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Yadav N, Tripathi S, Sangwan NS. Phyto-therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: Molecular mechanism and health implications. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1695-1714. [PMID: 38318763 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, the plant named Indian ginseng, Ashwagandha, or winter cherry, has been used since ancient times to cure various health ailments. Withania somnifera is rich in constituents belonging to chemical classes like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and withanolides. Several chemotypes were identified based on their phytochemical composition and credited for their multiple bioactivities. Besides, exhibiting neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, anti-stress, bone health, plant has shown promising anti-cancer properties. Several withanolides have been reported to play a crucial role in cancer; they target cancer cells by different mechanisms such as modulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, telomerase expression, and regulating cell signaling pathway. Though, many treatments are available for cancer; however, to date, no assured reliable cure for cancer is made available. Additionally, synthetic drugs may lead to development of resistance in time; therefore, focus on new and natural drugs for cancer therapeutics may prove a longtime effective alternative. This current report is a comprehensive combined analysis upto 2023 with articles focused on bio-activities of plant Withania somnifera from various sources, including national and international government sources. This review focuses on understanding of various mechanisms and pathways to inhibit uncontrolled cell growth by W. somnifera bioactives, as reported in literature. This review provides a recent updated status of the W. somnifera on pharmacological properties in general and anti-cancer in particular and may provide a guiding resource for researchers associated with natural product-based cancer research and healthcare management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | | | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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Li J, Ge M, Deng P, Wu X, Shi L, Yang Y. Withaferin A suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing IGF2BP3/FOXO1/JAK2/STAT3 pathway-mediated ROS production. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:40-48. [PMID: 37671837 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2247552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of Withaferin A (WA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene and protein expression were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. The proliferation of HCC cells was evaluated by CCK-8 assays. The migrative ability of HCC cells was measured by transwell assays. RESULTS We revealed that WA suppressed the proliferation and migration of HCC cells and inhibited IGF2BP3 (insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3) expression. IGF2BP3 abundance reversed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppression of HCC cell proliferation and migration induced by WA. Besides, IGF2BP3 suppressed ROS production to promote the growth and migration of HCC cells. Furthermore, we found that IGF2BP3 exerted its tumor-promotive and ROS-suppressive effect on HCC cells by regulating the expression of FOXO1 (forkhead box O1). In addition, IGF2BP3-stimulated activation of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2)/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation effectively decreased the transcription of FOXO1. FOXO1 abundance decreased the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 by increasing ROS level, forming a feedback loop for the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling activated by IGF2BP3. CONCLUSIONS WA-induced ROS inhibited HCC cell growth and migration through the inhibition of IGF2BP3 to deactivate JAK2/STAT3 signaling, resulting in increased FOXO1 expression to further stimulate ROS production and inhibit JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Ge
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xinquan Wu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Longqing Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Kumar P, Banik SP, Goel A, Chakraborty S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Revisiting the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A (WA), a Novel Steroidal Lactone, W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, from Withania Somnifera (L) Dunal. J Am Nutr Assoc 2024; 43:115-130. [PMID: 37410676 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2228863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, abundant in the Indian subcontinent as Ashwagandha or winter cherry, is a herb of unprecedented therapeutic value. The number of ailments for which crude Ashwagandha extract can be used as a preventive or curative is practically limitless; and this explains why its use has been in vogue in ancient Ayurveda since at-least about four thousand years. The therapeutic potential of Ashwagandha mainly owes from its reservoir of alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine), steroidal lactones (withanolides) and saponins with an extra acyl group (sitoindoside VII and VIII). Withaferin A is an exceptionally potent withanolide which is found in high concentrations in W. somnifera plant extracts. The high reactivity of Withaferin A owes to the presence of a C-28 ergostane network with multiple sites of unsaturation and differential oxygenation. It interacts with the effectors of multiple signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress response, cell cycle regulation and synaptic transmission and has been found to be significantly effective in inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells, restoring cognitive health, managing diabetes, alleviating metabolic disorders, and rejuvenating the overall body homeostasis. Additionally, recent studies suggest that Withaferin A (WA) has the potential to prevent viral endocytosis by sequestering TMPRSS2, the host transmembrane protease, without altering ACE-2 expression. The scope of performing subtle structural modifications in this multi-ring compound is believed to further expand its pharmacotherapeutic horizon. Very recently, a novel, heavy metal and pesticide free formulation of Ashwagandha whole herb extract, with a significant amount of WA, termed W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, has been developed. The present review attempts to fathom the present and future of this wonder molecule with comprehensive discussion on its therapeutic potential, safety and toxicity.Key teaching pointsWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a medicinal plant with versatile therapeutic values.The therapeutic potential of the plant owes to the presence of withanolides such as Withaferin A.Withaferin A is a C-28 ergostane based triterpenoid with multiple reactive sites of therapeutic potential.It is effective against a broad spectrum of ailments including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders and it also promotes cardiovascular and sexual health.W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, is a heavy metal and pesticide free Ashwagandha whole herb extract based formulation with significant amount of Withaferin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Research and Development Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Research & Development Department, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kulkarni S, Taliyan R, Pradhan DK, Bhola RK, Mahapatra S, Ghosh G, Rath G. Identification of starvation-mimetic bioactive phytocomponent from Withania somnifera using in-silico molecular modelling and flow cytometry-based analysis for the management of malaria. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:528-549. [PMID: 37087726 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2201855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance episodes in malaria increased from 3.9% to 20% from 2015 to 2019. Synchronizing the clinical manifestation in chronological sequence led to a unique impression on glucose demand (increased up to 100-fold) by the parasite-infected RBCs. Hence, restriction in the glucose uptake to parasite-infected RBCs could be an alternative approach to conquer the global burden of malaria to a greater extent. A C28 steroidal lactone Withaferin A (WS-3) isolated from Withania somnifera leave extract shows better thermodynamically stable interactions with the glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and PfHT) to standard drugs metformin and lopinavir. MD simulations for a trajectory period of 100 ns reflect stable interactions with the interactive amino acid residues such as Pro141, Gln161, Gln282, Gln283, Trp388, Phe389, and Phe40, Asn48, Phe85, His168, Gln169, Asn311 which potentiating inhibitory activity of WS-3 against GLUT-1 and PfHT respectively. WS-3 was non-hemotoxic (%hemolysis <5%) for a high concentration of up to 1 mg/ml in the physiological milieu. However, the %hemolysis significantly increased up to 30.55 ± 0.929% in a parasitophorous simulated environment (pH 5.0). Increased hemolysis of WS-3 could be due to the production of ROS in an acidic environment. Further, the inhibitory activity of WS-3 against both glucose transporters was supported with flow cytometry-based analysis of parasite-infected RBCs. Results show that WS-3 has low mean fluorescence intensities for both target proteins compared to conventional drugs, suggesting a potential sugar transporter inhibitor against GLUT-1 and PfHT for managing malaria. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pradhan
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- R and D Division, Ixoreal Biomed. Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prativa Biswasroy
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rajiv Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Medicine, Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College & Hospital, Baripada, Odisha, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Bhola
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sonali Mahapatra
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Cavaleri F, Chattopadhyay S, Palsule V, Kar PK, Chatterjee R. Study of Drug Targets Associated With Oncogenesis and Cancer Cell Survival and the Therapeutic Activity of Engineered Ashwagandha Extract Having Differential Withanolide Constitutions. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354231223499. [PMID: 38281118 PMCID: PMC10823841 DOI: 10.1177/15347354231223499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has gained worldwide popularity for a multitude of health benefits inclusive of cancer-preventive and curative effects. Despite numerous research data supporting the benefits of this wonder herb, the actual use of ashwagandha for cancer treatment in clinics is limited. The primary reason for this is the inconsistent therapeutic outcome due to highly variable composition and constitution of active ingredients in the plant extract impacting ashwagandha's pharmacology. We investigate here an engineered yield: an ashwagandha extract (Oncowithanib) that has a unique and fixed portion of active ingredients to achieve consistent and effective therapeutic activity. Using the MCF7 cell line, Oncowithanib was studied for its anti-neoplastic efficacy and drug targets associated with cell cycle regulation, translation machinery, and cell survival and apoptosis. Results demonstrate a dose-dependent decline in Oncowithanib-treated MCF7 cell viability and reduced colony-forming ability. Treated cells showed increased cell death as evidenced by enhancement of Caspase 3 enzyme activity and decreased expressions of cell proliferation markers such as Ki67 and Aurora Kinase A. Oncowithanib treatment was also found to be associated with expressional suppression of key cellular kinases such as RSK1, Akt1, and mTOR in MCF7 cells. Our findings indicate that Oncowithanib decreases MCF7 cell survival and propagation, and sheds light on common drug targets that might be good candidates for the development of cancer therapeutics. Further in-depth investigations are required to fully explore the potency and pharmacology of this novel extract. This study also highlights the importance of the standardization of herbal extracts to get consistent therapeutic activity for the disease indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavaleri
- Biologic Pharmamedical Research, Surrey, BC, Canada
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Pradip Kumar Kar
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritam Chatterjee
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
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Shuaib M, Chaudhri S, Kumar S. Withaferin A alters the expression of microRNAs 146a-5p and 34a-5p and associated hub genes in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biomol Concepts 2024; 15:bmc-2022-0045. [PMID: 38525814 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic subtype of breast cancer. Due to the absence of obvious therapeutic targets, microRNAs (miRNAs) provide possible hope to treat TNBC. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone, possesses potential anticancer activity with lesser side effects. The present study identifies hub genes (CDKN3, TRAF6, CCND1, JAK1, MET, AXIN2, JAG1, VEGFA, BRCA1, E2F3, WNT1, CDK6, KRAS, MYB, MYCN, TGFβR2, NOTCH1, SIRT1, MYCN, NOTCH2, WNT3A) from the list of predicted targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in WA-treated MDA-MB-231 cells using in silico protein-protein interaction network analysis. CCND1, CDK6, and TRAF6 hub genes were predicted as targets of miR-34a-5p and miR-146a-5p, respectively. The study found the lower expression of miR-34a-5p and miR-146a-5p in MDA-MB-231 cells, and further, it was observed that WA treatment effectively restored the lost expression of miR-34a-5p and miR-146a-5p in MDA-MB-231 cells. An anti-correlation expression pattern was found among the miR-34a-5p and miR-146a-5p and the respective target hub genes in WA-treated TNBC cells. In conclusion, WA might exert anti-cancer effect in TNBC cells by inducing miR-34a-5p and miR-146a-5p expressions and decreasing CCND1, CDK6, and TARF6 target hub genes in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shuaib
