Serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and obesity

INTRODUCTION

Obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic diseases that continue to be a global problem. Testosterone levels in men are affected by several factors, including obesity and DM. Although the relationship between diabetes and testosterone is not fully understood, oxidative stress is thought to play a major role. The aim of this study was to compare serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and ischaemic modified albumin (IMA)] among the control group and experimentally induced obese, T1DM, and T2DM rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study included 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups: the obesity group were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the T2DM group received a HFD plus a single dose of streptozocin (STZ), the T1DM group received only STZ, and there was a control group. Serum testosterone, TAS, TOS, OSI, and IMA were analysed.

RESULTS

Serum testosterone levels were lower in the T1DM and T2DM groups compared to the control and obesity groups. The TOS levels were highest in the T2DM group, followed by the T1DM group, the obesity group, and finally the control group. No significant difference was found between the obesity group and the control group in terms of TOS levels. Regarding TAS levels, the order observed was control group > obesity group > T2DM > T1DM. Testosterone was positively correlated with TAS and negatively correlated with TOS and OSI.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased oxidative stress in diabetes may be an important factor that decreases serum testosterone levels.

Doxorubicin conjugates: a practical approach for its cardiotoxicity alleviation

INTRODUCTION

Doxorubicin (DOX) emerges as a cornerstone in the arsenal of potent chemotherapeutic agents. Yet, the clinical deployment of DOX is tarnished by its proclivity to induce severe cardiotoxic effects, culminating in heart failure and other consequential morbidities. In response, a panoply of strategies has undergone rigorous exploration over recent decades, all aimed at attenuating DOX's cardiotoxic impact. The advent of encapsulating DOX within lipidic or polymeric nanocarriers has yielded a dual triumph, augmenting DOX's therapeutic efficacy while mitigating its deleterious side effects.

AREAS COVERED

Recent strides have spotlighted the emergence of DOX conjugates as particularly auspicious avenues for ameliorating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These conjugates entail the fusion of DOX through physical or chemical bonds with diminutive natural or synthetic moieties, polymers, biomolecules, and nanoparticles. This spectrum encompasses interventions that impinge upon DOX's cardiotoxic mechanism, modulate cellular uptake and localization, confer antioxidative properties, or refine cellular targeting.

EXPERT OPINION

The endorsement of DOX conjugates as a compelling stratagem to mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity resounds from this exegesis, amplifying safety margins and the therapeutic profile of this venerated chemotherapeutic agent. Within this ambit, DOX conjugates stand as a beacon of promise in the perpetual pursuit of refining chemotherapy-induced cardiac compromise.

The white rot basidiomycete Gelatoporia subvermispora produces fatty aldehydes that enable fungal manganese peroxidases to degrade recalcitrant lignin structures

The ability of some white rot basidiomycetes to remove lignin selectively from wood indicates that low molecular weight oxidants have a role in ligninolysis. These oxidants are likely free radicals generated by fungal peroxidases from compounds in the biodegrading wood. Past work supports a role for manganese peroxidases (MnPs) in the production of ligninolytic oxidants from fungal membrane lipids. However, the fatty acid alkylperoxyl radicals initially formed during this process are not reactive enough to attack the major structures in lignin. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that the peroxidation of fatty aldehydes might provide a source of more reactive acylperoxyl radicals. We found that Gelatoporia subvermispora produced trans-2-nonenal, trans-2-octenal, and n-hexanal (a likely metabolite of trans-2,4-decadienal) during the incipient decay of aspen wood. Fungal fatty aldehydes supported the in vitro oxidation by MnPs of a nonphenolic lignin model dimer, and also of the monomeric model veratryl alcohol. Experiments with the latter compound showed that the reactions were partially inhibited by oxalate, the chelator that white rot fungi employ to detach Mn3+ from the MnP active site, but nevertheless proceeded at its physiological concentration of 1 mM. The addition of catalase was inhibitory, which suggests that the standard MnP catalytic cycle is involved in the oxidation of aldehydes. MnP oxidized trans-2-nonenal quantitatively to trans-2-nonenoic acid with the consumption of one O2 equivalent. The data suggest that when Mn3+ remains associated with MnP, it can oxidize aldehydes to their acyl radicals, and the latter subsequently add O2 to become ligninolytic acylperoxyl radicals.IMPORTANCEThe biodegradation of lignin by white rot fungi is essential for the natural recycling of plant biomass and has useful applications in lignocellulose bioprocessing. Although fungal peroxidases have a key role in ligninolysis, past work indicates that biodegradation is initiated by smaller, as yet unidentified oxidants that can infiltrate the substrate. Here, we present evidence that the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of naturally occurring fungal aldehydes may provide a source of ligninolytic free radical oxidants.

Modified ESR-based photosafety test (ESR-PT) detecting singlet oxygen and free radical formation

The electron spin resonance-based photosafety test (ESR-PT) was modified using a new parameter, photoreactivity index (PRI), to detect singlet oxygen and free radical photoproducts simultaneously. With this modification, the modified ESR-PT is expected to reduce the number of false negative results due to chemicals producing free radical photoproducts other than singlet oxygen. The assay performance of the modified ESR-PT was evaluated using 56 chemicals, including hydrophobic chemicals. When using the PRI cutoff value of 2.0 in the modified ESR-PT, the accuracy relative to photosafety reference data was 91.1%, and the applicability (100%) was better than the other non-animal photosafety test. Among the chemicals producing positive results, bithionol, fenticlor, and doxycycline HCl were considered positive based on the detection of free radical photoproducts, suggesting that these three chemicals may have phototoxic or photoallergic potential via radical reactions. Additionally, this finding demonstrated the fundamental advantage of the modified ESR-PT using ESR spectroscopy, which can detect radicals selectively and quantitatively. Accordingly, the new parameter PRI is effective for photosafety evaluations based on not only singlet oxygen but also free radical photoproducts generated from chemicals. Therefore, the modified ESR-PT has a great potential for a photosafety test method applicable to various chemicals.

A Novel Therapeutic Approach of 980 nm Photobiomodulation Delivered with Flattop Beam Profile in Management of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in Paediatrics and Adolescents-A Case Series with 3-Month Follow-Up

