiers for multiplexed microRNA profiling in living cells

Multiplexed microRNA (miRNA) profiling of more than four types in living cells is challenging due to fluorescent spectral overlap, representing a significant limitation in studying the complex interactions related to the occurrence and development of diseases. Herein, we report a multiplexed fluorescent imaging strategy based on an orthometric multicolor encoded hybridization chain reaction amplifier named multi-HCR. The targeting miRNA can trigger this multi-HCR strategy due to the specific sequence recognition, and then its self-assembly to amplify the programmability signals. We take the four-colored chain amplifiers, showing that the multi-HCR can form 15 combinations simultaneously. In a living process of hypoxia-induced apoptosis and autophagy under complicated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress, the multi-HCR demonstrates excellent performance in detecting eight different miRNA changes. The multi-HCR provides a robust strategy for simultaneously profiling multiplexed miRNA biomarkers in studying complicated cellular processes.

MiR-210 regulates lung adenocarcinoma by targeting HIF-1α

Object

This study sought to elucidate the role of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

The levels of lncRNA miR-210HG and miR-210 in LUAD tissues and corresponding normal tissues were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of the anti-hypoxia factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The target of miR-210 on HIF-1α was confirmed using TCGA, Western blot and luciferase reporter assay. The regulatory role of miR-210 on HIF-1α and VEGF in LUAD was investigated. The correlation of genes with clinical prognosis was analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The effect of miR-210 on LUAD cells was verified through apoptosis assays.

Results

The expression of miR-210 and miR-210HG was significantly higher in LUAD tissues than in normal tissues. The expression of hypoxia-related indicators HIF-1α and VEGF was also significantly higher in LUAD tissues. MiR-210 suppressed HIF-1α expression by targeting site 113 of HIF-1α, thereby affecting VEGF expression. Overexpression of miR-210 inhibited HIF-1 expression by targeting the 113 site of HIF-1, thereby affecting VEGF expression. Conversely, inhibition of miR-210 resulted in a significant increase in HIF-1α and VEGF expression in LUAD cells. In TCGA-LUAD cohorts, the expression of VEGF-c and VEGF-d genes in LUAD tissues was significantly lower than in normal tissues, while overall survival was worse in LUAD patients with high expression of HIF-1α, VEGF-c and VEGF-d. Apoptosis was significantly lower in H1650 cells after miR-210 inhibition.

Conclusion

This study reveals that miR-210 exerts an inhibitory effect on VEGF expression by down-regulating HIF-1α expression in LUAD. Conversely, inhibition of miR-210 significantly reduced H1650 apoptosis and led to worse patient survival by upregulating HIF-1α and VEGF. These results suggest that miR-210 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of LUAD.

Dysregulated microRNAs participate in the crosstalk between colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation

Colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation share several common risk factors, and the incidence of the two diseases also exhibits a certain correlation. The above facts suggest a potential interaction mechanism between them, which has obtained increasing attention in the scientific community but remains to be further explored. Participating in diverse physiological and pathological processes, miRNAs exert important roles in both occurrence and growth of colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation. To fill the gap in the understanding of the potential linkage between two diseases, the present study collected dysregulated miRNAs of colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation from previous studies and then selected the miRNAs with the same change trends in both diseases. Finally, we reviewed the potential crosstalk of two diseases focusing on the roles of 6 dysregulated miRNAs, including 3 co-downregulated miRNAs (hsa-mir-126, hsa-mir-133a and hsa-mir-150) and 3 co-upregulated miRNAs (hsa-mir-106a, hsa-mir-155 and hsa-mir-21). The molecular mechanisms mediated by these miRNAs in colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation were reviewed, and the possible crosstalk between the two diseases was discussed from the perspective of miRNAs. This study also provides potential common targets for preventive and curative measures against both colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation.

An overview of biochemical technologies for the cancer biomarker miR-21 detection

In recent years, the incidence of cancer has continuously increased, in which various miRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for the early screening of cancer patients. As a consequence, the development of accurate methods for miRNA quantification has become a major research challenge worldwide. As one of the first discovered oncogenic miRNAs, microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been highlighted for its critical role in cancers. This review describes the main techniques currently available for miR-21 detection, compares the differences of the methods and the amplification strategies, and provides an overview of the state of knowledge in the field.

Expression of Selected miRNAs in Normal and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and in BxPc3 and MIA PaCa-2 Cell Lines of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains challenging, and the chances of a complete cure are very limited. As in other types of cancer, the expression and role of miRNAs in controlling the biological properties of this type of tumor have been extensively studied. A better insight into miRNA biology seems critical to refining diagnostics and improving their therapeutic potential. In this study, we focused on the expression of miR-21, -96, -196a, -210, and -217 in normal fibroblasts, cancer-associated fibroblasts prepared from a ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. We compared these data with miRNAs in homogenates of paraffin-embedded sections from normal pancreatic tissues. In cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cell lines, miRNAs differed significantly from the normal tissue. In detail, miR-21 and -210 were significantly upregulated, while miR-217 was downregulated. Similar transcription profiles were earlier reported in cancer-associated fibroblasts exposed to hypoxia. However, the cells in our study were cultured under normoxic conditions. We also noted a relation to IL-6 production. In conclusion, cultured cancer-associated fibroblasts and carcinoma cells reflect miR-21 and -210 expression similarly to the cancer tissue samples harvested from the patients.

