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Pięta E. Nanoscale insight into biochemical changes in cervical cancer cells exposed to adaptogenic drug. Micron 2023; 170:103462. [PMID: 37087964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the application of atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) to evaluate cellular response to adaptogen, based on an in vitro model of cervical cancer. HeLa cervical cells were exposed to different concentrations of withaferin A, a very promising anti-cancer adaptogenic substance. AFM-IR approach was used to image single cells post-adaptogen treatment and to track subtle biochemical changes in cells at the nanoscale level. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to build predictive models that allowed for the identification of spectral markers of adaptogen-induced alterations Spectroscopic studies were enriched with fluorescence staining to determine whether the adaptogen affects cell morphology. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of adaptogen, changes in the cell nucleus and the actin cytoskeleton become more and more significant. It has been demonstrated that the AFM-IR technique can successfully study the cellular response to the anti-cancer agent at the single-cell level with nanoscale spatial resolution. On the basis of the promising findings presented in this paper, it is possible to conclude that withaferin A has great potential in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It has been found that both the increase in the concentration of withaferin A and the increase in incubation time with the adaptogen resulted in a decrease in the intensity of the bands assigned to nucleic acids. This may be due to DNA condensation, internuclear cleavage, or degradation during apoptosis. The findings also suggest changes in the secondary structure of proteins that may be a consequence of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, progressive apoptosis, or significant biochemical changes. Furthermore, noticeable changes were also observed in the bands originating from lipids vibrations, and an increased share of the band near 2920 cm-1, considered an important marker of apoptosis, was noted. The metabolism of carbohydrates in cells also changes under the influence of the adaptogen. AFM-IR provides nanoscale insight into the structural and morphological properties of cells after drug treatment and is an indisputable milestone in the development of new anti-cancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pięta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland.
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2
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Vaghi P, Oldani A, Fulghieri P, Pollara L, Valente EM, Sottile V. Simultaneous Labeling of Adipogenic and Osteogenic Differentiating Stem Cells for Live Confocal Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2566:53-62. [PMID: 36152242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2675-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from a common mesenchymal progenitor present in a range of connective tissues. Differentiation of the progenitors toward the two cell lineages can be induced in vitro through well-established protocols, and leads to the appearance of lipid-laden adipocytes and osteoblasts embedded in a mineralized matrix. The formation of these two lineages in cell cultures can be monitored using lipophilic dyes such as Oil Red O and substances binding to mineral deposits such as Alizarin Red S, respectively. However, these common staining techniques require cell fixation and are thus incompatible with live analyses. Recently, alternative approaches using vital stains have allowed the dual visualization and fluorescence imaging of adipogenic and osteogenic lineages in live cultures. Here we present the concomitant analysis of cultures containing adipogenic and osteogenic cell types using live staining, combining LipidTox Red and tetracycline with NucRed nuclear counterstain for confocal imaging. This approach can be applied to visualize the kinetics and 3D structure of differentiating mesenchymal cultures over time and highlights the interaction of adipose and mineralized compartments associated with bone marrow stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Vaghi
- PASS-Bio Med, Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amanda Oldani