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Smriti Chaudhri
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
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Vilaboa N, Voellmy R. Withaferin A and Celastrol Overwhelm Proteostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:367. [PMID: 38203539 PMCID: PMC10779417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) and celastrol (CEL) are major bioactive components of plants that have been widely employed in traditional medicine. The pleiotropic activities of plant preparations and the isolated compounds in vitro and in vivo have been documented in hundreds of studies. Both WA and CEL were shown to have anticancer activity. Although WA and CEL belong to different chemical classes, our synthesis of the available information suggests that the compounds share basic mechanisms of action. Both WA and CEL bind covalently to numerous proteins, causing the partial unfolding of some of these proteins and of many bystander proteins. The resulting proteotoxic stress, when excessive, leads to cell death. Both WA and CEL trigger the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) which, if the proteotoxic stress persists, results in apoptosis mediated by the PERK/eIF-2/ATF4/CHOP pathway or another UPR-dependent pathway. Other mechanisms of cell death may play contributory or even dominant roles depending on cell type. As shown in a proteomic study with WA, the compounds appear to function largely as electrophilic reactants, indiscriminately modifying reachable nucleophilic amino acid side chains of proteins. However, a remarkable degree of target specificity is imparted by the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Vilaboa
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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Kim SK, Venkatesan J, Rathi P, Antony B. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts - A double blind, crossover study in healthy adults. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22843. [PMID: 38144272 PMCID: PMC10746415 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Withania somnifera (WS) or ashwagandha is an adaptogenic plant used extensively in traditional medicines and as a food supplement. Despite a long history of use and numerous clinical trials, the human pharmacokinetics of withanolides, the active phytochemicals in WS extracts, have not been fully evaluated. This study evaluated the oral pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of active withanolides in human plasma after administration of a single dose of two commercial ashwagandha extracts containing equal amounts of total withanolides. Methods This randomized, double-blind, single-dose crossover study of 16 healthy human volunteers evaluated the acute oral bioavailability of withanolides and the bioequivalence of two WS extracts, WS-35 and WS-2.5. WS-35 was standardized to total withanolides not less than 40% comprising not less than 35% withanolide glycosides and WS-2.5 was standardized to 2.5% withanolides. The clinical dosages were normalized to 185 mg of total withanolide in each extract at the bioequivalent dosages. The pharmacokinetic parameters of withanolide A, withanoside IV, withaferin A, and total withanolides were quantified in the blood plasma using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Results The half-life, C-max, and mean residence time of the total withanolides were 5.18, 5.62 and 4.13 times significantly higher and had lower systemic clearance with WS-35 than with WS-2.5 extract. Considering the plasma AUC 0-inf of total withanolides per mg of each WS extract administered orally, WS-35 was 280.74 times more bioavailable than WS-2.5. Conclusion The results of this study highlight the importance of withanolide glycosides in improving the pharmacokinetics of WS extracts. Owing to its superior pharmacokinetic profile, WS-35, with 35% withanolide glycosides, is a promising candidate for further studies on Withania somnifera. Clinical trial registration CTRI/2020/10/028397 [registered on:13/10/2020] (Trial prospectively registered) http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=42149&EncHid=&userName=CTRI/2020/10/028397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- College of Science & Technology, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, Ansan, 11558, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayachandran Venkatesan
- Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Priyank Rathi
- Synergen Bio Private Limited, Sai Chambers, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411003, India
| | - Benny Antony
- Arjuna Natural Pvt. Ltd., Innovation Centre, Behind ISRO, Erumathala P.O., Keezhmad, Kerala, 683 112, India
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Abeesh P, Bouvet P, Guruvayoorappan C. AS1411 aptamer tagged PEGylated liposomes as a smart nanocarrier for tumor-specific delivery of Withaferin A for mitigating pulmonary metastasis. Biomater Adv 2023; 154:213661. [PMID: 37879185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the most challenging health problem contributing to about 90 % of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Metastatic tumors are highly aggressive and resistant to the most available therapeutic options. Hence, innovative therapeutic approaches are required to target metastatic tumors selectively. In this study, we prepared AS1411 functionalized Withaferin A loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes (ALW) and investigated its therapeutic effect in B16F10 induced in pulmonary metastasis mice models. The prepared formulations' size and morphological properties were evaluated using dynamic light scattering system and Transmission electron microscope. ALW had spherical-shaped nanosized particles with a size of 118 nm and an encapsulation efficacy of 82.5 %. TEM analysis data indicated that ALW has excellent dispersibility and uniform spherical nano-size particles. ALW inhibited cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis of B16F10. In vivo, the pulmonary metastasis study in C57BL/6 mice revealed that the ALW significantly (p < 0.01) improved the encapsulated WA anti-metastatic activity and survival rate compared to WA or LW treated groups. ALW significantly (p < 0.01) downregulated the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β and significantly reduced the lung collagen hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and uronic acid content in metastatic tumor bearing animals compared to WA or LW. Gene expression levels of MMPs and NF-κB were downregulated in ALW treated metastatic pulmonary tumor-bearing mice. These findings demonstrate that the AS1411 functionalized Withaferin A loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes could be a promising nanoliposomal formulation for targeting metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathapan Abeesh
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College post, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India (Recognized Research Centre, University of Kerala)
| | - Phillipe Bouvet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Lyon, Universite de Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Leon Berard, CEDEX 08, F-69373 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Superieur de Lyon, Universite de Lyon 1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Chandrasekaran Guruvayoorappan
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College post, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India (Recognized Research Centre, University of Kerala).
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Shuaib M, Prajapati KS, Singh AK, Kumar S. Discovery of differentially expressed novel miRNAs in breast normal cells and their putative targets. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2361-2378. [PMID: 36680668 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical role in normal breast development and their altered expression may lead to breast cancer. Identification of new miRNAs allows us to understand the normal physiological process and associated disease pathophysiology. In the present study we identify the novel miRNAs in withaferin A treated breast normal cells (MCF-10A) using small RNA sequencing. The pathophysiological potential of the identified miRNAs was checked by studying their expression pattern in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells using qRT-PCR technique. The secondary/tertiary structure of the identified miRNAs, target gene enrichment in Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathway, miRNA-mRNA interaction of the sorted target genes, miRNA-mRNA/miRNA-argonaute protein/miRNA-mRNA-argonaute protein interaction and stability, were studied using bioinformatics tools/software, and molecular dynamics simulations. Hsa-miR-N88585 and hsa-miR-N461089 were identified and validated as novel miRNAs in normal breast cells. Up-expression of identified miRNAs in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells indicates their oncogenic nature. Identified target genes were enriched in classical signaling pathways (AMPK and Ras) and important GO terms. PLXDC2, BHLHE40, ARMC8, and PECAM1, CDC27, KCNK3 genes were sorted as putative targets for hsa-miR-N88585 and hsa-miR-N461089, respectively. MD simulation revealed stable hsa-miR-N88585/hsa-miR-N461089-AGO protein complex formation which indicates their further processing. In conclusion, the study identifies hsa-miR-N88585 and hsa-miR-N461089 as novel miRNAs in breast normal cells which are significantly inversely expressed in breast cancer cells. Further experiments are required to study the role of identified novel miRNAs in normal breast development and pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shuaib
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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Kumar P, Banik SP, Goel A, Chakraborty S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. A critical assessment of the whole plant-based phytotherapeutics from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal with respect to safety and efficacy vis-a-vis leaf or root extract-based formulation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:698-706. [PMID: 37533233 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2242933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, popularly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is well acclaimed for its health-enhancing effects, including its potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumorigenic properties. The prime biological effectors of these attributes are a diverse group of ergostane-based steroidal lactones termed withanolides. Withanones and withanosides are distributed differentially across the plant body, whereas withanolides and withanones are known to be more abundant in leaves, while withanosides are found exclusively in the roots of the plants. Standardized W. somnifera extract is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)-affirmed, however, moderate to severe toxic manifestations may occur at high dosages. Withaferin A, which also happens to be the primary bioactive ingredient for the effectiveness of this plant. There have been contrasting reports regarding the distribution of withaferin A in W. somnifera. While most reports state that the roots of the plant have the highest concentrations of this phytochemical, several others have indicated that leaves can accumulate withaferin A in proportionately higher amounts. A comprehensive survey of the available reports suggests that the biological effects of Ashwagandha are grossly synergistic in nature, with many withanolides together mediating the desired physiological effect. In addition, an assorted formulation of withanolides can also neutralize the toxic effects (if any) associated with withaferin A. This mini-review presents a fresh take on the recent developments regarding the safety and toxicity of the plant, along with a critical assessment of the use of roots against leaves as well as whole plants to develop therapeutic formulations. Going by the currently available scientific evidence, it is safe to infer that the use of whole plant formulations instead of exclusively root or leaf recipes may present the best possible option for further exploration of therapeutic benefits from this novel medicinal plant.HighlightsTherapeutic potential of withanolides owes to the presence of α,β unsaturated ketone which binds to amines, alcohols, and esters and 5β, 6β epoxy group which react with side chain thiols of proteins.At concentrations above NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level), the same mechanisms contribute towards toxicity of the molecule.Although withanosides are found exclusively in roots, whole plants have higher contents of withanones and withanolides.Whole plant-based formulations have other metabolites which can nullify the toxicity associated with roots.Extracts made from whole plants, therefore can holistically impart all therapeutic benefits as well as mitigate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Dept of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