Liquid biopsy approaches and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer for precision medicine: Are we there yet?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with nearly half of patients detected in the advanced stages. This is due to the fact that symptoms associated with CRC often do not appear until the cancer has reached an advanced stage. This suggests that CRC is a cancer with a slow progression, making it curable and preventive if detected in its early stage. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to improve CRC early detection and personalize therapy for patients with this cancer. Recently, liquid biopsy as a non-invasive or nominally invasive approach has attracted considerable interest for its real-time disease monitoring capability through repeated sample analysis. Several studies in CRC have revealed the potential for liquid biopsy application in a real clinical setting using circulating RNA/miRNA, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, etc. However, Liquid biopsy still remains a challenge since there are currently no promising results with high specificity and specificity that might be employed as optimal circulatory biomarkers. Therefore, in this review, we conferred the plausible role of less explored liquid biopsy components like mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), organoid model of CTCs, and circulating cancer-associated fibroblasts (cCAFs); which may allow researchers to develop improved strategies to unravel unfulfilled clinical requirements in CRC patients. Moreover, we have also discussed immunotherapy approaches to improve the prognosis of MSI (Microsatellite Instability) CRC patients using neoantigens and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a liquid biopsy approach in detail.

MicroRNAs as a Novel Player for Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is defined as a class of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells play important roles in cardiac regeneration and heart repair. However, the proliferating capacity of cardiomyocytes is limited. To overcome this issue, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an alternative strategy for CVD therapy. MSCs can proliferate and differentiate (or trans-differentiate) into cardiomyocytes. Several in vitro and in vivo differentiation protocols have been used to obtain MSCs-derived cardiomyocytes. It was recently investigated that microRNAs (miRNAs) by targeting several signaling pathways, including STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and TBX5, play a crucial role in regulating cardiomyocytes' differentiation of MSCs. In this review, we focused on the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes.

Multiplexed Organelles Portrait Barcodes for Subcellular MicroRNA Array Detection in Living Cells

Multiplexed profiling of microRNAs' subcellular expression and distribution is essential to understand their spatiotemporal function information, but it remains a crucial challenge. Herein, we report an encoding approach that leverages combinational fluorescent dye barcodes, organelle targeting elements, and an independent quantification signal, termed Multiplexed Organelles Portrait Barcodes (MOPB), for high-throughput profiling of miRNAs from organelles. The MOPB barcodes consist of heterochromatic fluorescent dye-loaded shell-core mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified with organelle targeting peptides and molecular beacon detection probes. Using mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum as models, we encoded four Cy3/AMCA ER-MOPB and four Cy5/AMCA Mito-MOPB by varying the Cy3 and Cy5 intensity for distinguishing eight organelles' miRNAs. Significantly, the MOPB strategy successfully and accurately profiled eight subcellular organelle miRNAs' alterations in the drug-induced Ca²⁺ homeostasis breakdown. The approach should allow more widespread application of subcellular miRNAs and multiplexed subcellular protein biomarkers' monitoring for drug discovery, cellular metabolism, signaling transduction, and gene expression regulation readout.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs): Novel potential therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common malignant tumor and one of the most lethal malignant tumors in the world. Despite treatment with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and/or systemic treatment, including chemotherapy and targeted therapy, the prognosis of patients with advanced CRC remains poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel therapeutic strategies and targets for the treatment of CRC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs (approximately 22 nucleotides) involved in posttranscriptional gene expression regulation. The dysregulation of its expression is recognized as a key regulator related to the development, progression and metastasis of CRC. In recent years, a number of miRNAs have been identified as regulators of drug resistance in CRC, and some have gained attention as potential targets to overcome the drug resistance of CRC. In this review, we introduce the miRNAs and the diverse mechanisms of miRNAs in CRC and summarize the potential targeted therapies of CRC based on the miRNAs.

Research progress on anti-ovarian cancer mechanism of miRNA regulating tumor microenvironment

Ovarian cancer is the most deadly malignancy among women, but its complex pathogenesis is unknown. Most patients with ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis due to high recurrence rates and chemotherapy resistance as well as the lack of effective early diagnostic methods. The tumor microenvironment mainly includes extracellular matrix, CAFs, tumor angiogenesis and immune-associated cells. The interaction between tumor cells and TME plays a key role in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and treatment, affecting tumor progression. Therefore, it is significant to find new tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of target genes and affect a variety of biological processes. Studies have shown that miRNAs regulate tumor development by affecting TME. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which miRNAs affect ovarian cancer by regulating TME and highlight the key role of miRNAs in TME, which provides new targets and theoretical basis for ovarian cancer treatment.