- PASS-Bio Med, Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Fulghieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lidia Pollara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Li M, Yang Z, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhou Z. In vitro effect of resin infiltrant on resistance of sound enamel surfaces in permanent teeth to demineralization. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12008. [PMID: 35047244 PMCID: PMC8759355 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of resin infiltrant on resistance of sound permanent enamel surfaces to demineralization. METHOD Eighty healthy premolars were sectioned to obtain enamel blocks from the buccal surface. Specimens with baseline surface microhardness values of 320-370 were selected. The experimental group were treated with resin infiltrant, while the control group was not. Specimens from each group were artificially demineralized and the surface microhardness values were measured again. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure the depth of demineralization and detect the penetration ability of the resin infiltrant. The specimens were subjected to a simulated toothbrushing abrasion test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe changes in the surface morphology of specimens after each of these procedures. RESULTS No significant differences between the experimental and control groups were observed in the baseline microhardness values or in the experimental group after resin infiltration compared with the baseline conditions. After artificial demineralization, the microhardness value in the control group was significantly lower than that in the experimental group (266.0 (±34.5) compared with 304.0 (±13.0), P = 0.017). Confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that the demineralization depth in the control group was significantly deeper than that in the experimental group (97.9 (±22.8) µm vs. 50.4 (±14.3) µm, P < 0.001), and that resin infiltrant completely penetrated the acid-etched demineralized area of the tooth enamel with a mean penetration depth of 31.6 (±9.0) µm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface morphology was more uniform and smoother after simulated toothbrushing. The enamel surface structure was more severely destroyed in the control group after artificial demineralization compared with that of the experimental group. CONCLUSION Resin infiltrant can completely penetrate an acid-etched demineralized enamel area and improve resistance of sound enamel surfaces to demineralization. Our findings provide an experimental basis for preventive application of resin infiltrant to sound enamel surfaces to protect tooth enamel against demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajing Huang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueheng Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Sharma A, Vishwakarma K, Singh NK, Prakash V, Ramawat N, Prasad R, Sahi S, Singh VP, Tripathi DK, Sharma S. Synergistic action of silicon nanoparticles and indole acetic acid in alleviation of chromium (Cr VI) toxicity in Oryza sativa seedlings. J Biotechnol 2021; 343:71-82. [PMID: 34534595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates ameliorative effect of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and indole acetic acid (IAA) alone and in combination against hexavalent chromium (CrVI) toxicity in rice seedlings. The results of the study revealed protective effects of SiNPs and IAA against CrVI toxicity. The 100μM of CrVI imposed toxic effects in rice seedlings at morphological, physiological and biochemical levels which coincided with increased level of intracellular CrVI and declined level of endogenous nitric oxide (NO). The CrVI enhanced levels of superoxide radicals (SOR) (59.51% and 50.1% in shoot and root, respectively) and H2O2 (19.5% and 23.69% in shoot and root, respectively). However, when SiNPs and IAA were applied to plants under CrVI stress, they enhanced tolerance and defence mechanisms as manifested in terms of increased biomass, endogenous NO, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidants level (ascorbate-glutathione cycle). It was also noticed that CrVI arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase whereas growth was restored as compared to control when SiNPs and IAA were supplemented. Thus, the hypothesis that combined application of SiNPs and IAA will be effective in alleviating CrVI toxicity is validated from the results of this study. Moreover, in SiNPs and IAA-mediated mitigation of CrVI toxicity, endogenous NO has a positive role. The importance of the study will be that the combination of SiNPs and IAA can be utilized against heavy metal stress and even when supplied alone, they will enhance the crop productivity parameters with and without stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India
| | - Kanchan Vishwakarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India; Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida-201313, India
| | - Nand Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India
| | - Naleeni Ramawat
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, I 2 Block, 5th Floor, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida-201313, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Horticulture, Kulbhasker Ashram PG Collage, Allahabad
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (USP), Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India.
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, I 2 Block, 5th Floor, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida-201313, India.
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India.