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Xing Z, Su A, Mi L, Zhang Y, He T, Qiu Y, Wei T, Li Z, Zhu J, Wu W. Withaferin A: A Dietary Supplement with Promising Potential as an Anti-Tumor Therapeutic for Cancer Treatment - Pharmacology and Mechanisms. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2909-2929. [PMID: 37753228 PMCID: PMC10519218 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s422512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as the leading cause of death worldwide, poses a serious threat to human health, making the development of effective tumor treatments a significant challenge. Natural products continue to serve as crucial resources for drug discovery. Among them, Withaferin A (WA), the most active phytocompound extracted from the renowned dietary supplement Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, exhibits remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. In this manuscript, we aim to comprehensively summarize the pharmacological characteristics of WA as a potential anti-tumor drug candidate, with the objective of contributing to its further development and the discovery of prospective drugs. Through an extensive review of literature from PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, we have gathered substantial evidence showcasing WA's significant anti-tumor effects against a wide range of cancers in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Mechanistically, WA exerts its anti-tumor influence by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Additionally, it inhibits cell proliferation, cancer stem cells, tumor metastasis, and also suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis. Several studies have identified direct target proteins of WA, such as vimentin, Hsp90, annexin II and mFAM72A, while BCR-ABL, Mortalin (mtHsp70), Nrf2, and c-MYB are potential targets of WA. Notwithstanding its remarkable anti-tumor efficacy, there are some limitations associated with WA, including potential toxicity and poor oral bioavailability, which need to be addressed when considering it as an anti-tumor candidate agent. Nevertheless, I given its promising anti-tumor attributes, WA remains an encouraging candidate for future drug development. Unveiling the exact target and comprehensive mechanism of WA's action represents a crucial research direction to pursue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xing
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anping Su
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Mi
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting He
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wei
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenshuang Wu
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Liang Y, Jiang Q, Zou H, Zhao J, Zhang J, Ren L. Withaferin A: A potential selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory effect. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113949. [PMID: 37467946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been widely applied to various clinical treatment, however some serious side effects may occur during the treatment. It is widely known that glucocorticoids produce a marked effect through binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR). As withaferin A can provide multiple health benefits, this work aims to confirm withaferin A as a potential selective GR modulator with anti-inflammatory effect. Fluorescence polarization assay confirmed that withaferin A could steadily bind to GR with an IC50 value of 203.80 ± 0.36 μM. Meanwhile, glucocorticoid receptor translocation of withaferin A was measured by nuclear fractionation assay. Dual luciferase reporter assay showed that withaferin A did not activate GR transcription. Furthermore, withaferin A decreased the GR-related protein expression with less side effects. The result of molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions contributed to the binding of withaferin A with GR. In addition, the GR-withaferin A complex maintained a stable binding throughout the dynamics simulation process. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that withaferin A inhibited the production of cytokines, confirming its anti-inflammatory effect. These findings indicate that withaferin A is a potential selective GR modulator and this work may provide a research basis for developing dietary supplements and nutraceuticals against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Khalil R, Green RJ, Sivakumar K, Varandani P, Bharadwaj S, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Withaferin A Increases the Effectiveness of Immune Checkpoint Blocker for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3089. [PMID: 37370701 PMCID: PMC10295988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of late-stage lung cancers remains challenging with a five-year survival rate of 8%. Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by reactivating anti-tumor immunity. Despite achieving durable responses, ICBs are effective in only 20% of patients due to immune resistance. Therefore, synergistic combinatorial approaches that overcome immune resistance are currently under investigation. Herein, we studied the immunomodulatory role of Withaferin A (WFA)-a herbal compound-and its effectiveness in combination with an ICB for the treatment of NSCLC. Our in vitro results show that WFA induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) in NSCLC cell lines and increases expression of the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). The administration of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, abrogated WFA-induced ICD and PD-L1 upregulation, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this process. Further, we found that a combination of WFA and α-PD-L1 significantly reduced tumor growth in an immunocompetent tumor model. Our results showed that WFA increases CD-8 T-cells and reduces immunosuppressive cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment. Administration of NAC partially inhibited the anti-tumor response of the combination regimen. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that WFA sensitizes NSCLC to α-PD-L1 in part via activation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukiah Khalil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ryan J. Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kavya Sivakumar
- Taneja School of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Payal Varandani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Srinivas Bharadwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Taneja School of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abeesh P, Guruvayoorappan C. Inhibition of tumor-specific angiogenesis by AS1411 aptamer functionalized Withaferin A loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes by targeting nucleolin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 673:106-113. [PMID: 37379799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital process for tumor growth and metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising strategy in cancer treatment. In this study, we analyzed the anti-angiogenic activity of AS1411 functionalized Withaferin A encapsulated PEGylated nanoliposomes (ALW) using both in vitro and in vivo models. AS1411 aptamer functionalized nanoliposomes are an efficient drug delivery system for carrying chemotherapeutic agents to target cancer cells, and Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone known for potent anti-angiogenic activity. ALW showed significant inhibition in the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells, which are critical events in angiogenesis. In vivo angiogenesis study using ALW showed remarkable inhibition of tumor-directed capillary formation by altered serum cytokines, VEGF, GM-CSF, and NO levels. ALW treatment downregulated the gene expression of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, VEGF, NF-kB and upregulated the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Our results demonstrate that ALW inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by gene expression of NF-κB, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The present study shows that using ALW can offer an attractive strategy for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathapan Abeesh
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India; Research Centre, University of Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Guruvayoorappan
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India; Research Centre, University of Kerala, India.
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16
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Mishra AS, Varadarajan B, Sathish S, Roy S. Withaferin A for COVID-19: a Network Pharmacology Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04525-7. [PMID: 37129739 PMCID: PMC10152032 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global challenge as there are very few treatment options available. This has proved to impact several physiological implications like immunological injury, myocardial infarction, micro-thrombus formation, neurological complications and multi-organ dysfunction. A combination therapy or a systems pharmacology approach can be adopted to fight against COVID-19. Here, we have proposed withaferin A as a system pharmacophore employing molecular docking strategy using AutoDock Vina and utilising different bioinformatics tools like PharmMapper, STRING database and PANTHER Pathway enrichment analysis. Docking results show that withaferin A exhibits a significant binding affinity with P2Y12 receptor, vitamin D-binding protein and annexin A5, hence implying that it could play a role in anti-thrombosis. Protein-protein interaction network showed its importance in innate immune system. Results also show that this molecule may have significant potential to modulate T cell activation too. Text mining results showed association of STAT3 with withaferin A. Our studies propose that withaferin A might also conquer the cytokine storm via STAT3. This study concludes that two strong targets of withaferin A, i.e. vitamin D-binding protein and STAT3, have been identified and that withaferin A can be used as a system pharmacophore for drug development in order to combat COVID-associated complicacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashasmita S Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - Srayaa Sathish
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Sujata Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
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17
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Pięta E. Nanoscale insight into biochemical changes in cervical cancer cells exposed to adaptogenic drug. Micron 2023; 170:103462. [PMID: 37087964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the application of atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) to evaluate cellular response to adaptogen, based on an in vitro model of cervical cancer. HeLa cervical cells were exposed to different concentrations of withaferin A, a very promising anti-cancer adaptogenic substance. AFM-IR approach was used to image single cells post-adaptogen treatment and to track subtle biochemical changes in cells at the nanoscale level. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to build predictive models that allowed for the identification of spectral markers of adaptogen-induced alterations Spectroscopic studies were enriched with fluorescence staining to determine whether the adaptogen affects cell morphology. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of adaptogen, changes in the cell nucleus and the actin cytoskeleton become more and more significant. It has been demonstrated that the AFM-IR technique can successfully study the cellular response to the anti-cancer agent at the single-cell level with nanoscale spatial resolution. On the basis of the promising findings presented in this paper, it is possible to conclude that withaferin A has great potential in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It has been found that both the increase in the concentration of withaferin A and the increase in incubation time with the adaptogen resulted in a decrease in the intensity of the bands assigned to nucleic acids. This may be due to DNA condensation, internuclear cleavage, or degradation during apoptosis. The findings also suggest changes in the secondary structure of proteins that may be a consequence of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, progressive apoptosis, or significant biochemical changes. Furthermore, noticeable changes were also observed in the bands originating from lipids vibrations, and an increased share of the band near 2920 cm-1, considered an important marker of apoptosis, was noted. The metabolism of carbohydrates in cells also changes under the influence of the adaptogen. AFM-IR provides nanoscale insight into the structural and morphological properties of cells after drug treatment and is an indisputable milestone in the development of new anti-cancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pięta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland.
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Mir SA, Wani RA, Maqbool MS, Singh D, Bharitkar YP, Malik FA, Yousuf SK. TFA-mediated stereoselective aza-Michael addition for the synthesis of 3β-arylamine derivatives of withaferin A and evaluation of their anticancer potential. Steroids 2023; 191:109172. [PMID: 36574871 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient protocol for the aza-Michael addition of various aromatic anilines to ring A of withaferin A has been developed. Stereoselectivity, functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, short reaction time and moderate to high yield are the merits of the protocol. One of the synthesized compounds 11 shows an IC 50 value of 3.8 μM against aggressive, highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Wani
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Mir Shahid Maqbool
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India; Quality Management & Instrumentation Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Yogesh P Bharitkar
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India
| | - Fayaz A Malik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Srinagar 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P. 201002, India.
