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Vekic J, Stromsnes K, Mazzalai S, Zeljkovic A, Rizzo M, Gambini J. Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2897. [PMID: 38001900 PMCID: PMC10669174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kristine Stromsnes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Stefania Mazzalai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Gambini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
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Simonen P, Lommi J, Lemström K, Tolva J, Sinisalo J, Gylling H. Amiodarone accumulates two cholesterol precursors in myocardium: A controlled clinical study. J Intern Med 2023; 294:506-514. [PMID: 37400980 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, which interferes with cholesterol synthesis. In the human body, it inhibits two enzymes in the cholesterol-synthesis pathway, followed by increases especially in serum desmosterol and zymostenol concentrations and a decrease in that of serum lathosterol. OBJECTIVES We explored whether desmosterol and zymostenol accumulate also in myocardial tissue during amiodarone treatment. METHODS Thirty-three patients admitted for cardiac transplantation volunteered for the study. Ten patients were on amiodarone treatment (AD group) and 23 were not (control group). The groups were matched as regards demographic and clinical variables. Myocardial samples were obtained from the removed hearts from 31 patients. Cholesterol, non-cholesterol sterols and squalene were quantified by means of gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS In serum and myocardium, desmosterol was 19- and 18-fold higher and zymostenol 4- and 2-fold higher in the AD group versus the control group (p < 0.001 for all). In contrast, myocardial cholesterol, squalene and lathosterol levels were lower in the AD group than in the control group (p < 0.05 for all). Levels of phytosterols and cholestanol were similar in the serum and myocardium in the two groups. Levels of myocardial and serum desmosterol, zymostenol, lathosterol and phytosterols correlated with each other in both groups (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Amiodarone treatment caused the accumulation of desmosterol and zymostenol in myocardium. In particular, myocardial desmosterol concentrations were substantially elevated, which may play a part in some of the therapeutic and adverse effects of amiodarone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Simonen
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyri Lommi
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Lemström
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Tolva
- Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Mashnafi S, Baumgartner S, Mensink RP, Perlee D, van Vught LA, Lütjohann D, Plat J. A Transient Inflammatory Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Infusion Lowers Markers of Endogenous Cholesterol and Bile Acid Synthesis in Healthy Normocholesterolemic Young Men. Biomedicines 2023; 11. [PMID: 36672634 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with changes in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). It is unknown if the changes in lipids and lipoproteins during inflammation are related to changes in cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and bile acid synthesis. We, therefore, examined the effects of acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transient systemic inflammation on lipids, lipoproteins, CEC, and markers of cholesterol metabolism. We also evaluated whether markers for cholesterol metabolism at baseline predict the intensity of the inflammatory response. Eight healthy young subjects received LPS infusion, and blood was sampled for the following 24 h. In addition to lipids, lipoproteins, and CEC, we also measured markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis, bile acid synthesis, and inflammation. Compared with baseline, plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CEC decreased, while triglycerides increased in the 24 h following LPS infusion. TC-standardized levels of cholesterol synthesis markers (lathosterol, lanosterol, and desmosterol) and a bile acid synthesis marker (7α-OH-cholesterol) also decreased, with no changes in cholesterol absorption markers (campesterol, sitosterol, and cholestanol). Baseline TC-standardized levels of desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were positively correlated with concentrations of various inflammatory markers. Changes in TC-standardized desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were negatively correlated with concentrations of inflammatory markers. LPS infusion reduced endogenous cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis in healthy young men.