Background/Objectives: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal lesions and a very debilitating lesion, especially in paediatric and adolescent patients. The current pharmacotherapy offers a pain relief but not without side effects, and therefore photobiomodulation (PBM) can be an alternative therapy. To the authors' best knowledge, no published study has explored the efficacy of λ 980 nm laser PBM in the management of all RAS subtypes in paediatric and adolescent patients, and therefore, this prospective observational clinical study was conducted to bridge this gap by evaluating λ 980 nm laser PBM efficacy in symptomatic RAS management in paediatric and adolescent patients. The objectives were to evaluate (1) pain intensity alleviation; (2) wound healing rate; (3) wound size closure; (4) a complete resolution; (5) evidence of recurrence; and (6) patients' treatment satisfaction. Methods: The study's variables were assessed at the following timepoints: T0: pre-treatment; T1: immediately after first PBM session; T2: 5 hours (h) post first PBM session (via telephone call); T3: immediately after second PBM session (three days post first PBM session); T4: three-day follow-up (after complete PBM treatments); T5: two-week follow-up; and T6: three-month follow-up. The following PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were employed: λ 980 nm; 300 mW; 60 s; 18 J; CW; flattop beam profile of 1 cm2 spot size; 18 J/cm2; and twice-a-week irradiation (72 h interval). Results: At T1, significant immediate pain intensity relief was reported. 33.33% recorded "4" and 66.67% reported "5" on the quantitative numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS), and this continued to improve significantly (83.33%) at T2. All the subjects reported "0" on the NPIS at T3, T4, T5 and T6. There was a significant reduction in the lesion surface area (>50% complete healing) at T3 compared to T0. Complete healing (100%) with no evidence of scarring and lesion recurrence observed at T4, T5 and T6. Very good patients' satisfaction was reported at all timepoints. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating λ980 nm efficacy in all RAS subtype management in paediatric and adolescent patients with a 3-month follow-up, whereby its PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were effective from scientific and practical standpoints, and hence multicentre RCTs with large data are warranted to validate its reproducibility and to enrich the knowledge of PBM application in all RAS subtypes.

Harmonizing the cyano-group and Na to enhance selective photocatalytic O2 activation on carbon nitride for refractory pollutant degradation

Manipulating exciton dissociation and charge-carrier transfer processes to selectively generate free radicals of more robust photocatalytic oxidation capacity for mineralizing refractory pollutants remains challenging. Herein, we propose a strategy by simultaneously introducing the cyano-group and Na into graphitic carbon nitride (CN) to obtain CN-Cy-Na, which makes the charge-carrier transfer pathways the dominant process and consequently achieves the selective generation of free radicals. Briefly, the cyano-group intensifies the local charge density of CN, offering a potential well to attract the hole of exciton, which accelerates the exciton dissociation. Meanwhile, the separated electron transfers efficiently under the robust built-in electric field induced by the cyano-group and Na, and eventually accumulates in the heptazine ring of CN for the following O2 reduction due to the reinforced electron sink effect caused by Na. As a result, CN-Cy-Na exhibits 4.42 mmol L-1 h-1 productivity with 97.6% selectivity for free radicals and achieves 82.1% total organic carbon removal efficiency in the tetracycline photodegradation within 6 h. Additionally, CN-Cy-Na also shows outstanding photodegradation efficiency of refractory pollutants, including antibiotics, pesticide plastic additives, and dyes. This work presents an innovative approach to manipulating the exciton effect and enhancing charge-carrier mobility within two-dimensional photocatalysts, opening an avenue for precise control of free radical generation.

Unravelling the Role of Free Radicals in Photocatalysis

Free radicals are increasingly recognized as active intermediate reactive species that can participate in various redox processes, significantly influencing the mechanistic pathways of reactions. Numerous researchers have investigated the generation of one or more distinct photogenerated radicals, proposing various hypotheses to explain the reaction mechanisms. Notably, recent research has demonstrated the emergence of photogenerated radicals in innovative processes, including organic chemical reactions and the photocatalytic dissolution of precious metals. To harness the potential of these free radicals more effectively, it is imperative to consolidate and analyze the processes and action modes of these photogenerated radicals. This conceptual paper delves into the latest advancements in understanding the mechanics of photogenerated radicals.

Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals

Tire wear particles (TWPs) have caused increasing concerns due to their detrimental effects on the soil ecosystem. However, the role of weathering in altering the toxicity of TWP to soil organisms is poorly understood. In this study, the toxicity of original and photoaged TWP was compared using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) as soil model organisms. The obtained results indicated that photoaging of TWP resulted in an increase of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) from 3.69 × 1017 to 5.20 × 1017 spin/g. Meanwhile, photoaged TWP induced the changes of toxic endpoint in E. fetide, i.e., the increase of the weight loss and death ratio from 0.0425 to 0.0756 g/worm and 23.3 to 50% compared to original TWP under a 10% concentration, respectively. Analyses of transcriptomics, antioxidant enzyme activity, and histopathology demonstrated that the enhanced toxicity was mainly due to oxidative damage, which was induced by disruption in the antioxidant defense system. Free-radical quenching and correlation analysis further suggested that the excessive production of ex vivo reactive oxygen species, induced by EPFRs, led to the exhaustion of the antioxidant defense system. Overall, this work provides new insights into the potential hazard of the weathered TWP in a soil environment and has significant implications for the recycling and proper disposal of spent tire particles.

Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Peroxide and Carbonyl Decomposition in Aqueous Photolysis of Secondary Organic Aerosols

The mechanism and kinetics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation when atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is exposed to solar radiation are poorly understood. In this study, we combined an in situ UV-vis irradiation system with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to characterize the photolytic formation of ROS in aqueous extracts of SOA formed by the oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, and toluene. We observed substantial formation of free radicals, including •OH, superoxide (HO2•), and organic radicals (R•/RO•) upon irradiation. Compared to dark conditions, the radical yield was enhanced by a factor of ∼30 for •OH and by a factor of 2-10 for superoxide radicals, and we observed the emergence of organic radicals. Total peroxide measurements showed substantial decreases of peroxide contents after photoirradiation, indicating that organic peroxides can be an important source of the observed radicals. A liquid chromatography interfaced with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to detect a number of organic radicals in the form of adducts with a spin trap, BMPO. The types of detected radicals and aqueous photolysis of model compounds indicated that photolysis of carbonyls by Norrish type I mechanisms plays an important role in the organic radical formation. The photolytic ROS formation serves as the driving force for cloud and fog processing of SOA.

Taurine Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Human Endocardial Endothelium Morphological Remodeling and the Increase in Cytosolic and Nuclear Calcium and ROS

Endocardial endothelium (EE) is a layer of cells covering the cardiac cavities and modulates cardiomyocyte function. This cell type releases several cardioactive factors, including Angiotensin II (Ang II). This octopeptide is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy. However, whether this circulating factor also induces EE hypertrophy is not known. Taurine is known to prevent cardiac hypertrophy. Whether this endogenous antioxidant prevents the effect of Ang II on human EE (hEE) will be verified. Using quantitative fluorescent probe imaging for calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS), our results show that Ang II induces (10-7 M, 48 h treatment) an increase in hEE cell (hEEC) volume and its nucleus. Pretreatment with 20 mM of taurine prevents morphological remodeling and increases intracellular calcium and ROS. These results suggest that the reported Ang II induces cardiac hypertrophy is associated with hEEC hypertrophy. This later effect is prevented by taurine by reducing intracellular calcium and ROS overloads. Thus, taurine could be an excellent tool for preventing Ang II-induced remodeling of hEECs.

The Role of Glutathione in the Management of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Individuals with HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of death worldwide. Without appropriate antiretroviral therapy, the infection can develop into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS leads to the dysregulation of cell-mediated immunity resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines. HIV-positive individuals also demonstrate diminished glutathione (GSH) levels which allows for increased viral replication and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, further contributing to the high rates of mortality seen in patients with HIV. Adequate GSH supplementation has reduced inflammation and slowed the decline of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-positive individuals. We aim to review the current literature regarding the role of GSH in cell-mediated immune responses in individuals with HIV- and AIDS-defining illnesses.