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San Nicolás-Hernández D, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, López-Arencibia A, Hernández-Álvarez E, Sifaoui I, Bazzocchi IL, Lorenzo-Morales J, Jiménez IA, Piñero JE. Withaferin A-silyl ether analogs as potential anti-kinetoplastid agents targeting the programmed cell death. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114012. [PMID: 36399830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, two of the most widespread neglected tropical diseases, have limited efficacy and toxic side effects. In this regard, natural products play an important role in overcoming the current need for new antiparasitic agents. The present study reports the leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of twenty-four known silyl-ether derivatives of withaferin A. Eleven compounds from this series (4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22 and 25) showed a potent dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes respectively, even higher than the references drugs, miltefosine and benznidazole. Among them, the most promising compound, derivative 10, exhibited approximately 34-fold higher leishmanicidal activity and 49-fold higher trypanocidal activity compared to the reference drugs, as well as lower cytotoxicity. Moreover, compounds 4, 7, 10, 12 and 15 were more active than the reference drugs against the amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, presenting a high selectivity index. Assays performed to study the ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane permeability, chromatin condensation, reactive oxygen species and autophagy indicated that these withaferin A-silyl analogs appear to induce events characteristic of apoptosis-like and also autophagy leading to programmed cell death. These findings support the therapeutic potential of withaferin A-related steroids as anti-Leishmania and Trypanosoma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Hernández-Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel L Bazzocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio A Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofısico Fco. Sanchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Zhang Y, Tan Y, Liu S, Yin H, Duan J, Fan L, Zhao X, Jiang B. Implications of Withaferin A for the metastatic potential and drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via Nrf2-mediated EMT and ferroptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:47-55. [PMID: 35592903 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2075297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a major global health threat due to the high incidence and mortality. Sorafenib is known as the first-line medication for advanced HCC; however, it only extends the limited benefit for HCC patients as the development of acquired resistance. Withaferin A exerts broad pharmaceutical applications in several cancers. However, its effects on HCC cell metastatic potential and sorafenib resistance remain elusive. Here, we corroborated that Withaferin A greatly restrained cell viability, invasion, vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, and VE-cadherin levels in HepG2 and SNU449 cells. Moreover, Withaferin A sensitized sorafenib (SR)-resistant HCC cells to sorafenib. In striking contrast to the parental cells, lower ferroptosis was observed in SR-resistant cells as the lower ROS, MDA, and higher intracellular GSH levels in SR-resistant cells. Of interest, Withaferin A enhanced ferroptosis in SR-resistant cells, which was reversed by ferroptosis antagonist liproxstation-1. Notably, Withaferin A elevated Keap1 expression to mitigate Nrf2 signaling activation-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ferroptosis-related protein xCT expression. Importantly, blockage of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling overturned Withaferin A-evoked ferroptosis and facilitated sorafenib resistance. In addition, knockdown of Keap1 antagonized the inhibitory efficacy of Withaferin A on HCC cell viability, invasion, and VM formation. Consequently, Withaferin A may attenuate the metastatic potential and sorafenib resistance by regulating Keap1/Nrf2-associated EMT and ferroptosis. Thus, Withaferin A may serve as a promising agent for HCC therapy, especially for advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Shuangchi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jiakang Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
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21
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Murugan R, Rajesh R, Seenivasan B, Haridevamuthu B, Sudhakaran G, Guru A, Rajagopal R, Kuppusamy P, Juliet A, Gopinath P, Arockiaraj J. Withaferin A targets the membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mitigates the inflammation in zebrafish larvae; an in vitro and in vivo approach. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105778. [PMID: 36116607 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent among patients with cystic fibrosis. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitated the development of novel low-risk natural antibacterial compounds. Herbal medicines are used from dates of the origin of mankind and still serve their purpose as therapeutic agents. We demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Withaferin A extracted from the traditional herb, ashwagandha or winter cherry (Withania somnifera). Withaferin A exhibits strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 60 μM and minimum bactericidal concentration of 80 μM. Results obtained from membrane stabilization assay and electron microscopic analysis showed that Withaferin A acts by damaging the cell membrane of P. aeruginosa. Additionally, we investigated oxidative stress and inflammatory response after Withaferin A treatment in P. aeruginosa infected zebrafish larvae model. The results indicate that the level of ROS, and its related lipid peroxidation and apoptosis were significantly reduced after treated with Withaferin A. Consequently, an increment in antioxidant enzymes level such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was observed. Macrophage localization experiment showed a smaller number of localized macrophages in zebrafish, which indicates the reduction in inflammatory response. In conclusion, Withaferin A could serve as an alternative natural product in the treatment of infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghul Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ravi Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Boopathi Seenivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - B Haridevamuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Palaniselvam Kuppusamy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - Annie Juliet
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station A4800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Parekh P, Mu Q, Badachhape A, Bhavane R, Srivastava M, Devkota L, Sun X, Bhandari P, Eriksen JL, Tanifum E, Ghaghada K, Annapragada A. A surrogate marker for very early-stage tau pathology is detectable by molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Theranostics 2022; 12:5504-5521. [PMID: 35910789 PMCID: PMC9330526 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal phosphorylation of tau is a necessary precursor to the formation of tau fibrils, a marker of Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesize that hyperphosphorylative conditions may result in unique cell surface markers. We identify and demonstrate the utility of such surrogate markers to identify the hyperphosphorylative state. Methods: Cell SELEX was used to identify novel thioaptamers specifically binding hyperphosphorylative cells. Cell surface vimentin was identified as a potential binding target of the aptamer. Novel molecular magnetic resonance imaging (M-MRI) probes using these aptamers and a small molecule ligand to vimentin were used for in vivo detection of this pre-pathological state. Results: In a mouse model of pathological tau, we demonstrated in vivo visualization of the hyperphosphorylative state by M-MRI, enabling the identification at a pre-pathological stage of mice that develop frank tau pathology several months later. In vivo visualization of the hyperphosphorylative state by M-MRI was further validated in a second mouse model (APP/PS1) of Alzheimer's disease again identifying the mutants at a pre-pathological stage. Conclusions: M-MRI of the hyperphosphorylative state identifies future tau pathology and could enable extremely early-stage diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, at a pre-patholgical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingshan Mu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Xianwei Sun
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Tanifum
- Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ketan Ghaghada
- Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ananth Annapragada
- Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,✉ Corresponding author:
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23
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Garg N. Withania somnifera - a magic plant targeting multiple pathways in cancer related inflammation. Phytomedicine 2022; 101:154137. [PMID: 35533610 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated inflammatory responses are known to play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Tumor microenvironment is associated with the presence of a diverse array of inflammatory reactions, which further help tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Withania somnifera is known to curb proliferation of cancer cells and lower inflammatory responses. PURPOSE In order to minimize the inflammation, cancer treatments often include immunomodulatory drugs. However, given the side effects of both of the cytotoxic cancer drugs and synthetic immunomodulatory agents, there is a need to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents for improved cancer therapy. A number of reports indicate that bioactive phytochemicals derived from W. somnifera exhibit anti-inflammatory capabilities in cancer. A deeper look into the underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in W. somnifera mediated anti inflammation is lacking, which is essential to fully understand the potential of this magical plant in cancer. Therefore, in the present review we are summarizing various reports, which describe mechanistic understanding of W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY In order to gather information on the molecular pathways affected by W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation, 'PubMed' and 'Science Direct' databases were searched using keywords Withania, cancer inflammation, and Withaferin A. Selected literature was analyzed to cover the role of inflammation in cancer, usage and side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, W. somnifera as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer, molecular pathways modulated by W. somnifera in various preclinical models, and clinical trials using W. somnifera as an anti-inflammatory agent. RESULTS Upon literature survey we found that both W. somnifera extracts and Withaferin-A, exhibit anti inflammatory activities in various preclinical cancer models. W. somnifera modulates a number of signaling pathways such as NF-kB, JAK-STAT and AP1 to reduce cancer related inflammation. Anti inflammatory properties of W. somnifera might be effective in the treatment of drug resistance in cancers. Based on its promising effects against cancer associated inflammation in preclinical studies, W. somnifera derived products are being tested in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Several preclinical studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential of W. somnifera in a variety of cancers. While a few clinical trials are investigating the role of W. somnifera in various diseases, focused studies on its role in cancer related inflammation are lacking. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects offer targeting of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is speculated to play a critical role in chemoresistance. Apart from targeting cancer cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects of Withania provide double advantage in cancer management. Therefore, clinical trials to target cancer related inflammation using W. somnifera as a drug, should be performed to validate its advantages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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24
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Prajapati KS, Shuaib M, Gupta S, Kumar S. Withaferin A mediated changes of miRNA expression in breast cancer-derived mammospheres. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:876-889. [PMID: 35770722 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of atypical cell populations that share stem cell-like characteristics associated with therapeutic resistance, disease relapse, and poor clinical outcome. MicroRNAs (miRNA), and small noncoding RNA, are pivotal in the regulation of self-renewal, stemness, and cellular differentiation. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone, is a major bioactive constituent of Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) known for its anticancer properties. In this study, the effect of WA on modulation of miRNA expression in breast cancer-derived mammosphere was assessed utilizing small RNA sequencing. Treatment with WA inhibited MCF-7 and T47D cells derived mammosphere formation with a significant decrease in CD44, EpCAM, Nanog, OCT4, and SOX2 as markers of self-renewal and stemness. Small RNA sequencing demonstrated a total of 395 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) including 194 upregulated and 201 downregulated miRNAs in WA-treated MCF-7 mammospheres. Bioinformatics analysis utilizing the KEGG pathway, Gene Ontology enrichment, protein-protein, and miRNA-mRNA interaction network identified altered expression in a few hub genes viz. AKT1, PTEN, MYC, CCND1, VEGFA, NOTCH1, and IGFR1 associated with DEMs in WA-treated mammospheres. Further quantitative RT-PCR analysis validated the expression of DEMs including miR-549a-5p, miR-1247-5p, miR-124-5p, miR-137-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-99a-5p, miR-181a-5p, let-7c-5p, and let-7a-5p. In particular, let-7c-5p is designated as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. An increase in miR-let-7c-5p expression was noted after WA treatment, with a simultaneous decrease in CCND1 and c-MYC at mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, our study demonstrated WA-mediated miRNA expression, in particular, upregulation of miR-let-7c-5p, leads to the inhibition of breast cancer cells derived mammospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Shuaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Nutrition, Pharmacology and Pathology, The James and Eilleen Dicke Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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25
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Jung YY, Um JY, Chinnathambi A, Govindasamy C, Narula AS, Namjoshi OA, Blough BE, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Withanolide modulates the potential crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in different colorectal cancer cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175113. [PMID: 35750234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA), a withanolide, is isolated from plants of Withania somnifera (L.) Dual (Solanaceae), known as Indian ginseng, Indian winter cherry or Ashwagandha. It has been reported to exert multifaceted anti-neoplastic effects. Here, we analyzed the impact of WFA on apoptosis and autophagy activation in different human colorectal cancer cell lines. We observed that WFA exposure caused an increased aggregation of cells in the subG1 arrest in cell cycle, and increased the number of late apoptotic cells. WFA also induced the apoptosis via PARP and caspase-3 cleavage accompanied with suppression of levels of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. The influence of WFA on autophagy was validated by acridine orange, MDC staining, and immunocytochemistry of LC3. It was found that 24 h treatment of WFA increased the acridine and MDC stained autophagosome with induced the LC3 and other autophagy markers Atg7 and beclin-1 activation. We used Z-DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 blocker, and 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, to confirm whether these effects were specific to apoptosis and autophagy, and observed the recovery of both these processes upon exposure to WFA. Moreover, the activation of β-catenin protein was attenuated by WFA. Interestingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-promoted β-catenin knockdown augmented the WFA-induced active form of p-GSK-3β, and stimulated autophagy and apoptosis through PARP and LC3 activation. These findings suggested that WFA could stimulate activation of both apoptosis and autophagy process via modulating β-catenin pathway.
