Differential expression of a novel gene BRE (TNFRSF1A modulator/BRCC45) in response to stress and biological signals

Beneficial Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Diabetes-Induced Retinal Abnormalities: Involvement of Oxidative Stress

Background: Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays a key role in diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy. The main goal of this study was to assess whether the topical administration (eye drops) of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has any effect on oxidative stress in the retina. Methods: db/db mice were treated with eye drops of GLP-1 or vehicle for three weeks, with db/+ mice being used as control. Studies included the assessment by western blot of the antioxidant defense markers CuZnSOD, MnSOD, glutathione peroxidase and reductase; immunofluorescence measurements of DNA/RNA damage, nitro tyrosine and Ki67 and Babam2 proteins. Results: GLP-1 eye drops protected from oxidative stress by increasing the protein levels of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and CuZnSOD and MnSOD in diabetic retinas. This was associated with a significant reduction of DNA/RNA damage and the activation of proteins involved in DNA repair in the retina (Babam2) and Ki67 (a biomarker of cell proliferation). Conclusions: GLP-1 modulates the antioxidant defense system in the diabetic retina and has a neuroprotective action favoring DNA repair and neuron cells proliferation.

BRE Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth by Activating AKT Signaling

Brain and reproductive organ-expressed protein (BRE) is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancers; however, its expression pattern in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its role in ESCC progression remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of BRE in human ESCC and its role in ESCC progression. BRE was overexpressed in ESCC tissues compared with that in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Forced expression of BRE was sufficient to enhance ESCC cell growth by promoting cell cycle progression and anti-apoptosis. Silencing of BRE suppressed these malignant phenotypes of ESCC cells. Mechanistic evaluation revealed that BRE overexpression activated the phosphorylation of AKT, and inhibition of the AKT pathway by MK2206 decreased the BRE-induced cell growth and apoptotic resistance in ESCC cells, highlighting the critical role of AKT signaling in mediating the effects of BRE. Moreover, the effects of BRE on ESCC cell growth and AKT activation were verified in a xenograft model in vivo. The present results show that BRE is overexpressed in ESCC tissues and contributes to the growth of ESCC cells by activating AKT signaling both in vitro and in vivo and provide insight into the role of BRE in AKT signaling and ESCC pathogenesis.

C-terminal BRE overexpression in 11q23-rearranged and t(8;16) acute myeloid leukemia is caused by intragenic transcription initiation

Overexpression of the BRE (brain and reproductive organ-expressed) gene defines a distinct pediatric and adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subgroup. Here we identify a promoter enriched for active chromatin marks in BRE intron 4 causing strong biallelic expression of a previously unknown C-terminal BRE transcript. This transcript starts with BRE intron 4 sequences spliced to exon 5 and downstream sequences, and if translated might code for an N terminally truncated BRE protein. Remarkably, the new BRE transcript was highly expressed in over 50% of 11q23/KMT2A (lysine methyl transferase 2A)-rearranged and t(8;16)/KAT6A-CREBBP cases, while it was virtually absent from other AML subsets and normal tissues. In gene reporter assays, the leukemia-specific fusion protein KMT2A-MLLT3 transactivated the intragenic BRE promoter. Further epigenome analyses revealed 97 additional intragenic promoter marks frequently bound by KMT2A in AML with C-terminal BRE expression. The corresponding genes may be part of a context-dependent KMT2A-MLLT3-driven oncogenic program, because they were higher expressed in this AML subtype compared with other groups. C-terminal BRE might be an important contributor to this program because in a case with relapsed AML, we observed an ins(11;2) fusing CHORDC1 to BRE at the region where intragenic transcription starts in KMT2A-rearranged and KAT6A-CREBBP AML.

Bre Enhances Osteoblastic Differentiation by Promoting the Mdm2-Mediated Degradation of p53

Bre is a conserved cellular protein expressed in various tissues. Its major function includes DNA damage repair and anti-apoptosis. Recent studies indicate that Bre is potentially involved in stem cell differentiation although pathophysiological significance along with the molecular mechanisms is still unclear. Here, we report that Bre protein was substantially expressed in the bone tissue and its expression was highly upregulated during the osteogenic differentiation. To test a hypothesis that Bre plays functional roles in the process of osteogenic differentiation, we examined the expression of Bre in an osteoporosis mouse model. Compared with the normal bone tissue, Bre expression in osteoporotic bone was also significantly reduced. Moreover, knockdown of Bre in the mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells significantly reduced the expression of osteogenic marker genes, the alkaline phosphatase activity, and the mineralization capacity, while overexpression of Bre greatly promoted the osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we founded that knockdown of Bre led to activation of the p53 signaling pathways exhibited by increased p53, p21, and Mdm2. However, when we inhibited the p53 by siRNA silencing or pifithrin-α, the impaired osteogenesis caused by Bre knockdown was greatly restored. Finally, we found that Bre promoted the Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation by physically interacting with p53. Taken together, our results revealed a novel function of Bre in osteoblast differentiation through modulating the stability of p53. Stem Cells 2017;35:1760-1772.