Possible Role of lncRNA MEG3-microRNA-21 and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis Vulgaris

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory immune mediated disease arising from interaction between genetic risk variants and the environment. Maternally expressed gene3 (MEG3) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) known for gene transcription regulation and inhibiting proliferation. MEG3 competes with microRNA (miRNA-21) influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis balance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins promote cell survival via unfolded protein response (UPR) influenced by MEG3. We aimed to detect the possible role of MEG3, miRNA-21 and ER stress proteins in pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris.

METHODS

Human GRP78, ATF6, caspase3 tissue levels were assayed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Assessment of long non-coding MEG3 and miRNA 21 expressions was done by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

Expression of MEG3 was significantly downregulated, while miRNA-21 was remarkably upregulated, ER stress proteins GRP78, ATF6, and caspase 3 all showed low levels in homogenized psoriatic lesions when compared to normal skin. miRNA 21 and MEG3 were identified as possible diagnostic markers for psoriasis vulgaris.

DISCUSSION

MEG3 is barely expressed in psoriatic lesions while miRNA-21 expression is remarkably elevated but when correlated to each other there was unexpected positive correlation. MEG3 and miRNA-21 were identified as possible diagnostic markers for psoriasis. Undifferentiated psoriatic lesions have very weak UPR.

Investigating the Role of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: An Epidemiological Systematic Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Primary and secondary preventions are key to reducing the global burden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNA molecules, which seem to have a role either as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes and to be related to cancer risk factors, such as obesity and inflammation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify circulating miRNAs related to CRC diagnosis that could be selected as biomarkers in a meet-in-the-middle analysis. Forty-four studies were included in the systematic review and nine studies in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of miR-21 for CRC diagnosis were 77% (95% CI: 69–84) and 82% (95% CI: 70–90), respectively, with an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82–0.88). Several miRNAs were found to be dysregulated, distinguishing patients with CRC from healthy controls. However, little consistency was present across the included studies, making it challenging to identify specific miRNAs, which were consistently validated. Understanding the mechanisms by which miRNAs become biologically embedded in cancer initiation and promotion may help better understand cancer pathways to develop more effective prevention strategies and therapy approaches.

Extracellular vesicle expansion of PMIS-miR-210 expression inhibits colorectal tumour growth via apoptosis and an XIST/NME1 regulatory mechanism

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate, and therapeutic approaches to treat these cancers are varied and depend on the metabolic state of the tumour. Profiles of CRC tumours have identified several biomarkers, including microRNAs. microRNA-210 (miR-210) levels are directly correlated with CRC survival. miR-210 expression is higher in metastatic colon cancer cells versus non-metastatic and normal colon epithelium. Therefore, efficient methods to inhibit miR-210 expression in CRC may provide new advances in treatments.

METHODS

Expression of miRs was determined in several metastatic and non-metastatic cell lines. miR-210 expression was inhibited using PMIS-miR-210 in transduced cells, which were transplanted into xenograft mice. In separate experiments, CRC tumours were allowed to grow in xenograft mice and treated with therapeutic injections of PMIS-miR-210. Molecular and biochemical experiments identified several new pathways targeted by miR-210 inhibition.

RESULTS

miR-210 inhibition can significantly reduce tumour growth of implanted colon cancer cells in xenograft mouse models. The direct administration of PMIS-miR-210 to existing tumours can inhibit tumour growth in both NSG and Foxn1nu/j mouse models and is more efficacious than capecitabine treatments. Tumour cells further transfer the PMIS-miR-210 inhibitor to neighbouring cells by extracellular vesicles to inhibit miR-210 throughout the tumour. miR-210 inhibition activates the cleaved caspase 3 apoptotic pathway to reduce tumour formation. We demonstrate that the long non-coding transcript XIST is regulated by miR-210 correlating with decreased XIST expression in CRC tumours. XIST acts as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-210, which reduces XIST levels and miR-210 inhibition increases XIST transcripts in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The increased expression of NME1 is associated with H3K4me3 and H3K27ac modifications in the NME1 proximal promoter by XIST.

CONCLUSION

Direct application of the PMIS-miR-210 inhibitor to growing tumours may be an effective colorectal cancer therapeutic.