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26
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Surya Ulhas R, Malaviya A. In-silico validation of novel therapeutic activities of withaferin a using molecular docking and dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35608923 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2078410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A is a bioactive molecule of W. somnifera. We access its efficacy against various target proteins associated with Cancer, Type-II Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia using molecular docking. Although it's efficacy against some of these targets have been reported earlier, we validate each mechanism in order to report the most appropriate mechanism of action. We explain the anti-cancer activity of Withaferin A by inhibition of Mortalin (mtHsp70) and Nrf2 protein with binding energies -8.85 kcal/mol and -12.59 kcal/mol respectively. Similarly, the anti-diabetic activity could be explained by inhibition of alpha and betα-glucosidase with binding energies -6.44 and -4.43 kcal/mol respectively and the cholesterol reduction could be explained by its ability to inhibition of NPC1 and SRB1 with binding energies -5.73 and -7.16 kcal/mol respectively. The molecular dynamics of the apoprotein and the protein-ligand complex simulated for the best targets of each activity namely Nrf2 protein for anti-cancer, α-glucosidase for anti-diabetic and SR-B1 for anti-hypercholesterolemia activity indicated the formation of stable complexes due to low RMSD deviations, low RMSF fluctuations and low RG values after the docking simulation. Finally, an ADME + T (Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) prediction on Withaferin A showed that it obeyed all the Lipinsky's rules and qualified the drug-like criteria. All these results validate that Withaferin A possess potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and cholesterol reducing properties. This is the first report that indicates the possibility of Withaferin A binding and inhibiting SR-B1 as a mechanism of its anti-hypercholesterolemia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutwick Surya Ulhas
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Faculty of life sciences, University of Jena, (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena), Jena, Germany
| | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Tewari D, Chander V, Dhyani A, Sahu S, Gupta P, Patni P, Kalick LS, Bishayee A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Phytochemistry, structure-activity relationship, and anticancer potential. Phytomedicine 2022; 98:153949. [PMID: 35151215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ayurveda is a highly recognized, well-documented, and well-accepted traditional medicine system. This system utilizes many natural products in various forms for therapeutic purposes. Thousands of plants mentioned in the Ayurvedic system are useful in disease mitigation and health preservation. One potential plant of the Ayurvedic system is "Ashwagandha" [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal], commonly regarded as Indian Ginseng. It possesses various therapeutic activities, such as neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and anticancer effects. PURPOSE Here we present a comprehensive insight on the anticancer effects of W. somnifera and mechanistic attributes of its bioactive phytocompounds. This review also provides updated information on the clinical studies pertaining to cancer, safety evaluation and opportunities for chemical modifications of withanolides, a group of specialized phytochemicals of W. somnifera. METHODS The present study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Various scientific databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, were explored for related studies published up to May 2021. RESULTS An updated review on the anticancer potential and mechanisms of action of the major bioactive components of W. somnifera, including withanolides, withaferin A and withanone, is presented. Comprehensive information on clinical attributes of W. somnifera and its active components are presented with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and toxicity evaluation. CONCLUSION The outcome of the work clearly indicates that W. somnifera has a significant potential for cancer therapy. The SAR revealed that various withanolides in general and withaferin A in particular have binding energies against various proteins and tremendous potential to serve as the lead for new chemical entities. Nevertheless, additional studies, particularly well-designed clinical trials are required before therapeutic application of withanolides for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Chander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Archana Dhyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Sahu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Shree SK Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Patni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Lindsay S Kalick
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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28
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Hamada K, Wang P, Xia Y, Yan N, Takahashi S, Krausz KW, Hao H, Yan T, Gonzalez FJ. Withaferin A alleviates ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 160:112807. [PMID: 34995708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound with reported hepatoprotective activities against various liver diseases. Whether WA has therapeutic effects on alcoholic liver disease has not been explored. A binge alcoholic liver injury model was employed by feeding C57BL/6J mice an ethanol (EtOH) diet for 10 days followed by an acute dose of EtOH to mimic clinical acute-upon-chronic liver injury. In this binge model, WA significantly reduced the binge EtOH-induced increase of serum aminotransaminase levels and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, WA decreased levels of hepatic lipogenesis gene mRNAs in vivo, including Srebp1c, Fasn, Acc1 and Fabp1. In EtOH-treated primary hepatocytes in vitro, WA decreased lipid accumulation by lowering the expression of the lipogenesis gene mRNAs Fasn and Acc1 as well as decreasing hepatocyte death. In the established binge alcoholic liver injury model, WA therapeutically reduced the EtOH-induced increase of serum aminotransaminase levels as well as hepatic lipid accumulation. These results demonstrate that WA reduces EtOH-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis, suggesting a potential therapeutic option for treating alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Abeesh P, Vishnu WK, Guruvayoorappan C. Preparation and characterization of withaferin A loaded pegylated nanoliposomal formulation with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour study. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 128:112335. [PMID: 34474886 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal lactone with promising therapeutic applications. However, its clinical application is limited due to the low bioavailability and hydrophobic nature. In this study, we had prepared PEGylated nanoliposomal withaferin A (LWA) using thin-film hydration method. Dynamic light scattering, Transmission electron microscopy, and HPLC were used to investigate the impact of prepared formulations on the size, charge, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency of the LWA. The prepared nanoliposomal system had spherical vesicles, with the mean particle size of 125 nm and had an encapsulation efficiency of 83.65% with good stability. The characterization results indicated that nanoliposomal formulation is able to improve biocompatibility and bioavailability of WA. In vitro drug release study showed that LWA had an enhanced sustained drug release effect than the free drug. In vitro studies using ascites cell lines (DLA and EAC) showed that LWA treatment could induce apoptosis in ascites cells evidenced by acridine orange/ethidium bromide, Hoechst, and Giemsa staining. In vivo tumour study revealed that LWA treatment significantly reduced tumour growth and improved survival in DLA tumour bearing mice. In vivo results further demonstrated that LWA mitigated solid tumour development by regulating Ki-67 and cyclin D1 protein expression. The overall study results reveal that nanoliposome encapsulated WA exhibits therapeutic efficacy over WA in regulating tumour development as evidenced from ascites cell apoptosis as well as experimental tumour reduction studies.