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Li L, Mao R, Qi X. Microscopic Detection of ASC Inflammasomes in Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages Post Stimulation. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4151. [PMID: 34604456 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex that plays important roles in host defense and inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are typically composed of the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), cytoplasmic sensor protein, and the effector protein pro-caspase-1. ASC assembly into a protein complex termed ASC speck is a readout for inflammasome activation. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol for the detection of ASC speck by confocal microscopy in Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMBDs) triggered by chemical stimuli and bacterial pathogens. We also describe the detailed procedure for the generation of BMDMs, stimulating conditions for inflammasome activation, immunofluorescence cell staining of ASC protein, and microscopic examination. Thus far, this method is a simple and reliable manner to visualize and quantify the intracellular localization of ASC speck. Graphic abstract: Figure 1. Confocal microscopy detection of ASC speck formation in untreated WT BMDMs and WT BMDMs stimulated with LPS and ATP, transfected with dsDNA, and infected with F. novicida or Salmonella as indicated. Arrow indicates the ASC speck. Scale bars: 10 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese, Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Rudi Mao
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese, Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Fei X, Li W, Wang C, Jiao X, Zhang X. Simulation and experimental study of fluorescence labeled polyphosphate in microthrix parvicella. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 104:107842. [PMID: 33529934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the binding mechanism of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and polyphosphate (Poly-P) and find fluorescent dyes which can dye Poly-P better, the interaction model of DAPI and Poly-P was calculated by the self-consistent-charge, density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB-D) method, and the binding sites of DAPI and Poly-P were analyzed. Further, Cy3, Rhodamine 6G and Fluorescein, which are structurally similar to DAPI, were selected to analyze their interactions with Poly-P. The binding energies and frontier orbital properties of the complexes were analyzed. These four fluorescent dyes were further used to dye the activated sludge smear and observe the fluorescence property. The Simulation results show that the N-containing indole ring structures in DAPI plays an important role in the interaction with Poly-P; the binding energies for DAPI, Cy3, Rhodamine 6G and Fluorescein with Poly-P are -42.6, -165.4, -34.7 and -28.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The frontier orbital properties for the complexes were studied, which further indicates that the interactions between Cy3, Rhodamine 6G and Poly-P are stronger than that of Fluorescein and Poly-P. The experimental results showed that Cy3 had excellent dyeing effect on Poly-P and could recognize them, while Fluorescein could not dye Poly-P. The experimental results were in good agreement with those predicted by simulation, which verified the correctness of our calculation method and provided a new strategy for finding more reliable, more sensitive and more economical fluorescent dyes capable of dyeing Poly-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Fei
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China; Tianjian Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Waste-water Source Reduction and Recycling, Tianjin, China.
| | - Weigang Li
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuihong Wang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiumei Jiao
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China; Tianjian Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Waste-water Source Reduction and Recycling, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
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Patntirapong S, Chanruangvanit C, Lavanrattanakul K, Satravaha Y. Assessment of bisphosphonate treated-osteoblast behaviors by conventional assays and a simple digital image analysis. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151659. [PMID: 33285364 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to analyze the changes in osteoblast behaviors by two different methods, a simple digital image analysis method and conventional assays. Osteoblast progenitor cells and osteoblasts were treated with alendronate (ALN; a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate). Osteoblast behaviors such as the uptake of ALN, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and mineralized nodule formation were examined. Quantitative assessments were conducted using a publically available ImageJ software along with conventional methods. Furthermore, ImageJ method and conventional assay for mineralized nodule formation were performed simultaneously and were compared in order to demonstrate the reliability of ImageJ analysis. Osteoblast precursors and osteoblasts responded to ALN treatments. The software could identify various colors and allowed for the quantification of staining intensity and area coverage. Both image analysis and conventional assays detected the changes in cell behaviors between treated and untreated samples. For alizarin red S assay, the staining intensity calculated by ImageJ analysis was comparable to the absorbance measured by conventional assay. These findings showed that digital image analysis along with conventional assays could be used for quantitative assessment to evaluate osteoblast alteration by drug treatment. Image analysis method is practical and might be useful for other applications in the field of biology and medical sciences. It could also be employed in a combination with the conventional assays to strengthen the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somying Patntirapong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