Phyto-therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: Molecular mechanism and health implications

Withania somnifera, the plant named Indian ginseng, Ashwagandha, or winter cherry, has been used since ancient times to cure various health ailments. Withania somnifera is rich in constituents belonging to chemical classes like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and withanolides. Several chemotypes were identified based on their phytochemical composition and credited for their multiple bioactivities. Besides, exhibiting neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, anti-stress, bone health, plant has shown promising anti-cancer properties. Several withanolides have been reported to play a crucial role in cancer; they target cancer cells by different mechanisms such as modulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, telomerase expression, and regulating cell signaling pathway. Though, many treatments are available for cancer; however, to date, no assured reliable cure for cancer is made available. Additionally, synthetic drugs may lead to development of resistance in time; therefore, focus on new and natural drugs for cancer therapeutics may prove a longtime effective alternative. This current report is a comprehensive combined analysis upto 2023 with articles focused on bio-activities of plant Withania somnifera from various sources, including national and international government sources. This review focuses on understanding of various mechanisms and pathways to inhibit uncontrolled cell growth by W. somnifera bioactives, as reported in literature. This review provides a recent updated status of the W. somnifera on pharmacological properties in general and anti-cancer in particular and may provide a guiding resource for researchers associated with natural product-based cancer research and healthcare management.

Viability and oxidative stress of dental pulp cells after indirect application of chemomechanical agents: An in vitro study

AIM

This study evaluated the transdentinal cytotoxic effects of enzymatic agents (EA) for chemomechanical carious tissue removal on human dental pulp cells.

METHODOLOGY

The groups were based on the performed dentine treatments (n = 8): G1: Positive Control (PC - no treatment); G2: Negative Control (NC - 35% H2 O2 for 2 min); G3: Brix 3000™ (BX) for 30 s; G4: BX for 2 min; G5: Papacarie Duo™ (PD) for 30 s; G6: PD for 2 min. The cells were evaluated for viability (VB; MTT assay) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS; DCFH-DA assay) and nitric oxide (NO; Griess reagent). A scanning electron microscope provided morphological chemical analyses and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The data were submitted to the one-way anova statistical test complemented by Tukey (p < .05).

RESULTS

Cell viability decreased by 21.1% and 58.4% in G5 and G6, respectively. ROS production in G3 and G4 maintained basal levels but increased by 171.2% and 75.1% in G5 and G6, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The Brix3000™ enzymatic agent did not cause indirect cytotoxic effects on pulp cells, regardless of the application time. Conversely, Papacarie Duo™ reduced viability and increased ROS production by pulp cells.

Electrospun nanofibers based on zein and red onion bulb extract (Allium cepa, L.): Volatile compounds, hydrophilicity, and antioxidant activity

Onion is rich in bioactive and volatile compounds with antioxidant activity. However, the pungent odor of volatile compounds (VOCs) released restricts its use. The encapsulation of red onion extract by electrospinning is an alternative to mask this odor and protect its bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to encapsulate red onion bulb extract (ROE) in different concentrations into zein nanofibers by electrospinning and evaluate their thermal, antioxidant, and hydrophilicity properties. The major VOC in ROE was 3(2H)-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl. Incorporating ROE into the polymeric solutions increased electrical conductivity and decreased apparent viscosity, rendering nanofibers with a lower average diameter. The loading capacity of ROE on fibers was high, reaching 91.5% (10% ROE). The morphology of the nanofibers was random and continuous; however, it showed beads at the highest ROE concentration (40%). The addition of ROE to the nanofibers increased their hydrophilicity. The nanofibers' antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals ranged from 32.5% to 57.3%. The electrospun nanofibers have the potential to protect and mask VOCs. In addition, they offer a sustainable alternative to the synthetic antioxidants commonly employed in the food and packaging industry due to their antioxidant activities.

Erythrocyte metabolism

Our aim is to present an updated overview of the erythrocyte metabolism highlighting its richness and complexity. We have manually collected and connected the available biochemical pathways and integrated them into a functional metabolic map. The focus of this map is on the main biochemical pathways consisting of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, redox metabolism, oxygen metabolism, purine/nucleoside metabolism, and membrane transport. Other recently emerging pathways are also curated, like the methionine salvage pathway, the glyoxalase system, carnitine metabolism, and the lands cycle, as well as remnants of the carboxylic acid metabolism. An additional goal of this review is to present the dynamics of erythrocyte metabolism, providing key numbers used to perform basic quantitative analyses. By synthesizing experimental and computational data, we conclude that glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and redox metabolism are the foundations of erythrocyte metabolism. Additionally, the erythrocyte can sense oxygen levels and oxidative stress adjusting its mechanics, metabolism, and function. In conclusion, fine-tuning of erythrocyte metabolism controls one of the most important biological processes, that is, oxygen loading, transport, and delivery.

Quercetin, a Flavonoid with Great Pharmacological Capacity

Quercetin is a flavonoid with a low molecular weight that belongs to the human diet's phenolic phytochemicals and nonenergy constituents. Quercetin has a potent antioxidant capacity, being able to capture reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive chlorine species (ROC), which act as reducing agents by chelating transition-metal ions. Its structure has five functional hydroxyl groups, which work as electron donors and are responsible for capturing free radicals. In addition to its antioxidant capacity, different pharmacological properties of quercetin have been described, such as carcinostatic properties; antiviral, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties; the ability to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and the ability to inhibit angiogenesis; these are developed in this review.

Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) Protects SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells from Ferroptotic Cell Death: Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Ferroptosis is a special kind of programmed cell death that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a large number of human diseases. It involves dysregulated intracellular iron metabolism and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, which together initiate intracellular ferroptotic signalling pathways leading to cellular suicide. Pharmacological interference with ferroptotic signal transduction may prevent cell death, and thus patients suffering from ferroptosis-related diseases may benefit from such treatment. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is an effective anti-oxidant that is frequently used in oil chemistry and in cosmetics to prevent free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. Since it functions as a radical scavenger, it has previously been reported to interfere with ferroptotic signalling. Here, we show that BHT prevents RSL3- and ML162-induced ferroptotic cell death in cultured human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) in a dose-dependent manner. It prevents the RSL3-induced oxidation of membrane lipids and normalises the RSL3-induced inhibition of the intracellular catalytic activity of glutathione peroxidase 4. The systemic application of BHT in a rat Alzheimer's disease model prevented the upregulation of the expression of ferroptosis-related genes. Taken together, these data indicate that BHT interferes with ferroptotic signalling in cultured neuroblastoma cells and may prevent ferroptotic cell death in an animal Alzheimer's disease model.