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Kumar R, Nayak D, Somasekharan SP. SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer. J Proteomics 2021; 247:104334. [PMID: 34298187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone extracted from Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha. WA has several therapeutic benefits. The current study aims to identify proteins that are potentially regulated by WA in prostate cancer (PCA) cells. We used a SILAC-based proteomic approach to analyze the expression of proteins in response to WA treatment at 4 h and 24 h time points in three PCA cell lines: 22Rv1, DU-145, and LNCaP. Ontology analysis suggested that prolonged treatment with WA upregulated the expression of proteins involved in stress-response pathways. Treatment with WA increased oxidative stress, reduced global mRNA translation, and elevated the expression of cytoprotective stress granule (SG) protein G3BP1. WA treatment also enhanced the formation of SGs. The elevated expression of G3BP1 and the formation of SGs might constitute a mechanism of cytoprotection in PCA cells. Knockdown of G3BP1 blocked SG formation and enhanced the efficacy of WA to reduce PCA cell survival. SIGNIFICANCE: Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone, extracted from Withania somnifera is a promising anti-cancer drug. Using a SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach, we identified proteins changed by WA-treatment at 4 h and 24 h in three prostate cancer (PCA) cell lines. WA-treatment induced the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis and reduced the expression of proteins involved in cell growth at 4 h. WA-treatment for 24 h enhanced the expression of proteins involved in stress response pathways. WA-treated cells exhibited increased oxidative stress, reduced mRNA translation and enhanced SG formation. PCA is characterized by higher metabolic rate and increased oxidative stress. PCA with a higher stress tolerance can effectively adapt to anti-cancer treatment stress, leading to drug resistance and cellular protection. Enhancing the level of oxidative stress along with inhibition of corresponding cytoprotective stress response pathways is a feasible option to prevent PCA from getting adapted to treatment stress. WA-treatment induced oxidative stress, in combination with blocking SGs by G3BP1 targeting, offers a therapeutic strategy to reduce PCA cell survival.
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Xu K, Shi H, Du Y, Ou J. Withaferin A inhibits proliferation of human endometrial cancer cells via transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:323. [PMID: 34194907 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of withaferin A against the human endometrial cancer via modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling. The results of the present study revealed that withaferin A exerts a dose and time-dependent antiproliferative effects against the human KLE endometrial cancer cells with comparatively lower toxicity against the THESCs normal cells. The IC50 of withaferin A against the KLE endometrial cancer cells was found to 10 μM. The results showed that withaferin A induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest of the KLE cells which was associated with alteration of the apoptosis and cell cycle related proteins. In addition, the transwell assays showed that the migration and invasion of the KLE cells were inhibited by 53 and 40%, respectively. Finally, the effects of withaferin A were also examined on the TGF-β signalling pathway. The results showed that withaferin A blocked TGF-β-dependent Smad2 phosphorylation and expression of other TGF-β-related proteins in KLE cells. Summing up, the results suggest that withaferin A inhibits the proliferation of the human endometrial carcinoma via TGF-β signalling.
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Chien TM, Wu KH, Chuang YT, Yeh YC, Wang HR, Yeh BW, Yen CH, Yu TJ, Wu WJ, Chang HW. Withaferin A Triggers Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Bladder Cancer J82 Cells through Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071063. [PMID: 34209212 PMCID: PMC8300680 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA), the Indian ginseng bioactive compound, exhibits an antiproliferation effect on several kinds of cancer, but it was rarely reported in bladder cancer cells. This study aims to assess the anticancer effect and mechanism of WFA in bladder cancer cells. WFA shows antiproliferation to bladder cancer J82 cells based on the finding of the MTS assay. WFA disturbs cell cycle progression associated with subG1 accumulation in J82 cells. Furthermore, WFA triggers apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry assays using annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D and pancaspase detection. Western blotting also supports WFA-induced apoptosis by increasing cleavage of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase. Mechanistically, WFA triggers oxidative stress-association changes, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide and diminishment of the mitochondrial membrane potential, in J82 cells. In response to oxidative stresses, mRNA for antioxidant signaling, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), thioredoxin (TXN), glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR), quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), are overexpressed in J82 cells. In addition, WFA causes DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damages. Moreover, the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine reverts all tested WFA-modulating effects. In conclusion, WFA possesses anti-bladder cancer effects by inducing antiproliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage in an oxidative stress-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Ming Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (Y.-C.Y.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Yun-Chiao Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (Y.-C.Y.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Hui-Ru Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (Y.-C.Y.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (T.-J.Y.)
| | - Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (T.-J.Y.)
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.W.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-320-8212 (W.-J.W.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (Y.-C.Y.); (H.-R.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (T.-J.Y.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.W.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-320-8212 (W.-J.W.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
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Joshi T, Kumar V, Kaznacheyeva EV, Jana NR. Withaferin A Induces Heat Shock Response and Ameliorates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3992-4006. [PMID: 33904021 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of proteostasis network is one of the characteristic features of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders including autosomal dominantly inherited Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, N-terminal portion of mutant huntingtin protein containing expanded polyglutamine repeats accumulates as inclusion bodies and leads to progressive deterioration of various cellular functioning including proteostasis network. Here we report that Withaferin A (a small bioactive molecule derived from Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera) partially rescues defective proteostasis by activating heat shock response (HSR) and delays the disease progression in a HD mouse model. Exposure of Withaferin A activates HSF1 and induces the expression of HSP70 chaperones in an in vitro cell culture system and also suppresses mutant huntingtin aggregation in a cellular model of HD. Withaferin A treatment to HD mice considerably increased their lifespan as well as restored progressive motor behavioral deficits and declined body weight. Biochemical studies confirmed the activation of HSR and global decrease in mutant huntingtin aggregates load accompanied with improvement of striatal function in Withaferin A-treated HD mouse brain. Withaferin A-treated HD mice also exhibit significant decrease in inflammatory processes as evident from the decreased microglial activation. These results indicate immense potential of Withaferin A for the treatment of HD and related neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India
| | - Vipendra Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India
| | - Elena V Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India. .,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Yan D, Xu X, Ren C, Chen C, Luo J, Han C, Kong L. DT-diaphorase triggered theranostic nanoparticles induce the self-burst of reactive oxygen species for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:267-79. [PMID: 33652166 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
On-demand therapy following effective tumor detection would considerably reduce the side effects of traditional chemotherapy. DT-diaphorase (DTD), whose level is strongly elevated in various tumors, is a cytosolic flavoenzyme that promotes intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via the redox cycling of hydroquinones. Incorporation of the DTD-responsive substrate to the structures of the probe and prodrug may facilitate the tumor detection and therapy. Herein, we established an multifunctional drug delivery nanosystem (HTLAC) that rapidly responds to the DTD enzyme, leads to the early-stage precise detection and termination of tumors. Firstly, the synthesis of DTD-responsive withaferin A (DT-WA) and indocyanine green (DT-Cy5) was performed. In the presence of DTD, WA, which produces ROS in cells, was released from DT-WA, and the red fluorescence of DT-Cy5 was detected for tumor imaging. Additionally, these DTD enzyme reaction processes of DT-WA and DT-Cy5 induced ROS. The self-burst of ROS generation by the two enzyme reaction processes as well as the released WA then led to the apoptosis of tumor cells. To increase the bioavailability and tumor targeting of drugs, cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid functionalized liposomes were used to encapsulate the drugs. The detailed in vitro and in vivo assays showed that HTLAC achieved enhanced tumor detection and superior antitumor efficiency. According to above outcomes, results showed that HTLAC might provide an efficacious approach for the fabrication of enzyme-triggering nanosystems to detect tumor and induce the self-burst of ROS for an efficient tumor treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have fabricated a HTLAC nanosystem to address the need of bursting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within tumor site. Our goal uniquely aims at not only augmentation of ROS-inducing anticancer efficacy, but also to meet the challenges of tumor dynamic detection in the clinical practices. In this work, the DT-diaphorase responsive withaferin A (DT-WA) and indocyanine green (DT-Cy5) are synthesized, and observed more specifically toward DTD under physiological conditions. As the cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid functionalized liposome, the HTLAC not only induces antiproliferative activity by generating self-burst of ROS, but also effectively accumulate and restore its fluorescence at the tumor site because of the HA actively targeting tumor along with the prolonged presence in blood circulation. Besides, this enzyme-triggering nanosystem exhibited an effective tumor inhibition with a low systemic toxicity.
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Shin JA, Kim LH, Ryu MH, Choi SY, Jin B, Lee W, Jung YC, Ahn CH, Ahn MH, Hong KO, Swarup N, Chawla K, Kang SC, Hong SD, Cho SD. Withaferin A mitigates metastatic traits in human oral squamous cell carcinoma caused by aberrant claudin-1 expression. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021. [PMID: 33665778 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1) has important roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis in various cancers. The role of CLDN1 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unknown. Here, we report the functional role of CLDN1 in metastasis of human OSCC, as a potential target regulated by withaferin A. From gene expression profiling with microarray technology, we found that the majority of notable differentially expressed genes were classified into migration/invasion category. Withaferin A impaired the motility of human OSCC cells in vitro and suppressed metastatic nodule formation in an in vivo metastasis model, both associated with reduced CLDN1. CLDN1 overexpression enhanced metastatic nodule formation in vivo, resulting in severe metastatic lesions in lung tissue. Moreover, CLDN1 expression was positively correlated to lymphatic metastasis in OSCC patients. The impaired motility of human OSCC cells upon withaferin A treatment was restored by CLDN1 overexpression. Furthermore, upregulation of let-7a induced by withaferin A was inversely correlated to CLDN1 expression. Overall, these give us an insight into the function of CLDN1 for prognosis and treatment of human OSCC, substantiating further investigation into the use of withaferin A as good anti-metastatic drug candidate.