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Kawarizadeh A, Nojoomi F, Tabatabaei M, Hosseinzadeh S, Farzaneh M. The effect of Bacillus coagulans on cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by Salmonella Typhimurium in HT-29 cell culture. Iran J Microbiol 2019; 11:305-312. [PMID: 31719962 PMCID: PMC6829105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human epithelial cells have been widely used to study the interaction between intestinal cells and pathogens, in vitro. In this study, the effect of probiotic bacteria Bacillus coagulans and its supernatant on the growth inhibition, cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium and its adhesion to HT-29 cells were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS B. coagulans supernatant was used to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and percent of apoptotic cells, B. coagulans and its supernatant (2, 4, 6 and 8% concentrations) with S. Typhimurium was added to HT-29 cells. The MTT assay was used in order to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Percent of apoptotic cells was reported using a fluorescence staining method. Additionally, the adhesion of S. Typhimurium to HT-29 cells was investigated. The effect of B. coagulans on the level of adhesion was also studied. RESULTS The most inhibitory effect was shown at the concentration of 80000 μg/ml supernatant of B. coagulans (54.77% ± 1.43). The simultaneous culture of S. Typhimurium with B. coagulans had the lowest amount of cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis among the all co-culture groups of S. Typhimurium with B. coagulans or its supernatant. The determined cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis were 26.06 % ± 3.79 and 17.63 % ± 2.14 respectively. In the adhesion test, it was observed that B. coagulans can significantly prevent adhesion of S. Typhimurium to HT-29 cell. CONCLUSION B. coagulans can reduce the adhesion, cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis caused by S. Typhimurium in HT-29 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kawarizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Nojoomi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Farshad Nojoomi, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Tel: +98-21-2143822157, Fax: +98-21-2143822157,
| | - Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Farzaneh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Branska B, Pechacova Z, Kolek J, Vasylkivska M, Patakova P. Flow cytometry analysis of Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598 populations exhibiting different phenotypes induced by changes in cultivation conditions. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:99. [PMID: 29632557 PMCID: PMC5887253 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biobutanol production by clostridia via the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) pathway is a promising future technology in bioenergetics , but identifying key regulatory mechanisms for this pathway is essential in order to construct industrially relevant strains with high tolerance and productivity. We have applied flow cytometric analysis to C. beijerinckii NRRL B-598 and carried out comparative screening of physiological changes in terms of viability under different cultivation conditions to determine its dependence on particular stages of the life cycle and the concentration of butanol. RESULTS Dual staining by propidium iodide (PI) and carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) provided separation of cells into four subpopulations with different abilities to take up PI and cleave CFDA, reflecting different physiological states. The development of a staining pattern during ABE fermentation showed an apparent decline in viability, starting at the pH shift and onset of solventogenesis, although an appreciable proportion of cells continued to proliferate. This was observed for sporulating as well as non-sporulating phenotypes at low solvent concentrations, suggesting that the increase in percentage of inactive cells was not a result of solvent toxicity or a transition from vegetative to sporulating stages. Additionally, the sporulating phenotype was challenged with butanol and cultivation with a lower starting pH was performed; in both these experiments similar trends were obtained-viability declined after the pH breakpoint, independent of the actual butanol concentration in the medium. Production characteristics of both sporulating and non-sporulating phenotypes were comparable, showing that in C. beijerinckii NRRL B-598, solventogenesis was not conditional on sporulation. CONCLUSION We have shown that the decline in C. beijerinckii NRRL B-598 culture viability during ABE fermentation was not only the result of accumulated toxic metabolites, but might also be associated with a special survival strategy triggered by pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Branska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zora Pechacova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kolek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Vasylkivska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Patakova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Ujimine S, Tone S, Saito M, Yamada S. Intracellular morphological changes in Staphylococcus aureus induced by treatment with sodium hypochlorite. Med Mol Morphol 2017; 50:178-184. [PMID: 28516285 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-017-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is commonly used as a disinfectant; however, its bactericidal mechanism has not yet been clarified. In the present study, the bactericidal mechanism of NaOCl was examined using microscopy and gel electrophoresis techniques with Staphylococcus aureus strain 209P. S. aureus cells treated with 500 and 1000 ppm NaOCl for 5 and 15 min were observed by SEM and TEM. SEM images