A predictive transcriptomic signature of oropharyngeal cancer according to HPV16 status exclusively

OBJECTIVE

Human-papillomaviruses (HPV) type 16 is a causative agent in an increasing subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). These tumors have distinct oncogenic mechanisms and a more favorable prognosis than tobacco-induced OPSCCs. Although these differences emphasize the need for a specific therapeutic approach, HPV status is still not used to guide treatment. A better characterization of the molecular profile related to HPV16-induced OPSCC might help to develop personalized treatments.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Using a human whole-genome DNA-microarray, we have examined the gene expression profiles in 15 HPV-negative and 15 transcriptionally-active HPV-positive OPSCCs. The study was conducted in two steps. Firstly, a learning/training-set consisting of 8 HPV16-positive and 8 HPV16-negative OPSCCs was analyzed to identify a specific signature. Potentially confounding factors (stage, sex and tobacco) were equally distributed in both groups. Subsequently the robustness of this signature was confirmed by blind case-by-case classification of a validation-set composed of the 14 remaining tumors.

RESULTS

We have identified a signature composed of 224 genes, which discriminates HPV16-induced OPSCC from their HPV-negative counterparts. After the blind classification of the 14 tumours, the viral status was revealed: 13 out of 14 tumors were correctly classified according to tumor etiology, 1/14 was not determined and none were misclassified. Several of the differentially expressed genes were involved in cell-cycle regulation, DNA replication and repair, transcription regulation, immune response and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our study contributes to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of HPV-positive OPSCCs and in the identification of potential therapeutic targets.

Epigenomic characterization of locally advanced anal cancer: a radiation therapy oncology group 98-11 specimen study

BACKGROUND

The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 98-11 clinical trial demonstrated the superiority of standard 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin-C over 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin in combination with radiation in the treatment of anal squamous cell cancer. Tumor size (>5 cm) and lymph node metastases are associated with disease progression. There may be key molecular differences (eg, DNA methylation changes) in tumors at high risk for progression.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in DNA methylation at individual CpG sites and within genes among locally advanced anal cancers, with large tumor size and/or nodal involvement, compared with those that are less advanced.

DESIGN

This was a case-case study among 121 patients defined as high risk (tumor size >5 cm and/or nodal involvement; n = 59) or low risk (≤5 cm, node negative; n = 62) within the mitomycin-C arm of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 98-11 trial. DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Array.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted in a tertiary care cancer center in collaboration with a national clinical trials cooperative group.

PATIENTS

The patients consisted of 74 women and 47 men with a median age of 54 years (range, 25-79 years).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

DNA methylation differences at individual CpG sites and within genes between low- and high-risk patients were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.001).

RESULTS

A total of 16 CpG loci were differentially methylated (14 increased and 2 decreased) in high- versus low-risk cases. Genes harboring differentially methylated CpG sites included known tumor suppressor genes and novel targets.

LIMITATIONS

This study only included patients in the mitomycin-C arm with tumor tissue; however, this sample was representative of the trial.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to apply genome-wide methylation analysis to anal cancer. Biologically relevant differences in methylated targets were found to discriminate locally advanced from early anal cancer. Epigenetic events likely play a significant role in the progression of anal cancer and may serve as potential biomarkers.

The expression and activation of ERK/MAPK pathway in human esophageal cancer cell line EC9706

While there have been more and more studies concerning mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways, which control many cellular complex programmes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death and embryogenesis. However, few studies are carried out about expression and activation of classical MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) in human esophageal cancer cell line. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the expression and activation of ERK1/2 in human esophageal cancer cell line EC9706 and human normal esophageal epithelial cell line Heepic, which is as control. This study showed that ERK1/2 was transiently phosphorylated both in EC9706 and Heepic, the kinetics of which were slightly different. To further study the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in EC9706 and Heepic cell line, U0126 a kind of specific inhibitor of MEK was used. This study showed that U0126 can block the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a short time, the complete inhibition concentration for EC9706 and Heepic cell line is 50 and 20 μM, respectively. Incidentally, to further investigate the different roles of ERK1 and ERK2, vector-based short hairpin interference vectors targeted on ERK1/2 was constructed. Moreover, the effective interference target sequence was screened out in a transient transfection manner. MTT experiment showed that ERK2 is more important than ERK1 in the proliferation of EC9706 cells.