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil in Zebrafish

This study explored the protective capacity of the essential oil (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the inflammatory potential in zebrafish. Using five concentrations of EO (0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, and 6.25 μg/mL) in the presence of 7.5 mM H2O2, we analyzed the effects on neutrophil migration, caudal fin regeneration, cellular apoptosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) after 96 h of exposure. A significant decrease in neutrophil migration was observed in all EO treatments compared to the control. Higher concentrations of EO (3.12 and 6.25 μg/mL) resulted in a significant decrease in caudal fin regeneration compared to the control. SOD activity was reduced at all EO concentrations, CAT activity significantly decreased at 3.12 μg/mL, and GST activity increased at 0.78 μg/mL and 1.56 μg/mL, compared to the control group. No significant changes in ROS production were detected. A reduction in cellular apoptosis was evident at all EO concentrations, suggesting that C. citratus EO exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, influences regenerative processes, and protects against oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Variability in morphology, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene populations under variable habitats and altitudes

Phytochemicals have become significantly important for scientific research since these possess incredibly remarkable health benefits, especially antioxidant potential to scavenge free radicals and combat the harmful effects of oxidative stress caused by adverse environmental factors. The efficacy and quantity of these phytochemicals relies upon numerous factors including the extraction method, solvent polarity and the habitat features in which the plant is growing. In this study we emphasized on phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Bistorta amplexicaulis, an important medicinal plant species from Kashmir Himalaya. We evaluated antioxidant activity using different assays from all the selected sites to enumerate the impact of habitat. The sites were selected based on varying habitat features and altitude. Our results revealed that Ethyl acetate is the potent solvent for the extraction of phytochemicals. Below ground parts exhibited better scavenging activity than the above ground parts. Amongst the sites, we found the maximum antioxidant potential at Site I. A positive correlation was found between antioxidant activity and altitude while soil attributes (OC, OM, N, P, and K) and most of the morphological traits showed a negative correlation. Overall, our study identified the elite populations that could be utilized for mass propagation and harness the ultimate antioxidant potential of B. amplexicaulis.

Mitochondrial impairment related to the immunotoxicity of the herbicides clomazone, glyphosate and sulfentrazone in THP-1 cells

Background

Pesticides are indispensable for the cultivation of crops, especially those of economic importance, such as soybeans. Data on the annual use of herbicides in crops show that they correspond to 50%, making it the most used in agriculture.

Aim

Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the three commercial herbicides (clomazone, glyphosate, and sulfentrazone) in THP-1 cells.

Methods

Cells were incubated with 0-5,000 mg/L of the herbicides for 24 h at 37 °C for cytotoxicity evaluation. Additionally, a few toxicological pathways such as reactive species generation, mitochondrial impairment, and interleukin profile, which have been previously involved in the toxicity of pesticides, were also evaluated.

Results

A potential immunotoxic effect of the herbicides on THP-1 cells was observed, especially glyphosate, as it is a powerful agent of cellular immunotoxicity. It was also possible to verify an increase in oxidative stress and IL-8 levels and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusion

All herbicides showed cytotoxic effects in THP-1 monocytes, which were related to mitochondrial impairment.

Anchoring π-d Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks with Dual-Active Centers on Carbon Nanotubes for Advanced Potassium-Ion Batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are gradually gaining attention owing to their natural abundance, excellent security, and high energy density. However, developing excellent organic cathode materials for PIBs to overcome the poor cycling stability and slow kinetics caused by the large radii of K+ ions is challenging. This study demonstrates for the first time the application of a hexaazanonaphthalene (HATN)-based 2D π-d conjugated metal-organic framework (2D c-MOF) with dual-active centers (Cu-HATNH) and integrates Cu-HATNH with carbon nanotubes (Cu-HATNH@CNT) as the cathode material for PIBs. Owing to this systematic module integration and more exposed active sites with high utilization, Cu-HATNH@CNT exhibits a high initial capacity (317.5 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 ), excellent long-term cycling stability (capacity retention of 96.8% at 5 A g-1 after 2200 cycles), and outstanding rate capacity (147.1 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 ). The reaction mechanism and performance are determined by combining experimental characterization and density functional theory calculations. This contribution provides new opportunities for designing high-performance 2D c-MOF cathodes with multiple active sites for PIBs.

Mechanism of Antiradical Activity of Coumarin-Trihydroxybenzohydrazide Derivatives: A Comprehensive Kinetic DFT Study

As part of this study, the mechanisms of the antioxidant activity of previously synthesized coumarin-trihydrobenzohydrazine derivatives were investigated: (E)-2,4-dioxo-3-(1-(2-(2″,3″,4″-trihydroxybenzoyl)hydrazineyl)ethylidene)chroman-7-yl acetate (1) and (E)-2,4-dioxo-3-(1-(2-(3″,4″,5″-trihydroxybenzoyl)hydrazineyl)ethylidene)chroman-7-yl acetate (2). The capacity of the compounds to neutralize HO• was assessed by EPR spectroscopy. The standard mechanisms of antioxidant action, Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT), Sequential Proton Loss followed by Electron Transfer (SPLET), Single-Electron Transfer followed by Proton Transfer (SET-PT), and Radical Adduct/Coupling Formation (RAF/RCF) were examined using the QM-ORSA methodology. It was estimated that the newly synthesized compounds, under physiological conditions, exhibited antiradical activity via SPLET and RCF mechanisms. Based on the estimated overall rate constants (koverall), it can be concluded that 2 exhibited a greater antiradical capacity. The obtained values indicated a good correlation with the EPR spectroscopy results. Both compounds exhibit approximately 1.5 times more activity in comparison to the precursor compound used in the synthesis (gallic acid).

Antioxidant therapy for hepatic diseases: a double-edged sword

Liver diseases are complex conditions, significantly influenced by oxidative stress. This comprehensive review assesses the therapeutic role of antioxidants like l-ascorbic acid and α tocopherol, beta-carotene, various minerals, and plant-based ingredients in mitigating oxidative stress-induced liver diseases. The manuscript delves into the critical influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on disease susceptibility, progression, and response to antioxidant therapy. While animal studies suggest antioxidant efficacy in liver disease treatment, human trials remain inconclusive, and caution is advised due to its possible potential pro-oxidant effects. Moreover, the interactions of antioxidants with other drugs necessitate careful consideration in the management of polypharmacy in liver disease patients. The review underscores the need for further research to establish the clinical benefits of antioxidants with understanding of possible antioxidant toxicities to elucidate the intricate interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in liver diseases. The aim is to foster a better understanding of the knowledge on hepatic disease management with judicial antioxidant therapies.

Novel chimeric antigen receptor targets and constructs for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Moving beyond CD19

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common acute leukemia in adults with a poor prognosis with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell lineage ALL (B-ALL). Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown excellent response rates in RR B-ALL, but most patients relapse due to poor persistence of CAR T-cell therapy or other tumor-associated escape mechanisms. In addition, anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy causes several serious side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss novel CAR targets, CAR constructs, and various strategies to boost CARs for the treatment of RR B-ALL. In addition, we discuss a few novel strategies developed to reduce the side effects of CAR.