A microRNA panel that regulates proinflammatory cytokines as diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers in colon cancer

Colon cancer (CC) is the third most common neoplasm and the fourth cause of cancer-related death worldwide in both sexes. It has been established that inflammation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and progression of CC. Immune, stromal and tumor cells supply the tumor microenvironment with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-11, to hyperactivate signaling pathways linked to cancerous processes. Recent findings suggest a putative role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression and management of the inflammatory response in intestinal diseases. Moreover, miRNAs are able to regulate expression of molecular mediators that are linking inflammation and cancer. In this work a miRNA panel differentially expressed between healthy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and CC tissue was established. Identified miRNAs regulate signaling pathways related to inflammation and cancer progression. An inflammation associated-miRNA panel composed of 11-miRNAs was found to be overexpressed in CC but not in inflamed or normal tissues (miR-21-5p, miR-304-5p, miR-577, miR-335-5p, miR-21-3p, miR-27b-5p, miR-335-3p, miR-215-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-3065-5p). The association of top hit miRNAs, miR-3065-5p and miR-30b-5p expression with overall survival of CC patients was demonstrated using Kaplan-Meier tests. Finally, differential miRNA expression was validated using an inflammation-associated CC model induced by Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (AOM/DSS) to compare miRNA expression in normal and inflamed tissue versus CC tissues. Based on these findings we propose the identified inflammatory miRNA panel as a potent diagnostic tool for CC determination.

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A miRNA group distinguishes colon cancer tissues, since early stages, from inflamed or healthy colon tissues.

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The miRNA panel regulates signaling pathways related to cancer progression.

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The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are regulated by the miRNAs of the panel.

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Inflammation-related miRNAs are colon cancer prognosis biomarkers.

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A miRNA signature is specific biomarker for colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis.

Hsa_circ_0005100 regulates tumorigenicity of colorectal carcinoma via miR-145-5p/MACC1 axis

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a kind of RNA molecules involved in the regulation of cancer progression, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC); nevertheless, their regulation mode is blurry. In the present work, we attempted to reveal the characteristics of hsa_hsa_circ_0005100 in CRC.

METHODS

Differential expressions of hsa_circ_0005100, FMN2 mRNA, microRNA-145-5p (miR-145-5p), and MACC1 were indicated by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The capacities of cell growth and motility were validated by the MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, EdU assay, colony formation assay, and transwell assay. Moreover, the targeted relationship of miR-145-5p and hsa_circ_0005100 or MACC1 was distinguished by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The animal experiment was implemented to confirm the influence of hsa_circ_0005100 on tumorigenesis in vivo.

RESULTS

Hsa_circ_0005100 and MACC1 expression levels were increased, but miR-145-5p expression level was diminished in CRC. Hsa_circ_0005100 knockdown repressed cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion, while expedited cell apoptosis in CRC cells. Furthermore, miR-145-5p was disclosed to block CRC via overturning MACC1. Hsa_circ_0005100 targeted miR-145-5p to modulate MACC1. Additionally, hsa_circ_0005100 knockdown also attenuated tumorigenesis in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Hsa_circ_0005100 was a vital regulator in the development of CRC by miR-145-5p/MACC1 axis, which deepened the understanding of CRC pathogenesis from circRNA insights.

miRNAs as cornerstones in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and resistance to therapy: A spotlight on signaling pathways interplay - A review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world's third most prevalent cancer and the main cause of cancer-related mortality. A lot of work has been put into improving CRC patients' clinical care, including the development of more effective methods and wide biomarkers variety for prognostic, and diagnostic purposes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular processes and play a significant role in the CRC progression and spread via controlling their target gene expression by translation inhibition or mRNA degradation. Consequently, dysregulation and disruption in their function, miRNAs are linked to CRC malignant pathogenesis by controlling several cellular processes involved in the CRC. These cellular processes include increased proliferative and invasive capacity, cell cycle aberration, evasion of apoptosis, enhanced EMT, promotion of angiogenesis and metastasis, and decreased sensitivity to major treatments. The miRNAs control cellular processes in CRC via regulation of pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis, KRAS, TGFb signaling, VEGFR, EGFR, and P53. Hence, the goal of this review was to review miRNA biogenesis and present an updated summary of oncogenic and tumor suppressor (TS) miRNAs and their potential implication in CRC pathogenesis and responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We also summarise the biological importance and clinical applications of miRNAs in the CRC.

Early detection of lung cancer via biointerference-free, target microRNA-triggered core-satellite nanocomposites

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as essential liquid biopsy markers for early cancer detection. Currently, the clinical applications of miRNAs are lagging behind due to their high sequence similarity and rarity. Herein, we propose biointerference-free, target-triggered core-satellite nanocomposites for ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of lung cancer-related miRNA-21. Through the hybridization-based recognition effect, we observe an enormous SERS signal enhancement caused by miRNA-21-triggered assembly of core-satellite nanocomposites. This enables the sensitive detection of miRNA-21 down to the 0.1 fM level in a linear range of 10 fM to 1 nM. The use of a biointerference-free reporter further allows quantitative and direct detection of miRNA-21 from complex plasma samples, without RNA pre-extraction. As a proof of principle, we measure the level of plasma miRNA-21 in 20 lung cancer patients and 10 healthy participants. Significantly higher levels of miRNA-21 are determined in lung cancer patients than in healthy participants, with clear lower expression in stage I (n = 10) than in stage III-IV (n = 10) lung cancer patients. We, therefore, believe that this proposed strategy will have high clinical potential for sensitive quantification of miRNA markers in liquid biopsy samples and act as a complementary method for the early detection of lung cancer.