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Mashnafi S, Plat J, Mensink RP, Joris PJ, Kusters YHAM, Houben AJHM, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG, Baumgartner S. Effects of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial in Abdominally Obese Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081546. [PMID: 35458107 PMCID: PMC9030512 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with lower intestinal cholesterol absorption and higher endogenous cholesterol synthesis. These metabolic characteristics have also been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, steatosis or cholestasis. The number of intervention studies evaluating the effect of weight loss on these metabolic characteristics is, however, limited, while the role of the different fat compartments has not been studied into detail. In a randomized trial, abdominally obese men (N = 54) followed a 6-week very low caloric (VLCD) diet, followed by a 2 week weight-maintenance period. Non-cholesterol sterols were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks, and compared to levels in lean participants (N = 25). After weight loss, total cholesterol (TC)-standardized cholestanol levels increased by 0.18 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), while those of campesterol and lathosterol decreased by 0.25 µmol/mmol (p < 0.05) and 0.39 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, after weight loss, TC-standardized lathosterol and cholestanol levels were comparable to those of lean men. Increases in TC-standardized cholestanol after weight loss were significantly associated with changes in waist circumference (p < 0.01), weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and visceral fat (p < 0.01), but not with subcutaneous and intrahepatic lipids. In addition, cross-sectional analysis showed that visceral fat fully mediated the association between BMI and TC-standardized cholestanol levels. Intrahepatic lipid content was a partial mediator for the association between BMI and TC-standardized lathosterol levels. In conclusion, diet-induced weight loss decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased cholesterol absorption. The increase in TC-standardized cholestanol levels was not only related to weight loss, but also to a decrease in visceral fat volume. Whether these metabolic changes ameliorate other metabolic risk factors needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Mashnafi
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, AlBaha University, AlBaha 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Yvo H. A. M. Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3881305
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Blanco-Morales V, Silvestre RDLÁ, Hernández-Álvarez E, Donoso-Navarro E, Alegría A, Garcia-Llatas G. Influence of Galactooligosaccharides on the Positive Effect of Plant Sterol-Enriched Beverages on Cardiovascular Risk and Sterol Colon Metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:532-542. [PMID: 35012310 PMCID: PMC9127961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the impact of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) addition to a plant sterol (PS)-enriched beverage on the hypocholesterolemic effect and on the bioavailability and colonic metabolization of sterols was evaluated. A crossover trial was undertaken in postmenopausal women who intook a PS-enriched (2 g PS/day) or PS-GOS-enriched beverage (2 g PS/day and 4.3 g GOS/day) for 6 weeks. The presence of GOS did not modify the hypocholesterolemic effect of the PS-enriched beverage (total- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol reductions) or sterol bioavailability (increments of serum markers of dietary PS intake and of cholesterol synthesis). The consumption of both beverages led to an increase of sterol and metabolite excretion (with the exception of coprostanol, which decreased) and to slight changes in women's capacities for sterol conversion, regardless of the GOS presence. This study demonstrates the suitability of simultaneous enrichment with PS and GOS in milk-based fruit beverages, considering their hypocholesterolemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition
and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n,
Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Ramona de los Ángeles Silvestre
- Clinical
Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Manuel de Falla, 1, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-Álvarez
- Clinical
Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Manuel de Falla, 1, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Encarnación Donoso-Navarro
- Clinical
Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Manuel de Falla, 1, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition
and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n,
Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition
and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n,
Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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Vecka M, Dušejovská M, Staňková B, Rychlík I, Žák A. A Matched Case-Control Study of Noncholesterol Sterols and Fatty Acids in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Metabolites 2021; 11:774. [PMID: 34822432 PMCID: PMC8618803 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is common among patients on hemodialysis, but its etiology is not fully understood. Although changes in cholesterol homeostasis and fatty acid metabolism play an important role during dialysis, the interaction of these metabolic pathways has yet to be studied in sufficient detail. In this study, we enrolled 26 patients on maintenance hemodialysis treatment (high-volume hemodiafiltration, HV HDF) without statin therapy (17 men/9 women) and an age/gender-matched group of 26 individuals without signs of nephropathy. The HV-HDF group exhibited more frequent signs of cardiovascular disease, disturbed saccharide metabolism, and altered lipoprotein profiles, manifesting in lower HDL-C, and raised concentrations of IDL-C and apoB-48 (all p < 0.01). HV-HDF patients had higher levels of campesterol (p < 0.01) and β-sitosterol (p = 0.06), both surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption and unchanged lathosterol concentrations. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were changed mostly in cholesteryl esters, with a higher content of saturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the HV-HDF group. However, n-6 PUFA in cholesteryl esters were less abundant (p < 0.001) in the HV-HDF group. Hemodialysis during end-stage kidney disease induces changes associated with higher absorption of cholesterol and disturbed lipoprotein metabolism. Changes in fatty acid metabolism reflect the combined effect of renal insufficiency and its comorbidities, mostly insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Vecka
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (B.S.); (A.Ž.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 3, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Dušejovská
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (B.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Barbora Staňková
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (B.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Ivan Rychlík
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Šrobárova 50, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Aleš Žák
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (B.S.); (A.Ž.)