Are Supra-Physiological Plant-Based Antioxidants Ready for the Clinic? A Scoping Review of Hormetic Influences Driving Positive Clinical Outcomes

Background: A pro-inflammatory metabolic state is key to the chronic disease epidemic. Clinicians' ability to use nutrients to balance inflammation via oxidant homeostasis depends on the quality of antioxidants research. Understanding the intersection of two prominent theories for how antioxidants quell inflammation-nutritional hormesis and oxidant scavenging-will enable therapeutic antioxidant use in clinical practice. Purpose: We sought to survey the literature to answer the question: has the hormetic response of exogenous antioxidants been studied in humans and if so, what is its effect Research Design: This review investigates the less well-established theory, nutritional hormesis. To understand the state of hormetic response research, we conducted a literature review describing the relationship between exogenous antioxidants, hormesis, and chronic disease. We used an adaptive search strategy (PubMed and Scopus), retrieving 343 articles, of which 218 were unique. Most studies reviewed the hormetic response in plant and cell models (73.6%) while only 2.2% were in humans. Results: Given the limited robust evidence, clinicians lack research-based guidance on the appropriate therapeutic dose of exogenous antioxidants or, more concerning, supra-physiological dosing via supplements. A critical hurdle in searching the literature is the lack of standardized nomenclature describing the hormetic effect, challenging the ability of clinicians to make informed decisions. Conclusion: Non-human research shows a biphasic, hormetic relationship with antioxidants but observational studies have yet to translate this into the complexities of human biochemistry and physiology. Therefore, we cannot accurately translate this into clinical care. To remedy this insufficiency, we suggest: (1) Improved data collection quality: controlled diet, standardized antioxidant measurements, bioavailability assessed via biomarkers; (2) Larger, harmonized datasets: research subject transparency, keyword standardization, consensus on a hormesis definition.

Assessment of Drimia delagoensis (Jessop) Baker Total Phenol, Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Activity of Both Bulb and Leaves

Drimia delagoensis has been utilized for its medicinal properties since antiquity. The bulb and leaves are predominantly composed of secondary metabolites that exhibit biological activity. The quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteus method, coulometric analysis, DPPH and the FRAP assays. The ethyl acetate, aqueous, and hexane extracts of the bulb exhibited significantly high total phenolic contents (167.9000±0.3376 μg GAE/mg, 56.2500±0.0043 μg GAE/mg, and 26.4000±0.0198 μg GAE/mg, respectively) compared to the ethyl acetate (49.4400±0.1341 μg QE/mg), aqueous (9.5200±0.1274 μg QE/mg), and hexane leaf extracts (1.8091±0.0049 μg QE/mg). On the other hand, the ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract of D. delagoensis, was identified as a significant source of natural antioxidants, and its use in the management of diabetic foot ulcers linked with oxidative stress is supported.

Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Reactive Halogen Species

The review is devoted to the mechanisms of free radical lipid peroxidation (LPO) initiated by reactive halogen species (RHS) produced in mammals, including humans, by heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase (MPO). It has been shown that RHS can participate in LPO both in the initiation and branching steps of the LPO chain reactions. The initiation step of RHS-induced LPO mainly involves formation of free radicals in the reactions of RHS with nitrite and/or with amino groups of phosphatidylethanolamine or Lys. The branching step of the oxidative chain is the reaction of RHS with lipid hydroperoxides, in which peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals are formed. The role of RHS-induced LPO in the development of human inflammatory diseases (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis) is discussed in detail.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees aerial parts

Dicliptera cuneata Nees is a traditional medicinal plant but its extract or phytochemicals are less known. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of aerial part hydroalcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees. Hence, we used protein denaturation assay, FRAP assay, Nitric oxide and peroxide scavenging assays methods following standard developed techniques. The hydro-alcoholic extract exhibited dose-dependent effectiveness in all the assays and showed maximum efficacy in the assays at higher doses selected. Data shows that hydroalcholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in in vitro settings. It should be noted that more data is needed to further develop the extract into suitable formulations.

Scavenging of Cation Radicals of the Visual Cycle Retinoids by Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Taurine, and Melanin

In the retina, retinoids involved in vision are under constant threat of oxidation, and their oxidation products exhibit deleterious properties. Using pulse radiolysis, this study determined that the bimolecular rate constants of scavenging cation radicals of retinoids by taurine are smaller than 2 × 107 M-1s-1 whereas lutein scavenges cation radicals of all three retinoids with the bimolecular rate constants approach the diffusion-controlled limits, while zeaxanthin is only 1.4-1.6-fold less effective. Despite that lutein exhibits greater scavenging rate constants of retinoid cation radicals than other antioxidants, the greater concentrations of ascorbate in the retina suggest that ascorbate may be the main protectant of all visual cycle retinoids from oxidative degradation, while α-tocopherol may play a substantial role in the protection of retinaldehyde but is relatively inefficient in the protection of retinol or retinyl palmitate. While the protection of retinoids by lutein and zeaxanthin appears inefficient in the retinal periphery, it can be quite substantial in the macula. Although the determined rate constants of scavenging the cation radicals of retinol and retinaldehyde by dopa-melanin are relatively small, the high concentration of melanin in the RPE melanosomes suggests they can be scavenged if they are in proximity to melanin-containing pigment granules.

Relating Paramagnetic Properties to Molecular Parameters of Humic Acids Isolated from Permafrost Peatlands in the European Arctic

Free radicals (FRs) are intermediate participants in the transformation process of soil organic matter, and free radical activity is a fundamental property of humic substances. The aim of this work was to conduct a comparative study of the paramagnetic properties of humic acids (HAs) isolated from Histosols by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The studied Histosols are found in permafrost peatlands in four natural geographic subzones of the European Arctic (from forest tundra to northern tundra). The results obtained showed that in anaerobic conditions on the peatlands in the tundra zone, the formation of semiquinone-type radicals occurs through the reduction of quinone fragments of HAs and leads to an increase in the concentration of paramagnetic centres within HAs. PCA analysis allowed us to reveal relationships between the properties of the initial raw peat samples, the molecular composition of the isolated HAs, and their paramagnetic parameters. It was found that FR localization occurs predominantly on aromatic fragments of lignin nature, which are confined to the low molecular weight fraction of HAs. The g-factor values of the EPR spectra of HAs indicate the presence of carbon- and oxygen-centred FRs in the HA structure, with a predominance of the latter.

Insights Into Antioxidant Strategies to Counteract Radiation-Induced Male Infertility

Significance: Radiotherapy, which employs ionizing radiation to destroy or prevent the multiplication of tumor cells, has been increasingly used in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, especially cancers. However, radiation collaterally leads to prolonged periods of sperm count suppression, presumably due to impaired spermatogenesis by depleting the germ cell pool, which has long-term side effects for male reproduction. Recent Advances: Studies of antioxidant compounds as a potential strategy for male fertility preservation have been performed mainly from animal models, aiming to prevent and restore the male germinal tissue and its function, particularly against the oxidative stress effects of radiation. Evidence in preclinical and clinical trials has shown that inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other drugs, such as statins and metformin, are candidates for ameliorating radiation-induced damage to several tissues, including the testis and prostate. Critical Issues: Research for developing an ideal radioprotective agent is challenging due to toxicity in the normal tissue, tumor radioresistance, cellular response to radiation, costs, regulation, and timeline development. Moreover, male radioprotection experiments in humans, mainly clinical trials, are scarce and use few individuals. This scenario is reflected in the slow progress of innovation in the radioprotection field. Future Directions: Expanding human studies to provide clues on the efficacy and safety of radioprotective compounds in the human reproductive system is necessary. Drug repurposing, frequently used in clinical practice, can be a way to shorten the development pipeline for innovative approaches for radioprotection or radiomitigation of the repercussions of radiotherapy in the male reproductive system.