Circulating miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p are promising diagnostic biomarkers of colorectal neoplasia

BACKGROUND

Early detection of colorectal neoplasms, including colorectal cancers (CRCs) and advanced colorectal adenomas (AAs), is crucial to improve patient survival. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in peripheral blood are emerging as noninvasive diagnostic markers for multiple cancers, but their potential for screening colorectal neoplasms remains ambiguous.

AIM

To identify candidate circulating cell-free miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with colorectal neoplasms.

METHODS

The study was divided into three phases: (1) Candidate miRNAs were selected from three public miRNA datasets using differential gene expression analysis methods; (2) an independent set of serum samples from 60 CRC patients, 60 AA patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs) was included and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for miRNAs, and their diagnostic power was detected by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; and (3) the origin and function of miRNAs in cancer patients were investigated in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues.

RESULTS

Based on bioinformatics analysis, miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p were differentially expressed in both the serum and tissues of patients with colorectal neoplasms and HCs and were selected for further study. Further validation in an independent cohort revealed that both circulating miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p were sequentially increased from HCs and AAs to CRCs. The diagnostic power of miR-672-5p yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.90, and miR-199a-5p had an AUC of 0.83 in discriminating colorectal neoplasms from HCs. A logistic integrated model combining miR-199a-5p and miR-627-5p exhibited a higher diagnostic performance than either miRNA. Additionally, the levels of serum miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p in CRC patients were significantly lower after surgery than before surgery and the expression of both miRNAs was increased with culture time in the culture media of several CRC cell lines, suggesting that the upregulated serum expression of both miRNAs in CRC might be tumor derived. Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed that miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p acted as tumor suppressors in CRC cells.

CONCLUSION

Serum levels of miR-199a-5p and miR-627-5p were markedly increased in patients with colorectal neoplasms and showed strong potential as minimally invasive biomarkers for the early screening of colorectal neoplasms.

MicroRNAs: Novel players in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer cachexia (Review)

Cachexia denotes a complex metabolic syndrome featuring severe loss of weight, fatigue and anorexia. In total, 50-80% of patients suffering from advanced cancer are diagnosed with cancer cachexia, which contributes to 40% of cancer-associated mortalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs capable of regulating gene expression. Dysregulated miRNA expression has been observed in muscle tissue, adipose tissue and blood samples from patients with cancer cachexia compared with that of samples from patients with cancer without cachexia or healthy controls. In addition, miRNAs promote and maintain the malignant state of systemic inflammation, while inflammation contributes to cancer cachexia. The present review discusses the role of miRNAs in the progression of cancer cachexia, and assess their diagnostic value and potential therapeutic value.

Potential Values of Circulating microRNA-21 to Predict Early Recurrence in Patients with Colorectal Cancer after Treatments

Insufficient prognosis of local recurrence contributes to the poor progression-free survival rate and death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Various biomarkers have been explored in predicting CRC recurrence. This study investigated the expressions of plasma/exosomal microRNA-21 (miR-21) in 113 CRC patients by qPCR, their values of predicting CRC recurrence, and the possibility to improve the prognostic efficacy in early CRC recurrence in stratified patients by combined biomarkers including circulating miR-21s, circulating tumour cells/microemboli (CTCs/CTM), and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)/carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). Expressions of plasma and exosomal miR-21s were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) in all and late-stage patients, presenting similar correlations with other biomarkers. However, stage IV patients stratified by a high level of exosomal miR-21 and stage I to III patients stratified by a high level of plasma miR-21 displayed significantly worse survival outcomes in predicting CRC recurrence, suggesting their different values to predict CRC recurrence in stratified patients. Comparable and even better performances in predicting CRC recurrence in late-stage patients were found by CTCs/CTM from our blood samples as sensitive biomarkers. Improved prognosing efficacy in CRC recurrence and better outcomes to significantly differentiate recurrence in stratified patients could be obtained by analysing combined biomarkers.