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Mashnafi S, Plat J, Mensink RP, Baumgartner S. Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E124. [PMID: 30634478 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (n = 16), diabetes mellitus (n = 15), metabolic syndrome (n = 5), hyperlipidemia (n = 11), cardiovascular disease (n = 17), and diseases related to intestine (n = 16), liver (n = 22) or kidney (n = 2). In general, markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis displayed reciprocal patterns, showing that cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by the interplay of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis. Distinctive patterns for cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis could be identified, suggesting that metabolic disorders can be classified as 'cholesterol absorbers or cholesterol synthesizers'. Future studies should be performed to confirm or refute these findings and to examine whether this information can be used for targeted (dietary) interventions.
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Hyánek J, Pehal F, Dubská L, Miková J, Gombíková L, Kubů S, Haláčková P, Feyereisl J, Táborský L. [The hypercholesterolemias in pregnancy: their etiology and diagnostic significance considerations]. Ceska Gynekol 2017; 82:455-461. [PMID: 29302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of gestational hypercholesterolemia incidence in Prague population of healthy pregnant women. Diagnostic significance of non-cholesterol sterols as suitable markers of endogenous synthesis and intestinal absorption in etiology of gestational hypercholesterolemia. DESIGN Retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 21 000 healthy pregnant women set of 84 patients with blood level of total cholesterol >7.0 mmol/l where noncholesterol sterols had been analyzed by use of GC/MS method on Finnigan MAT 120b. Lathosterol and desmosterol as markers of endogenous syntesis and campesterol and sitosterol as markers for intestinal absorbtion. Classical lipid parameters have been analyzed on Beckman Coulter and Cobas analyzators. RESULTS The median of total cholesterol values in the set of 21 000 healthy pregnant women - 6,8 mmol/l was observed; median of LDLCh - 4.6 mmol/l and HDLCh - 2.2 mmol/l. The frequency of hypercholesterolemia values > 8.0 mmol/l 1:132 (!) was observed. The average values were for lathosterol 7.8 ± 1.7 µmol/l; desmosterol 4.7 ± 0.9 µmol/l; campesterol 9.8 ± 2.6 µmol/l; sitosterol 9.6 ± 3.8 µmol/l. The correlations of lathosterol with total cholesterol r = 0.524 as well as with non-HDLCh r = 0.35 and LDLCh r = 0.36 were observed. In campesterol or sitosterol as well as HDLCh or TAG no significant correlations have been observed. DISCUSSION Pilot study for gestational hypercholesterolemias in Czech population of healthy pregnant women proved the high frequency of increased levels of total cholesterol (> 8.0 mmol/l) 1:132. Increased levels of lathosterol values could explain the hypercholesterolemia in pregnancy as result of higher endogene synthesis of cholesterol. CONCLUSION Relatively high frequency of hypercholesterolemia in pregnancy is caused according to our findings by increased endogenous synthesis of cholesterol via lathosterol. The highly increased values of cholesterolemia during pregnancy could be efectivelly used for detection and after ending of lactation period for further differential diagnostic and treatment of previously undiagnosed familial hypercholesterolemias.
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Abstract
AIM To assess the specificity and sensitivity of the commonly used enzymatic colorimetric test for plasma cholesterol determination. METHODS Interference with an enzymatic method for cholesterol measurement by several non-cholesterol sterols (beta sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, stigmastanol, desmosterol, and lathosterol) was assessed. Some of these compounds are present in plasma at higher than normal concentrations either in rare genetic disorders, such as phytosterolaemia, or after the consumption of phytosterol enriched foods. RESULTS The non-cholesterol sterols were detected by the assay in a linear manner. There was no competitive interference in the presence of cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS This crossreactivity may affect the diagnosis and treatment of non-cholesterol dyslipidaemias, including phytosterolaemia and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Similarly, changes in plasma lipid compositions after the consumption of phytosterol enriched foods cannot be specifically determined by this enzymatic assay. Until a more specific enzymatic assay is developed, alternative methods such as gas chromatography should be used to differentiate between cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Moghadasian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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