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Abstract
The study was designed to explore the effects of Withaferin A (WFA) on hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury and its action mechanism. Potassium oxonate (PO) was employed to establish the hyperuricemic mouse model. The pathological changes of renal tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and masson trichrome staining. The levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were detected using corresponding commercial kits. Expressions of collagen-related and apoptosis-associated proteins in renal tissues were, respectively, evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, and transporter expressions using western blotting. Followed by WFA, NRK-52E cells were treated with UA before evaluation of apoptosis and fibrosis. Results indicated that WFA ameliorated renal damage, improved kidney function, and decreased levels of creatinine, BUN, UA, and XOD in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice. Furthermore, WFA significantly prevented renal fibrosis and increased the expression of collagen-related proteins. Similarly, WFA markedly inhibited renal apoptosis, accompanied by changes of apoptosis-related proteins. Importantly, expression of transporters responsible for the secretion of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) was remarkably enhanced whereas that of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) was reduced in renal tissues of mice with hyperuricemia. In vitro study revealed that WFA notably ameliorated UA-induced cell fibrosis and apoptosis. Taken together, WFA improves kidney function by decreasing UA via regulation of XOD and transporter genes in renal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ru
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Lee DH, Park SH, Lee E, Seo HD, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Im SS, Jung CH. Withaferin A exerts an anti-obesity effect by increasing energy expenditure through thermogenic gene expression in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Phytomedicine 2021; 82:153457. [PMID: 33444942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enhancement of energy expenditure has attracted attention as a therapeutic target for the management of body weight. Withaferin A (WFA), a major constituent of Withania somnifera extract, has been reported to possess anti-obesity properties, however the underlying mechanism remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate whether WFA exerts anti-obesity effects via increased energy expenditure, and if so, to characterize the underlying pathway. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks, and WFA was orally administered for 7 days. The oxygen consumption rate of mice was measured at 9 weeks using an OxyletPro™ system. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR methods were used. RESULTS Treatment with WFA ameliorated HFD-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure by improving of mitochondrial activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and promotion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) browning via increasing uncoupling protein 1 levels. WFA administration also significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the BAT of obese mice. Additionally, WFA activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, including p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, in both BAT and scWAT. CONCLUSION WFA enhances energy expenditure and ameliorates obesity via the induction of AMPK and activating p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, which triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and browning-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Shiragannavar VD, Gowda NGS, Kumar DP, Mirshahi F, Santhekadur PK. Withaferin A Acts as a Novel Regulator of Liver X Receptor-α in HCC. Front Oncol 2021; 10:628506. [PMID: 33585254 PMCID: PMC7878559 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.628506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone derived from the Withania somnifera plant has been known for its anti-cancerous effects on various types of cancer cells. However, its effect on the hallmarks of cancer such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis is still poorly understood. The antitumor property of Withaferin A and its molecular mechanism of action on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is not yet completely established. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the novel molecular function of Withaferin A on HCC cells and its effect on various gene expression. Our results clearly showed that Withaferin A treatment to HCC cells inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. Further, we explored the Withaferin A target genes by blotting human angiogenesis, and cytokine arrays using conditioned media of Withaferin A treated QGY-7703 cells. We found that many of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), angiogenesis and inflammation associated proteins secretion is downregulated upon Withaferin A treatment. Interestingly, all these genes expression is also negatively regulated by nuclear receptor Liver X receptor-α (LXR-α). Here, we explored a novel mechanism that Withaferin-A activated LXR-α inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity and suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of these HCC cells. All these data strongly confirmed that Withaferin A is a potent anticancer compound and suppresses various angiogenesis and inflammatory markers which are associated with the development and progression of HCC. This beneficial and potential therapeutic property of Withaferin A will be very useful for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha D Shiragannavar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Nirmala G Sannappa Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
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Malik V, Kumar V, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sundar D. Computational Insights into the Potential of Withaferin-A, Withanone and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester for Treatment of Aberrant-EGFR Driven Lung Cancers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020160. [PMID: 33530424 PMCID: PMC7911128 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer activities of Withaferin-A (Wi-A) and Withanone (Wi-N) from Ashwagandha and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) from honeybee propolis have been well documented. Here, we examined the binding potential of these natural compounds to inhibit the constitutive phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Exon 20 insertion mutants of EGFR, which show resistance to various FDA approved drugs and are linked to poor prognosis of lung cancer patients, were the primary focus of this study. Apart from exon 20 insertion mutants, the potential of natural compounds to serve as ATP competitive inhibitors of wildtype protein and other common mutants of EGFR, namely L858R and exon19del, were also examined. The potential of natural compounds was compared to the positive controls such as erlotinib, TAS6417 and poziotinib. Similar to known inhibitors, Wi-A and Wi-N could displace and binds at the ATP orthosteric site of exon19del, L858R and exon20, while CAPE was limited to wildtype EGFR and exon 20 insertion mutants only. Moreover, the binding free energy of the natural drugs against EGFRs was also comparable to the positive controls. This computational study suggests that Wi-A and Wi-N have potential against multiple mutated EGFRs, warranting further in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Malik
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India; (V.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India; (V.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (D.S.); Tel.: +81-29-861-9464 (R.W.); +91-11-2659-1066 (D.S.)
| | - Durai Sundar
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India; (V.M.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (D.S.); Tel.: +81-29-861-9464 (R.W.); +91-11-2659-1066 (D.S.)
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Behl T, Sharma A, Sharma L, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Brata R, Fratila O, Bungau S. Exploring the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E571. [PMID: 33291236 PMCID: PMC7762146 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a manifold studied, C28-steroidal lactone withanolide found in Withania somnifera. Given its unique beneficial effects, it has gathered attention in the era of modern science. Cancer, being considered a "hopeless case and the leading cause of death worldwide, and the available conventional therapies have many lacunae in the form of side effects. The poly pharmaceutical natural compound, WA treatment, displayed attenuation of various cancer hallmarks by altering oxidative stress, promoting apoptosis, and autophagy, inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing angiogenesis, and metastasis progression. The cellular proteins associated with antitumor pathways were also discussed. WA structural modifications attack multiple signal transduction pathways and enhance the therapeutic outcomes in various diseases. Moreover, it has shown validated pharmacological effects against multiple neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting acetylcholesterinases and butyrylcholinesterases enzyme activity, antidiabetic activity by upregulating adiponectin and preventing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ), cardioprotective activity by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and suppressing mitochondrial apoptosis. The current review is an extensive survey of various WA associated disease targets, its pharmacokinetics, synergistic combination, modifications, and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India; (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India; (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42250, Turkey;
| | - Roxana Brata
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
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Chen CM, Chung YP, Liu CH, Huang KT, Guan SS, Chiang CK, Wu CT, Liu SH. Withaferin A protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney of a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Phytomedicine 2020; 79:153352. [PMID: 33007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withaferin A is a functional ingredient of a traditional medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, which has been broadly used in India for protecting against chronic diseases. This bioactive steroidal lactone possesses multiple functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems worldwide with the high complication, morbidity, and mortality rates. The detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of withaferin A on CKD progression still remain to be clarified. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether withaferin A treatment ameliorates the development of renal fibrosis and its related mechanisms in a CKD mouse model. METHODS A mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to mimic the progression of CKD. Male adult C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 3 mg/kg/day withaferin A for 14 consecutive days after UUO surgery. Candesartan (5 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control. RESULTS Both Withaferin A and candesartan treatments significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes and collagen deposition in the UUO kidneys. Withaferin A could significantly reverse the increases in the protein levels of pro-fibrotic factors (fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin), inflammatory signaling molecules (phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB-p65, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2), and cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis, and infiltration of neutrophils in the UUO kidneys. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules (GRP78, GRP94, ATF4, CHOP, phosphorylated eIF2α, and cleaved caspase 12) were increased in the kidneys of UUO mice, which could be significantly reversed by withaferin A treatment. CONCLUSION Withaferin A protects against the CKD progression that is, at least in part, associated with the moderation of ER stress-related apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidneys of CKD. Withaferin A may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Pang Chung
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Karimi M, Raofie F. Preparation of Withaferin A nanoparticles extracted from Withania somnifera by the expansion of supercritical fluid solution. Phytochem Anal 2020; 31:957-967. [PMID: 32666662 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. is a plant with several important medicinal properties that have long been used in traditional therapy to treat some diseases. OBJECTIVE Micronisation reduces the particle size, which increases the bioavailability. In this study, due to the great potential of Withaferin A in the treatment of diseases, the nanoparticle formation of Withaferin A extracted from Withania somnifera, was considered. METHODOLOGY In the first step, the experimental parameters of supercritical fluid extraction of W. somnifera were optimised by central composite design (CCD). Then, the herbal extract was micronised using a new, repeatable, and robust method in terms of the expansion of carbon dioxide supercritical solvent. Also, the parameters of the experiment were optimised with the Draper-Lin small composite designs. Moreover, we identified Withaferin A nanoparticle in the extracted samples by utilising liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the obtained precipitates were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). RESULTS The optimal conditions of the experiment were as follows: pressure drop 254 atm, at the temperature of 53°C, equilibrium time 23 min, and collection time 57 min. Based on the observed results, the optimum points for the size and number of Withaferin A nanoparticles were predicted as 5 and 5842 nm, respectively. CONCLUSION The nanoparticle production was accomplished through the expansion of supercritical solution, while the speed of expansion was much lower compared to the ordinary rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) methods. Also, the nanonisation conditions, especially the pressure drop, significantly affected the formation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Karimi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Raofie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Zúñiga R, Concha G, Cayo A, Cikutović-Molina R, Arevalo B, González W, Catalán MA, Zúñiga L. Withaferin A suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibition of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P9) channel TASK-3. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110383. [PMID: 32563149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA), a C5,C6-epoxy steroidal lactone isolated from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, inhibits growth of tumor cells in different cancer types. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of WFA on tumor cells are not fully understood. In the present study, we evaluated the blockade of TASK-3 channels by WFA in TASK-3-expressing HEK-293 cells. Explore if the WFA-mediated TASK-3 blockade can be used as a pharmacological tool to decrease the cell viability in cancer cells. A combination of functional experiments (patch-clamp, gene downregulation, overexpression and pharmacological inhibition) and molecular docking analysis were used to get insights into the mechanism by which the inhibition of TASK-3 by WFA affects the growth and viability of cancer cells. Withaferin A was found to inhibit the activity of TASK-3 channels. The inhibitory effect of Withaferin A on TASK-3 potassium currents was dose-dependent and independent of voltage. Molecular modeling studies identified putative WFA-binding sites in TASK-3 channel involved the channel blockade. In agreements with the molecular modeling predictions, mutation of residues F125 to A (F125A), L197 to V (L197 V) and the double mutant F125A-L197 V markedly decreased the WFA-induced inhibition of TASK-3. Finally, the cytotoxic effect of WFA was tested in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells transfected with TASK-3 or shRNA that decreases TASK-3 expression. Together, our results show that the cytotoxic effect of WFA on fully transformed MDA-MB-231 cells depends on the expression of TASK-3. Herein, we also provide insights into the mechanism of TASK-3 inhibition by WFA.