Shikonin induces cell autophagy via modulating the microRNA -545-3p/guanine nucleotide binding protein beta polypeptide 1 axis, thereby disrupting cellular carcinogenesis in colon cancer

Shikonin (SHK), a major component of shiverweed, was provided with anti-tumor effects via multiple targets and signal pathways. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of its function in colorectal cancer (CRC) still needed to be further explored. The study was designed to examine the role of SHK in CRC and its specific mechanism on the cell tumor behavior of CRC. Collection of clinical samples was performed, and test of microRNA (miR)-545-3p and guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta polypeptide 1 (GNB1) in the samples was conducted; Selection of CRC cell line was exerted, and examination of miR-545-3p and GNB1 was performed; After treatment of shikonin (SHK), correlated plasmids were transfected, test of cell advancement was performed. Test of the protein of autophagy-correlated proteins light chain 3-II/light chain 3I and p63 was performed. The interaction of miR-545-3p with GNB1 was explored, and the action of SHK in vivo was tested. SHK repressed the advancement of SW480 cells with elevated apoptosis and autophagy and the cells quantities in G0/G1 phase. MiR-545-3p was elevated in CRC. SHK boosted miR-545-3p, repression of miR-545-3p or augmentation of GNB1 was able to turn around the function of SHK on CRC, and GNB1 was the target gene of miR-545-3p.All in all, SHK stimulates apoptosis and autophagy in CRC via miR-545-3p/GNB1 signaling axis, firstly demonstrating the regulatory mechanism of SHK in CRC via miR-545-3p/GNB1 axis.

Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.

The Role of MiRNA in Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Cancer is also determined by the alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. These gene expressions can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). At this point, researchers focus on addressing two main questions: "How are oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes regulated by miRNAs?" and "Which other mechanisms in cancer cells are regulated by miRNAs?" In this work we focus on gathering the publications answering these questions. The expression of miRNAs is affected by amplification, deletion or mutation. These processes are controlled by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which regulate different mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression including cell proliferation, cell growth, apoptosis, DNA repair, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, metabolic regulation, and immune response regulation in cancer cells. In addition, profiling of miRNA is an important step in developing a new therapeutic approach for cancer.

Circulating miRNA expression over the course of colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most common cancer type in males and the second-most common cancer type in females, and has the second-highest overall mortality rate worldwide. Approximately 50% of patients in stage I–III develop metastases, mostly localized to the liver. All physiological conditions occurring in the organism are also reflected in the levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in patients. miRNAs are a class of small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs consisting of 18–25 nucleotides, which have important roles in various cellular processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a panel of seven circulating miRNAs (miR-106a-5p, miR-210-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-191-5p and miR-16-5p) as biomarkers for monitoring patients undergoing adjuvant treatment of CRC. Total RNA was extracted from the plasma of patients with CRC prior to surgery, in the early post-operative period (n=60) and 3 months after surgery (n=14). The levels of the selected circulating miRNAs were measured with the miRCURY LNA miRNA PCR system and fold changes were calculated using the standard ∆∆Cq method. DIANA-miRPath analysis was used to evaluate the role of significantly deregulated miRNAs. The results indicated significant upregulation of miR-155-5p, miR-21-5p and miR-191-5p, and downregulation of miR-16-5p directly after the surgery. In paired follow-up samples, the most significant upregulation was detected for miR-106a-5p and miR-16-5p, and the most significant downregulation was for miR-21-5p. Pathway analysis outlined the role of the differentially expressed miRNAs in cancer development, but the same pathways are also involved in wound healing and regeneration of intestinal epithelium. It may be suggested that these processes should also be considered in studies investigating sensitive and easily detectable circulating biomarkers for recurrence in patients.

Diagnostic role of circulating MiR-21 in colorectal cancer: a update meta-analysis

AIM

MicroRNA-21 is an oncogenic miRNA that modulates the expression of multiple cancer-related target genes. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess diagnostic role of circulating miR-21 in CRC, hoping to choose the best biomarker in CRC diagnosis.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, CNKI and WanFang database to identify records related to diagnostic role of circulating miR-21 in CRC. The search words were "microRNA-21", "miRNA-21", "colorectal cancer", "colorectal carcinoma" and "diagnosis". The searched articles were published before 14th July 2020.

RESULTS

We got 18 studies to conduct this meta-analysis including 1129 blood specimens of CRC patients and 951 control specimens. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity of circulating miR-21 for CRC diagnosis were 77% (95% CI, 70-82) and 83% (95% CI, 78-88). The combined positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 4.20 (95% CI, 3.12-5.66) and the combined negative likelihood ratio(NLR) was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.23-0.38). The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 16.48 (95% CI 10.09-26.91) and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) for the included studies was 0.87(95%CI, 0.84-0.90).

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis results suggest that circulating miR-21 has a potential diagnostic value with moderate sensitivity and good specificity for CRC.

microRNAs in cancer chemoresistance: The sword and the shield

Cancer is a multifactorial disease and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Cancer cells develop multiple strategies to reduce drug sensitivity and eventually lead to chemoresistance. Chemoresistance is initiated either by intrinsic factors or due to the prolonged use of chemotherapeutics as acquired resistance. Further, chemoresistance is also one of the major reasons behind tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, overcoming chemoresistance is one of the primary challenges in cancer therapy. Several mechanisms are involved in chemoresistance. Among them, the key role of ABC transporters and tumor microenvironment have been well studied. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation in tumor development, metastasis, and chemotherapy has got wider interest due to its role in regulating genes involved in cancer progression and therapy. Noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, have been associated with the regulation of tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter genes. Further, miRNA can also be used as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker to predict the stage and types of cancer. Recent evidences have revealed that miRNAs regulation also influences the function of drug transporters and the tumor microenvironment, which affects chemosensitivity to cancer cells. Therefore, miRNAs can be a promising target to reverse back chemosensitivity in cancer cells. This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms involved in cancer chemoresistance and its regulation by miRNAs.