of the bacterial cells treated with NaOCl showed an irregular surface, with cells being partially invaginated. TEM images of the bacterial cells showed cytoplasmic alterations, accompanied by a partially irregular cellular surface. Under a fluorescence microscope, we clearly observed fluorescence quenching in the 1000 ppm NaOCl-treated cells. Based on these observations, which indicated that NaOCl damaged chromosomal DNA, we next extracted chromosomal DNA from bacterial cells treated with NaOCl and performed agarose gel electrophoresis. Chromosomal DNA was absent in the DNA sample from the bacterial cells treated with 500 ppm NaOCl. From these biochemical results, it was strongly suggested that NaOCl degrades the chromosomal DNA of S. aureus. We consider that the morphological changes in the cytoplasm induced by NaOCl may be related to NaOCl-induced degradation of S. aureus chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Ujimine
- Department of Health Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Tone
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0394, Japan
| | - Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Sakuo Yamada
- Department of Health Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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Takamura A, Watanabe K, Akutsu T. Advanced forensic validation for human spermatozoa identification using SPERM HY-LITER™ Express with quantitative image analysis. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:933-9. [PMID: 28102433 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of human semen is indispensable for the investigation of sexual assaults. Fluorescence staining methods using commercial kits, such as the series of SPERM HY-LITER™ kits, have been useful to detect human sperm via strong fluorescence. These kits have been examined from various forensic aspects. However, because of a lack of evaluation methods, these studies did not provide objective, or quantitative, descriptions of the results nor clear criteria for the decisions reached. In addition, the variety of validations was considerably limited. In this study, we conducted more advanced validations of SPERM HY-LITER™ Express using our established image analysis method. Use of this method enabled objective and specific identification of fluorescent sperm's spots and quantitative comparisons of the sperm detection performance under complex experimental conditions. For body fluid mixtures, we examined interference with the fluorescence staining from other body fluid components. Effects of sample decomposition were simulated in high humidity and high temperature conditions. Semen with quite low sperm concentrations, such as azoospermia and oligospermia samples, represented the most challenging cases in application of the kit. Finally, the tolerance of the kit against various acidic and basic environments was analyzed. The validations herein provide useful information for the practical applications of the SPERM HY-LITER™ Express kit, which were previously unobtainable. Moreover, the versatility of our image analysis method toward various complex cases was demonstrated.
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Gnatzy W, Michels J, Volknandt W, Goller S, Schulz S. Venom and Dufour's glands of the emerald cockroach wasp Ampulex compressa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Sphecidae): structural and biochemical aspects. Arthropod Struct Dev 2015; 44:491-507. [PMID: 26352105 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The digger wasp species Ampulex compressa produces its venom in two branched gland tubules. They terminate in a short common duct, which is bifurcated at its proximal end. One leg is linked with the venom reservoir, the other one extends to the ductus venatus. Each venom gland tubule possesses, over its entire length, a cuticle-lined central duct. Around this duct densely packed class 3 gland units each composed of a secretory cell and a canal cell are arranged. The position of their nuclei was demonstrated by DAPI staining. The brush border of the secretory cells surrounds the coiled end-apparatus. Venom is stored in a bladder like reservoir, which is surrounded by a thin reticulated layer of muscle fibres. The reservoir as a whole is lined with class 3 gland units. The tubiform Dufour's gland has a length of about 350 μm (∅ 125 μm) only and is surrounded by a network of pronounced striated muscle fibres. The glandular epithelium is mono-layered belonging to the class 1 type of insect epidermal glands. The gland cells are characterized by conspicuous lipid vesicles. Secretion of material via the gland cuticle into the gland lumen is apparent. Analysis of the polypeptide composition demonstrated that the free gland tubules and the venom reservoir contain numerous proteins ranging from 3.4 to 200 kDa. The polypeptide composition of the Dufour's gland is completely different and contains no lectin-binding glycoproteins, whereas a dominant component of the venom droplets is a glycoprotein of about 80 kDa. Comparison of the venom reservoir contents with the polypeptide pattern of venom droplets revealed that all of the major proteinaceous constituents are secreted. The secreted venom contains exclusively proteins present in the soluble contents of the venom gland. The most abundant compound class in the Dufour's gland consisted of n-alkanes followed by monomethyl-branched alkanes and alkadienes. Heptacosane was the most abundant n-alkane. Furthermore, a single volatile compound, 2-methylpentan-3-one, was identified in various concentrations in the lipid extract of the Dufour's gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Gnatzy
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Biologicum, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jan Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Volknandt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Biologicum, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Goller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Dorst N, Oberringer M, Grässer U, Pohlemann T, Metzger W. Analysis of cellular composition of co-culture spheroids. Ann Anat 2014; 196:303-11. [PMID: 24962944 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