Epoxides: an underestimated lipid oxidation product

Immense gains in understanding of mechanisms and effects of lipid oxidation have been achieved in the nearly 90 years over which lipid oxidation has been an active research focus. Even so, the substantial questions still being raised about lipid oxidation in this special issue show clearly that missing pieces remain and must be considered for full accounting of this important reaction in any system. In this context, epoxides are spotlighted as a critical overlooked product of lipid autoxidation - underestimated in analysis, underestimated in presence as a functionally active and competitive intermediate and product of lipid oxidation, and underestimated in potential contributions to impact of lipid oxidation on other molecules and cell functions. Logical reasons for ignoring or not finding epoxides are offered in historical development of lipid oxidation knowledge. Reactions generating lipid epoxides in autoxidation are reviewed, limitations in detecting and tracking epoxides are outlined to explain why epoxides may not be detected when they should be present, and justifications for increased research and analysis of epoxides are argued. The main goal is to provide a context for recognizing epoxides as critical products that must be accounted for in determining the state rather than extent of lipid oxidation and in tracking its consequences in oils, foods, personal care products, and tissues. A secondary goal is to stimulate new research using contemporary analyses to fill in the gaps of knowledge about epoxide formation, structure, and reactions in lipid autoxidation.

Antioxidant Capacity of Eugenol and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora Under in Vitro Simulated Conditions

In northern China, clove is a common plant. Its extracted eugenol exhibits a variety of biological properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial effects. This study looked at eugenol's antioxidant potential and its impact on the flora in the intestinal tract of humans. Eugenol's ability to scavenge superoxide anions and 2,2-biphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, as well as its impact on the growth of common intestinal bacteria Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli, were studied at various eugenol concentrations. The results showed that different optimal antioxidant concentrations of eugenol existed for different free radicals, and the optimal antioxidant concentrations for DPPH and superoxide anion were 0.16 μL/mL and 0.04 μL/mL, respectively. Low concentrations of eugenol had no significant inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus but a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli. This research is anticipated to offer a theoretical reference for the use of eugenol in specialized dietary food applications.

Tunable Gas-Gas Reactions through Nanobubble Pathway

Combustible gas-gas reactions usually do not occur spontaneously upon mixing without ignition or other triggers to lower the activation energy barrier. Nanobubbles, however, could provide such a possibility in solution under ambient conditions due to high inner pressure and catalytic radicals within their boundary layers. Herein, a tunable gas-gas reaction strategy via bulk nanobubble pathway is developed by tuning the interface charge of one type of bulk nanobubble and promoting its fusion and reaction with another, where the reaction-accompanied size and number concentration change of the bulk nanobubbles and the corresponding thermal effect clearly confirm the occurrence of the nanobubble-based H2 /O2 combustion. In addition, abundant radicals can be detected during the reaction, which is considered to be critical to ignite the gas reaction during the fusion of nanobubbles in water at room temperature. Therefore, the nanobubble-based gas-gas reactions provide a safe and efficient pathway to produce energy and synthesize new matter inaccessible under mild or ambient conditions.

From reactive species to disease development: Effect of oxidants and antioxidants on the cellular biomarkers

The influence of modern lifestyle, diet, exposure to chemicals such as phytosanitary substances, together with sedentary lifestyles and lack of exercise play an important role in inducing reactive stress (RS) and disease. The imbalance in the production and scavenging of free radicals and the induction of RS (oxidative, nitrosative, and halogenative) plays an essential role in the etiology of various chronic pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The implication of free radicals and reactive species injury in metabolic disturbances and the onset of many diseases have been accumulating for several decades, and are now accepted as a major cause of many chronic diseases. Exposure to elevated levels of free radicals can cause molecular structural impact on proteins, lipids, and DNA, as well as functional alteration of enzyme homeostasis, leading to aberrations in gene expression. Endogenous depletion of antioxidant enzymes can be mitigated using exogenous antioxidants. The current interest in the use of exogenous antioxidants as adjunctive agents for the treatment of human diseases allows a better understanding of these diseases, facilitating the development of new therapeutic agents with antioxidant activity to improve the treatment of various diseases. Here we examine the role that RS play in the initiation of disease and in the reactivity of free radicals and RS in organic and inorganic cellular components.

DNA oxidation after exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a byproduct of DNA oxidation resulting from free radical attacks. Paradoxically, treatment with 8-OHdG accelerates tissue healing. The aim of this study is to quantify the 8-OHdG response after a single session of exercise in both trained and untrained adults. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies measuring changes in blood 8-OHdG following resistance exercise and aerobic exercise were conducted. The literature search included Web of Science, PubMed, BASE, and Scopus, with publications up to February 2023 included. Subgroup analysis of training status was also conducted. Results: Sixteen studies involving 431 participants met the eligibility criteria. Resistance exercise showed a medium effect on increasing circulating 8-OHdG levels (SMD = 0.66, p < 0.001), which was similar for both trained and untrained participants. However, studies on aerobic exercise presented mixed results. For trained participants, a small effect of aerobic exercise on increasing circulating 8-OHdG levels was observed (SMD = 0.42; p < 0.001). In contrast, for untrained participants, a large effect of decreasing circulating 8-OHdG levels was observed, mostly after long-duration aerobic exercise (SMD = -1.16; p < 0.05). Similar to resistance exercise, high-intensity aerobic exercise (5-45 min, ≥75% VO2max) significantly increased circulating 8-OHdG levels, primarily in trained participants. Conclusion: Pooled results from the studies confirm an increase in circulating 8-OHdG levels after resistance exercise. However, further studies are needed to fully confirm the circulating 8-OHdG response to aerobic exercise. Increases in 8-OHdG after high-intensity aerobic exercise are observed only in trained individuals, implicating its role in training adaptation. Systematic Review Registration: [https://Systematicreview.gov/], identifier [CRD42022324180].

Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk

Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.

Supersulfide biology and translational medicine for disease control

For decades, the major focus of redox biology has been oxygen, the most abundant element on Earth. Molecular oxygen functions as the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, contributing to energy production in aerobic organisms. In addition, oxygen-derived reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen free radicals, such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical, undergo a complicated sequence of electron transfer reactions with other biomolecules, which lead to their modified physiological functions and diverse biological and pathophysiological consequences (e.g. oxidative stress). What is now evident is that oxygen accounts for only a small number of redox reactions in organisms and knowledge of biological redox reactions is still quite limited. This article reviews a new aspects of redox biology which is governed by redox-active sulfur-containing molecules-supersulfides. We define the term 'supersulfides' as sulfur species with catenated sulfur atoms. Supersulfides were determined to be abundant in all organisms, but their redox biological properties have remained largely unexplored. In fact, the unique chemical properties of supersulfides permit them to be readily ionized or radicalized, thereby allowing supersulfides to actively participate in redox reactions and antioxidant responses in cells. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that supersulfides are indispensable for fundamental biological processes such as energy production, nucleic acid metabolism, protein translation and others. Moreover, manipulation of supersulfide levels was beneficial for pathogenesis of various diseases. Thus, supersulfide biology has opened a new era of disease control that includes potential applications to clinical diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics of diseases.

Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis

Recently, an increase in the incidence of brain tumors has been observed in the most industrialized countries. This event triggered considerable interest in the study of heavy metals and their presence in the environment (air, water, soil, and food). It is probable that their accumulation in the body could lead to a high risk of the onset of numerous pathologies, including brain tumors, in humans. Heavy metals are capable of generating reactive oxygen, which plays a key role in various pathological mechanisms. Alteration of the homeostasis of heavy metals could cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and induce DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and the alteration of proteins. A large number of studies have shown that iron, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, and mercury levels were significantly elevated in patients affected by gliomas. In this study, we try to highlight a possible correlation between the most frequently encountered heavy metals, their presence in the environment, their sources, and glioma tumorigenesis. We also report on the review of the relevant literature.

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose (UDP-G) Activates Oxidative Stress and Respiratory Burst in Isolated Neutrophils

The extracellular purinergic agonist uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-G) activates chemotaxis of human neutrophils (PMN) and the recruitment of PMN at the lung level, via P2Y14 purinergic receptor signaling. This effect is similar to the activation of PMN with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), a mechanism that also triggers the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide via the NADPH oxidase system. However, the effects of UDP-G on this system have not been studied. Defects in the intracellular phagocyte respiratory burst (RB) cause recurrent infections, immunodeficiency, and chronic and severe diseases in affected patients, often with sepsis and hypoxia. The extracellular activation of PMN by UDP-G could affect the RB and oxidative stress (OS) in situations of inflammation, infection and/or sepsis. The association of PMNs activation by UDP-G with OS and RB was studied. OS was evaluated by measuring spontaneous chemiluminescence (CL) of PMNs with a scintillation photon counter, and RB by measuring oxygen consumption with an oxygen Clark electrode at 37 °C, in non-stimulated cells and after activation (15 min) with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 2 µg/mL), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 20 ng/mL), or UDP-G (100 μM). The stimulation index (SI) was calculated in order to establish the activation effect of the three agonists. After stimulation with LPS or PMA, the activated PMNs (0.1 × 106 cells/mL) showed an increase in CL (35%, p < 0.05 and 56%, p < 0.01, SI of 1.56 and 2.20, respectively). Contrariwise, the stimulation with UDP-G led to a decreased CL in a dose-dependent manner (60%, 25 μM, p < 0.05; 90%, 50-150 μM, p < 0.001). Nonetheless, despite the lack of oxidative damage, UDP-G triggered RB (SI 1.8) in a dose-dependent manner (38-50%, 100-200 μM, p < 0.0001). UDP-G is able to trigger NADPH oxidase activation in PMNs. Therefore, the prevention of OS and oxidative damage observed upon PMN stimulation with UDP-G indicates an antioxidant property of this molecule which is likely due to the activation of antioxidant defenses. Altogether, LPS and UDP-G have a synergistic effect, suggesting a key role in infection and/or sepsis.

Chemical Fate of Oils on Indoor Surfaces: Ozonolysis and Peroxidation

Unsaturated triglycerides found in food and skin oils are reactive in ambient air. However, the chemical fate of such compounds has not been well characterized in genuine indoor environments. Here, we monitored the aging of oil coatings on glass surfaces over a range of environmental conditions, using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Upon room air exposure (up to 17 ppb ozone), the characteristic ozonolysis products, secondary ozonides, were observed on surfaces near the cooking area of a commercial kitchen, along with condensed-phase aldehydes. In an office setting, ozonolysis is also the dominant degradation pathway for oil films exposed to air. However, for indoor enclosed spaces such as drawers, the depleted air flow makes lipid autoxidation more favorable after an induction period of a few days. Forming hydroperoxides as the major primary products, this radical-mediated peroxidation behavior is accelerated by indoor direct sunlight, but the initiation step in dark settings is still unclear. These results are in accord with radical measurements, indicating that indoor photooxidation facilitates radical formation on surfaces. Overall, many intermediate and end products observed are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may induce oxidative stress in human bodies. Given that these species can be widely found on both food and household surfaces, their toxicological properties are worth further attention.

Improved DC Dielectric Performance of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Modified by Free Radical-Initiated Grafting BMIE

To enhance the direct current (DC) dielectric properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) for high-voltage (HV) cable insulation, the polyethylene molecular chain is modified by grafting bismaleimide ethane (BMIE), which creates carrier deep traps within the polymer material. Compared to the traditional modified molecule maleic anhydride (MAH), BMIE has a significantly higher boiling point than the production temperature of XLPE. Additionally, it does not release bubbles during the production process and, thus, preserves the dielectric properties. It was proved by infrared spectroscopy and a gel content test that BMIE was successfully grafted onto the polyethylene molecular chain and had no effect on the crosslinking degree of the polymer while reducing the amount of crosslinker, thereby reducing the influence of the by-products of the decomposition of dicumene peroxide (DCP) on the electrical resistance of polymers. The analysis of DC breakdown field strength, current density, and space charge distribution at various temperatures demonstrates that grafting BMIE can greatly enhance the dielectric properties of insulation. Polar groups in the BMIE molecule create deep trap energy levels in XLPE-g-BMIE, and these trap energy levels contribute to the formation of a charged layer near the electrode, which is shielded by Coulomb potential. As a result, the charge injection barrier increases. Additionally, the presence of these polar groups reduces the mobility of charge carriers through trap-carrier scattering, effectively suppressing the accumulation of space charge within the material. First-principle calculations also confirm that bound states can be introduced as carrier traps by grafting BMIE onto polyethylene molecules. The agreement between experimental results and simulation calculations indicates that grafting BMIE to enhance the dielectric properties of polyethylene is a new and feasible research direction in the exploitation of materials for HVDC cables.

Non-Excitatory Amino Acids, Melatonin, and Free Radicals: Examining the Role in Stroke and Aging

The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids, and their role in stroke and aging. Melatonin has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse physiological functions and potential therapeutic benefits by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Melatonin has been found to mitigate ischemic brain damage caused by stroke. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, melatonin may help slow down the aging process and protect against age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, non-excitatory amino acids have been shown to possess neuroprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in stroke and aging-related conditions. They can attenuate oxidative stress, modulate calcium homeostasis, and inhibit apoptosis, thereby safeguarding neurons against damage induced by stroke and aging processes. The intracellular accumulation of certain non-excitatory amino acids could promote harmful effects during hypoxia-ischemia episodes and thus, the blockade of the amino acid transporters involved in the process could be an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce ischemic damage. On the other hand, the accumulation of free radicals, specifically mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, accelerates cellular senescence and contributes to age-related decline. Recent research suggests a complex interplay between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids in stroke and aging. The neuroprotective actions of melatonin and non-excitatory amino acids converge on multiple pathways, including the regulation of calcium homeostasis, modulation of apoptosis, and reduction of inflammation. These mechanisms collectively contribute to the preservation of neuronal integrity and functions, making them promising targets for therapeutic interventions in stroke and age-related disorders.