Recent advances in catalytic hairpin assembly signal amplification-based sensing strategies for microRNA detection

Accumulative evidences have indicated that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is closely associated with many health disorders, making them be regarded as potentialbiomarkers for early clinical diagnosis. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to develop a highly sensitive, specific and reliable approach for miRNA analysis. Catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) signal amplification is an enzyme-free toehold-mediated strand displacement method, exhibiting significant potential in improving the sensitivity of miRNA detection strategies. In this review, we first describe the potential of miRNAs as disease biomarkers and therapeutics, and summarize the latest advances in CHA signal amplification-based sensing strategies for miRNA monitoring. We describe the characteristics and mechanism of CHA signal amplification and classify the CHA-based miRNA sensing strategies into several categories based on the "signal conversion substance", including fluorophores, enzymes, nanomaterials, and nucleotide sequences. Sensing performance, limit of detection, merits and disadvantages of these miRNA sensing strategies are discussed. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects are also presented.

HIF-1α promotes the migration and invasion of cancer-associated fibroblasts by miR-210

Metastasis is the major cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Inhibition of metastasis will prolong the survival of patients with CRC. Cancer cells bring their own soil, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), to metastasize together, promoting the survival and colonization of circulating cancer cells. However, the mechanism by which CAFs metastasize remains unclear. In this study, CAFs were derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after co-culture with CRC cell lines. Transwell assays showed that CAFs have stronger migration and invasion abilities than MSCs. In a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model, CAFs metastasized from the primary tumour to the lung and promoted the formation of CRC metastases. The expression of HIF-1α was upregulated when MSCs differentiated into CAFs. Inhibition of HIF-1α expression inhibited the migration and invasion of CAFs. Western blot and ChIP assays were used to identify the genes regulated by HIF-1α. HIF-1α regulated the migration and invasion of CAFs by upregulating miR-210 transcription. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays revealed that miR-210 specifically targeted the 3'UTR of VMP1 and regulated its expression. Downregulation of VMP1 enhanced the migration and invasion of CAFs. In vivo, inhibition of miR-210 expression in CAFs reduced the metastasis of CAFs and tumour cells. Therefore, the HIF-1α/miR-210/VMP1 pathway might regulate the migration and invasion of CAFs in CRC. Inhibition of CAF metastasis might reduce CRC metastasis.

microRNAs: Small molecules with a large impact on colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for one of the main cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of CRC development have been broadly investigated and, over the last decade, it has become evident that aberrant transcription of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules, has a significant role in the inception and promotion of CRC. In the involved tissues of CRC, the transcription profile of miRNAs is modulated, and their expression templates are related with prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes. Here, in the current review, we attempted to discuss the latest information regarding the aberrantly expressed miRNAs in CRC and the advantages of utilizing miRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC as well as potential therapeutic application. The effect of miRNAs involved in various signaling pathways, primarily p53, EGFR, Wnt, and TGF-β pathways, was clarified.

Diagnostic value of four serum exosome microRNAs panel for the detection of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment are currently accepted methods that can effectively improve the efficacy of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. Exosomes were demonstrated to be potential tumor molecular markers.

AIM

To evaluate the diagnostic value of CRC by detecting four exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) (miR-15b, miR-16, miR-21, and miR-31) that were demonstrated to have potential diagnostic value in serum.

METHODS

Relative expression levels of miR-15b, miR-16, miR-21, and miR-31 in 123 CRC, 117 colorectal adenoma, and 150 healthy controls were detected, and single and panel models were evaluated. The 2-ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative expression of miRNA compared to the internal control (U6). Eighty-one CRC patients, 67 colorectal adenoma patients, and 90 healthy controls were used for validation.

RESULTS

Compared to the healthy control group, the best indicator of the four miRNAs was miR-15b, and the sensitivity and specificity were 81.33% and 91.80%, respectively. For miR-15b, miR-21, and miR-31 individually, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.95% and 97.62%, 95.06% and 94.44%, respectively. Compared to the colorectal adenoma group, miR-15b, miR-16, and miR-21 in the CRC group showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The best single indicator was miR-16, with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.05% and 71.55%. The sensitivity and specificity of a panel that included miR-15b, miR-16, and miR-21 were 81.21% and 81.03%, and 85.19% and 82.09%, respectively, in the validation.