3D spheroids and in particular co-culture spheroids reflect the natural organization of cells in tissues much better than 2D cell cultures as indicated by differences in cellular phyisology. However, most methods to analyze cells were established for 2D cultures and cannot easily be applied to spheroids. This study has aimed to demonstrate the possibility of quantification of the cellular composition of co-culture spheroids without previous dissociation into single cells. Prior to the generation of the spheroids, human endothelial cells, osteoblasts and fibroblasts were stained with fluoresent dyes for living cells. Co-culture spheroids of defined stoichiometric compositions were generated by the liquid overlay technique, cultivated for one, three or six days, respectively, and afterwards snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryo-sections of co-culture spheroids were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and a newly established semi-automatic measuring routine. In order to compare the results, spheroids of one group were dissociated and the cellular composition was quantified by FACS-analysis. Staining efficiencies were higher than 95% as quantified in preliminary experiments with 2D cultures. Depending on the staining procedure, variations from uniform to punctate signals were detected. The size of all co-culture spheroids decreased over time and snap-freezing did not lead to shrinkage of the spheroids. We were able to detect organizational patterns of different cell types within the spheroids. It was possible to determine the cellular composition by quantitative microscopic analyses of cryo-sections as it could be confirmed by flow cytometric analyses. Depending on the experimental requirements, a combination of both methods might lead to valuable synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dorst
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Building 57, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Oberringer
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Building 57, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Grässer
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Building 57, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Building 57, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Metzger
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Building 57, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Patakova P, Linhova M, Vykydalova P, Branska B, Rychtera M, Melzoch K. Use of fluorescent staining and flow cytometry for monitoring physiological changes in solventogenic clostridia. Anaerobe 2013; 29:113-7. [PMID: 24211310 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Physiological changes in populations of Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium tetanomorphum were monitored by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. To estimate the number of metabolically active cells in exponential growth, a combination of the dyes propidium iodide and carboxy fluorescein diacetate appeared to be a good choice for both species. During stationary phase, these stains did not reflect physiological changes sufficiently and therefore additional labeling with bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethineoxonol was applied. Results of fluorescence staining in solventogenic batch fermentations were compared with substrate-use data, the concentration of key metabolites and growth curves. We demonstrate that measurements by all methods were mutually compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Patakova
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Linhova
- Biopreparaty spol. s r. o., Na Vinicnich horach 37, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vykydalova
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Branska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmir Rychtera
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Melzoch
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Roderfeld M, Rath T, Lammert F, Dierkes C, Graf J, Roeb E. Innovative immunohistochemistry identifies MMP-9 expressing macrophages at the invasive front of murine HCC. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:175-9. [PMID: 21160992 PMCID: PMC2999283 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i5.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the proteolytic contribution of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in tumor invasion, we analyzed whether TAM at the invasive front of small HCC in Abcb4(-/-)-mice show an enhanced expression of MMP-9. METHODS Liver cryosections of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasive front from 12 mo old Abcb4(-/-)-mice were stained for collagen type I and MMP-9 using Alexa488 and Alexa568 labeled secondary antibodies. Afterwards, the Alexa568 dye was bleached and the macrophage marker F4/80 was visualized using Alexa568 labeled secondary antibodies. Finally, photographs of the invasive tumor front were digitally overlaid and analyzed. RESULTS After complete bleaching of the primary dye, specific fluorescence staining of a third antigen, here F4/80, was successfully performed on the same histological section. With this method, we were able to identify conglomerates of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expressing macrophages within the tumor capsule of HCC. CONCLUSION MMP-9 expressing macrophages are involved in matrix remodelling at the invasive tumor front of HCC. The described staining protocol provides a simple yet powerful extension of conventional immuno-histochemistry, facilitating visualization of at least three different antigens plus nuclei in one single histological section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roderfeld
- Martin Roderfeld, Timo Rath, Elke Roeb, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Giessen 35385, Germany
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