Melatonin treatment prevents carbon-tetrachloride induced rat brain injury

Introduction

Herein the neuroprotective properties of melatonin, a highly effective antioxidant, administered in a single dose 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally, were investigated in the brain tissue of Wistar rats acutely exposed to the toxin carbon-tetrachloride (1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally).

Methods

To assess the degree of whole encephalic mass damage, biochemical parameters related to lipid and protein oxidation, antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase), glutathione and inducible nitric oxide/arginase pathways were determined.

Results

The results showed that carbon-tetrachloride impaired the function of antioxidant enzymes (reduced catalase and superoxide dismutase activities) and reduced glutathione-metabolizing enzymes (reduced glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase activity). Furthermore, carbon-tetrachloride increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative damage in the brain tissue, as well as myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase content/activities.

Conclusions

The application of a single dose of melatonin post intoxication has been able to reverse the disturbance in the function of antioxidant enzymes and alleviate the tissue damage caused by oxidative stress, indicating that melatonin could be a potential therapeutic agent in oxidative-damage related neurodegenerative disorders.

Ferroptosis in Neurological Disease

Iron accumulation in the CNS occurs in many neurological disorders. It can contribute to neuropathology as iron is a redox-active metal that can generate free radicals. The reasons for the iron buildup in these conditions are varied and depend on which aspects of iron influx, efflux, or sequestration that help maintain iron homeostasis are dysregulated. Iron was shown recently to induce cell death and damage via lipid peroxidation under conditions in which there is deficient glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense. This form of cell death is called ferroptosis. Iron chelation has had limited success in the treatment of neurological disease. There is therefore much interest in ferroptosis as it potentially offers new drugs that could be more effective in reducing iron-mediated lipid peroxidation within the lipid-rich environment of the CNS. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that induce ferroptosis. We also address how iron enters and leaves the CNS, as well as the evidence for ferroptosis in several neurological disorders. Finally, we highlight biomarkers of ferroptosis and potential therapeutic strategies.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Inhibitory Study of Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki), Syzygium aromaticum (Loung), Lawsonia inermis (Henna), Rheum emodi (Revand Chini), Curcuma longa (Haldi) Against Lipid Per-Oxidation in Mice Brain and Liver

The aerobic organisms not only need oxygen for survival, but oxygen is also fundamentally malignant to the aerobic organism on the grounds of free radical generation and their affiliation with free oxidative stress. This study was done to evaluate the antioxidant and protective properties of P kurroa, S aromaticum, L inermis, R emodi, and C longa against lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidants. The aqueous extracts of these medicinal plants showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by different pro-oxidants (10 mM FeSO4 and 5 mM sodium nitroprusside) in the brain and liver of mice. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were evaluated by the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. L inermis, S aromaticum, and R emodi showed higher inhibitory effects, which could be attributed to their significantly reduced ability and free radical scavenging activities. Therefore, the oxidative stress in the brain and liver could be potentially managed or prevented by the dietary intake of L inermis, S aromaticum, and R emodi plants, which justifies the use of these plants in various degenerative diseases. C longa and P kurroa showed relatively weak antioxidant activities.

The synergistic degradation of pollutants in water by photocatalysis and PMS activation

In recent years, the synergistic degradation of water pollutants through advanced oxidation technology has emerged as a prominent research area due to its integration of various advanced oxidation technologies. The combined utilization of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation technology and photocatalysis demonstrates mild and nontoxic characteristics, enabling the degradation of water pollutants across a wide pH range. Moreover, this approach reduces the efficiency of electron hole recombination, broadens the catalyst's light response range, facilitates electron transfer of PMS, and ultimately improves its photocatalytic performance. The paper reviews the current research status of photocatalytic technology and PMS activation technology, respectively, while highlighting the advancements achieved through the integration of photocatalytic synergetic PMS activation technology for water pollutant degradation. Furthermore, this review delves into the mechanisms involving both free radicals and nonradicals in the reaction process and presents a promising prospect for future development in water treatment technology. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Degradation of water pollutants by photocatalysis and PMS synergistic action has emerged. Synergism can enhance the generation of free radicals. This technology can provide theoretical support for actual wastewater treatment.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract suppresses oxidative stress in the rat pancreas of type-1 diabetes

AIM

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on oxidative stress (OS), antioxidant enzymes, free radicals and cytokines in the pancreas of T1DM rats.

METHODS

Two-month-old Wistar rats were assigned to the control (CON), CON + GSPE (CON + PA), diabetics (STZ, 60 mg/kg b.w.), diabetes + GSPE (STZ + PA), diabetes + insulin (STZ + INS, 3 U/day) and diabetics + GSPE and INS (STZ + INS + PA) groups. GSPE (75 mg/kg b.w.) was administered daily either alone or with INS for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Glutathione was lowest in diabetics while it increased in the STZ + INS + PA (p < .001) group, similar to catalase activity (p < .05). Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and lipid peroxidation increased with iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β in the diabetic pancreases, while GSPE decreased (p < .001). Further, reduced β-cells/islet number was improved in diabetics (p < .001) with treatment.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that GSPE with INS is effective in minimising OS and pancreatic degeneration in T1DM rats.

Anti-cancer potential of selenium-chitosan-polyethylene glycol-carvacrol nanocomposites in multiple myeloma U266 cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer that is characterized by malignant plasma cell proliferation. Approximately 10% of all blood cancers are MM, and there is no standard curative therapy. In this work, we intended to synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer effects of selenium/chitosan/polyethylene glycol-carvacrol nanocomposites (SCP-Car-NCs) on MM U266 cells in vitro. Various characterization techniques were used to characterize the synthesized SCP-Car-NCs. Several in vitro free radical scavenging experiments were conducted to test the ability of synthesized SCP-Car-NCs to scavenge the different free radicals. The cytotoxicity of SCP-Car-NCs was assessed on Vero and U266 cells using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. By using various fluorescence staining techniques, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, MMP, and apoptosis were measured. Using commercial test kits, the levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic biomarkers in control and treated U266 cells were assessed. The highest peak in the UV spectral analysis was found to be at 271 nm, demonstrating the development of SCP-Car-NCs. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the synthesized SCP-Car-NCs contained a variety of stretching and bonding. The X-ray diffraction study confirmed the crystallinity of SCP-Car-NCs. The dynamic light scattering analysis showed that the SCP-Car-NCs had an average size of 171 nm. The different free radicals, such as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals, were significantly scavenged by the SCP-Car-NCs. According to the MTT assay results, the SCP-Car-NCs decreased the viability of U266 cells while having no impact on the proliferation of Vero cells. The SCP-Car-NCs significantly boosted ROS production, decreased the MMP level, and promoted apoptosis, as evidenced by the fluorescence staining experiments. In U266 cells treated with SCP-Car-NCs, the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased while superoxide dismutases and glutathione levels were reduced. In the SCP-Car-NCs treated U266 cells, it was found that the Bax, caspase-3, and -9 activities had increased while the Bcl-2 level had decreased. In conclusion, our findings show that SCP-Car-NCs treatment reduced the viability and increased apoptosis in the U266 cells, providing a new insight on SCP-Car-NCs' potential for usage in the future to treat MM.