CONCLUSION

We built and validated a diagnostic model containing miR-15b, miR-21, and miR-31 expression levels to discriminate the healthy control group and CRC group, and its sensitivity and specificity were 95.06% and 94.44%, respectively. The miR-15b, miR-16, and miR-21 panel was used to discriminate the colorectal adenoma group and CRC group with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.19% and 82.09%, respectively.

Circulating MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-122 as Prognostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Transarterial Chemoembolization

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim at evaluating miR-21 and miR-122 in HCC patients treated with drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) as prognostic biomarkers and investigating their correlation with hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) serum levels.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, 12 healthy subjects, 28 cirrhotics, and 54 HCC patients (tested before and four weeks after DEB-TACE) were included. Whole blood miR-21 and miR-122 levels were measured by quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR, while serum HIF-1α was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.

RESULTS

The highest level of miR-21 was found in cirrhotics, while HCC patients had the highest level of miR-122 (which was even higher in "viral" HCC, p = 0.006). miR-21 ratio (after/before DEB-TACE) and miR-122 below their respective cut-offs identified patients with longer progression-free survival (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.02, respectively). The combined assessment of alpha-fetoprotein and miR-21 ratio, both independent prognostic predictors, identified early progressors among patients with complete or partial radiological response. miR-21 levels positively correlated with HIF-1α before (p = 0.045) and after DEB-TACE (p = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

miR-21 ratio and miR-122 are useful prognostic markers after DEB-TACE. miR-21 correlates with HIF-1α and probably has a role in modulating angiogenesis in HCC.

Combination of Sulindac and Bexarotene for Prevention of Intestinal Carcinogenesis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, which results in the development of hundreds of adenomatous polyps carpeting the gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs have reduced polyp burden in patients with FAP and synthetic rexinoids have demonstrated the ability to modulate cytokine-mediated inflammation and WNT signaling. This study examined the use of the combination of an NSAID (sulindac) and a rexinoid (bexarotene) as a durable approach for reducing FAP colonic polyposis to prevent colorectal cancer development. Whole transcriptomic analysis of colorectal polyps and matched normal mucosa in a cohort of patients with FAP to identify potential targets for prevention in FAP was performed. Drug-dose synergism of sulindac and bexarotene in cell lines and patient-derived organoids was assessed, and the drug combination was tested in two different mouse models. This work explored mRNA as a potential predictive serum biomarker for this combination in FAP. Overall, transcriptomic analysis revealed significant activation of inflammatory and cell proliferation pathways. A synergistic effect of sulindac (300 μmol/L) and bexarotene (40 μmol/L) was observed in FAP colonic organoids with primary targeting of polyp tissue compared with normal mucosa. This combination translated into a significant reduction in polyp development in Apc^Min/+ and Apc^LoxP/+-Cdx2 mice. Finally, the reported data suggest miRNA-21 could serve as a predictive serum biomarker for polyposis burden in patients with FAP. These findings support the clinical development of the combination of sulindac and bexarotene as a treatment modality for patients with FAP. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This study identified a novel chemopreventive regimen combining sulindac and bexarotene to reduce polyposis in patients with FAP using in silico tools, ex vivo, and in vivo models. This investigation provides the essential groundwork for moving this drug combination forward into a clinical trial.

The role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha and its signaling in melanoma

Adaptation to the loss of O2 is regulated via the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 acts as a main transcriptional mediator in the tissue hypoxia response that regulates over 1000 genes related to low oxygen tension. The role of HIF-1α in oncogenic processes includes angiogenesis, tumor metabolism, cell proliferation, and metastasis, which has been examined in various malignancies, such as melanoma. Melanoma is accompanied by a high death rate and a cancer type whose incidence has risen over the last decades. The linkage between O2 loss and melanogenesis had extensively studied over decades. Recent studies revealed that HIF-1α contributes to melanoma progression via different signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and NF-κB. Also, various microRNAs (miRs) are known to mediate the HIF-1α role in melanoma. Therefore, HIF-1α offers a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a candidate for targeted therapy in melanoma.

Catechin Metabolites along with Curcumin Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating VEGF Expression In-Vitro

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death among women. Over the past two decades, green tea catechins and curcumin have received much attention for their role in preventing carcinogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the catechin metabolites and curcumin on cervical cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. For this aim, the Ca Ski cell line was treated with different doses of catechin metabolites and curcumin. MTT assay and Flow cytometry were employed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of catechin metabolites and curcumin on the Ca Ski cell line. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the VEGF expression. Also, Real-Time PCR was performed to determine the expression level of microRNAs. Results showed that catechin metabolites along with curcumin reduce the VEGF expression. Further, miR-210 and miR-21 as oncogenic microRNAs were down-regulated, while it was reverse for miR-126 as a tumor-suppressor microRNA. Besides, MTT and Flow cytometry results showed that after using catechin metabolites with curcumin, cell survival was reduced by inducing apoptosis. In conclusion, catechin metabolites produced by intestinal microbiota besides the curcumin could serve as a promising therapeutic approach for women with cervical cancer.