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Yu TJ, Tang JY, Ou-Yang F, Wang YY, Yuan SSF, Tseng K, Lin LC, Chang HW. Low Concentration of Withaferin a Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Mediated Migration and Invasion in Oral Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E777. [PMID: 32429564 PMCID: PMC7277689 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) has been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation based on high cytotoxic concentrations. However, the low cytotoxic effect of WFA in regulating cancer cell migration is rarely investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in migration and mechanisms of oral cancer Ca9-22 cells after low concentrations of WFA treatment. WFA under 0.5 μM at 24 h treatment shows no cytotoxicity to oral cancer Ca9-22 cells (~95% viability). Under this condition, WFA triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibits 2D (wound healing) and 3D cell migration (transwell) and Matrigel invasion. Mechanically, WFA inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities but induces mRNA expression for a group of antioxidant genes, such as nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)) in Ca9-22 cells. Moreover, WFA induces mild phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 expression. All WFA-induced changes were suppressed by the presence of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Therefore, these results suggest that low concentration of WFA retains potent ROS-mediated anti-migration and -invasion abilities for oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Fu Ou-Yang
- Division of Breast Surgery and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.W.); (S.-S.F.Y.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shyng-Shiou F. Yuan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.W.); (S.-S.F.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Tseng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Chung Hwa University Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.W.); (S.-S.F.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Sudeep HV, Gouthamchandra K, Shyamprasad K. Molecular docking analysis of Withaferin A from Withania somnifera with the Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) receptor and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Bioinformation 2020; 16:411-417. [PMID: 32831523 PMCID: PMC7434955 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Design and development of an effective compound to combat COVID-19 is clearly critical in the current circumstances. Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecular docking
analysis data of the cellular receptor Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) with Withaferin A from Withania somnifera in the context of COVID-19 pandemic for further consideration.
Here, we report the optimal interaction features of withaferin A, artemisinin, curcumin and andrographolide with the GRP78 receptor having low binding energies (-8.7, -7.89, -6.21 and
-6.17 kcal/mol respectively) in this report. In order to gain additional insights, the interaction pattern of compounds with SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Sudeep
- R and D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I phase, Bangalore- 560 105, Karnataka, India
| | - K Gouthamchandra
- R and D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I phase, Bangalore- 560 105, Karnataka, India
| | - K Shyamprasad
- R and D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I phase, Bangalore- 560 105, Karnataka, India
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Singh M, Poddar NK, Singh D, Agrawal S. Foliar application of elicitors enhanced the yield of withanolide contents in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (variety, Poshita). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:157. [PMID: 32181119 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study involves a detailed investigation about the effect of three elicitors, such as chitosan, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid (SA) on withaferin A and withanolide A contents of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Poshita variety). Moreover, the different environmental regimes were also studied to assess and optimise the accumulation of withaferin A and Withanolide A contents. In an open environment, the total withaferin A content was found to be increased 6.3 and 5.8 times when sprayed with chitosan, 10 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively, as compared to control. Similarly, the total withanolide A content was found to be increased 4.5 and 3.6 times when sprayed with jasmonic acid (400 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively) with respect to control. In a controlled condition, the total withaferin A content was found to be increased 6 and 4.5 times when sprayed with jasmonic acid (400 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively) as compared to control. On the other hand, the total withanolide A content was found to be enhanced by 7 and 4.3 times when sprayed with jasmonic acid (400 ppm) and SA (1 ppm), respectively, as compared to control. Therefore, this study was focussed on the optimisation of enhanced accumulation of withaferin A and withanolide A contents in the aerial parts of the plant in open and controlled environment by foliar application of elicitors in minimal concentrations.
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Zhou Z, Xiang W, Jiang Y, Tian N, Wei Z, Wen X, Wang W, Liao W, Xia X, Li Q, Liao R. Withaferin A alleviates traumatic brain injury induced secondary brain injury via suppressing apoptosis in endothelia cells and modulating activation in the microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172988. [PMID: 32032599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently used medications, though effective, are also associated with several adverse effects. Development of effective neuroprotective agents with fewer side-effects would be of clinical value. Previous studies have shown that withaferin compounds have a potential neuroprotective effect in nervous system disorders. However, the effect of withaferin compounds, especially withaferin A (WFA), on traumatic brain injury is unclear. In the present study, both in vivo and in vitro models were used to assess whether WFA could exert a neuroprotective effect after TBI and were used to explore the associated mechanisms. The results showed that WFA significantly improved neurobehavioral function in a dose-dependent fashion and alleviated histological alteration of injury to tissues in TBI mice. In vitro models of TBI revealed that dose-dependent WFA treatment increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, WFA treatment could attenuate blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema via suppressing apoptosis in endothelial cells. Furthermore, both our in vivo and in vitro results reveal that WFA treatment could significantly reduce levels of several neuroinflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), which correlate with an overall reduction in microglial activation. These data suggest that the neuroprotection by WFA is, at least in part, related to regulation of microglial activation and inhibition of vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Taken together, these findings support further investigation of WFA as a promising therapeutic agent for promoting functional recovery after traumatic brain injury.
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Sayed N, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Singh M, Godugu C. Withaferin A reverses bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition: Role of LOXL2/Snail1, vimentin, and NFκB signaling. Biofactors 2019; 45:959-974. [PMID: 31336025 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we studied the effect of Withaferin A (WFA) in reversing bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis. BDL was performed on C57BL/6J mice and 2 days later, WFA (1 and 3 mg/kg) was administered for 12 days. Estimation of liver enzymes and assays for lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and nitrite levels were performed. Picrosirius red, Masson's trichrome, and H&E staining were performed to study histological changes. WFA proved to be a holistic intervention for the attenuation and reversal of liver fibrosis. Reduction in inflammatory stimulus and oxidative stress restored the levels of stress-related chaperone Hsp70 (p < .001 vs. BDL) in WFA treated groups. We found 3.59-fold (p < .001) and 1.37-fold (p < .01) reduction in the expression of lysyl oxidase like2 (LOXL2) and Snail1, respectively, in WFA-treated animals as compared with BDL animals. These reductions led to 1.9-fold (p < .001) elevation in levels of E-cadherin signifying the reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition by WFA. Further, the reduction in LOXL2 levels enhanced the susceptibility of fibrotic scar toward degradation. The picrosirius red and Masson's trichrome staining done on liver tissue sections supported the above results. We, for the first time, report the role of WFA in modulating the expression of LOXL2 and Snail1 in addition to vimentin inhibition and regulation of NFκB signaling for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Dutta R, Khalil R, Green R, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Withaferin A: Potential in Integrative Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215310. [PMID: 31731424 PMCID: PMC6862083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera, WS), belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an Ayurvedic herb known worldwide for its numerous beneficial health activities since ancient times. This medicinal plant provides benefits against many human illnesses such as epilepsy, depression, arthritis, diabetes, and palliative effects such as analgesic, rejuvenating, regenerating, and growth-promoting effects. Several clinical trials of the different parts of the herb have demonstrated safety in patients suffering from these diseases. In the last two decades, an active component of Withaferin A (WFA) has shown tremendous cytotoxic activity suggesting its potential as an anti-carcinogenic agent in treatment of several cancers. In spite of enormous progress, a thorough elaboration of the proposed mechanism and mode of action is absent. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the properties of WS extracts (WSE) containing complex mixtures of diverse components including WFA, which have shown inhibitory properties against many cancers, (breast, colon, prostate, colon, ovarian, lung, brain), along with their mechanism of actions and pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Dutta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Roukiah Khalil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-4127
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Makol A, Kaur H, Sharma S, Kanthaje S, Kaur R, Chakraborti A. Vimentin as a potential therapeutic target in sorafenib resistant HepG2, a HCC model cell line. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 26:45-53. [PMID: 31564085 PMCID: PMC6940489 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer with high mortality rate in patients suffering from liver diseases. The drug of choice used in advanced-stage of HCC is sorafenib. However, adaptive resistance has been observed in HCC patients undergoing long-term sorafenib treatment, lowering its effectiveness. Hence, it is important to overcome drug resistance to improve overall management of HCC. Here, we have identified a candidate biomarker for sorafenib resistance in a HCC model cell line, HepG2.
Methods Initially, comparative proteomic profiling of parental HepG2 [HepG2 (P)] and sorafenib-resistant HepG2 [HepG2 (R)] cells was performed via MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) which revealed the deregulation of vimentin in HepG2 (R) cells. Gene and protein level expression of vimentin was also observed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), respectively. Furthermore, withaferin A was used to study regulation of vimentin expression and its significance in sorafenib resistance.
Results Both gene and protein level of vimentin expression was found to be downregulated in HepG2 (R) in comparison to HepG2 (P). Interestingly, the study demonstrated that withaferin A further lowered the expression of vimentin in HepG2 (R) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, inhibition of vimentin lowered ABCG2 expression and decreased cell viability in parental as well as sorafenib resistant HepG2 cells.
Conclusions Hence, our study for the first time highlighted the probable therapeutic potential of vimentin in sorafenib resistant HepG2, a HCC model cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Makol
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shruthi Kanthaje
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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