1
|
Onaga T, Hayashi H, Yasui Y. Effects of xenin-25 on insulin and glucagon secretions in healthy conscious sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 77:106635. [PMID: 34111624 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to determine effect of an intravenous injection of xenin-25 on insulin and glucagon secretion in healthy conscious sheep. After feeding once at 17:00, the experiment was started from 9:00 on the next day. Xenin-25 was intravenously (i.v.) injected at a dose of 100 to 1000 pmol/kg with and without the simultaneous injection of glucose at a dose of 200 μmol/kg, and blood was withdrawn before and after the injections. A single xenin-25 injection at 100 and 300 pmol/kg significantly increased the plasma insulin concentration, whereas the 1000 pmol/kg dose did not elicit significantly enhanced insulin response. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations did not significantly change after a single xenin-25 injection. Xenin-25 injection significantly and dose-dependently augmented the glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, the changes in the plasma glucose and glucagon level after the glucose injection were not altered by xenin injection. A prior intravenous injection of the neurotensin receptor subtype-1 (NTR-1) antagonist SR 48692 at 100 nmol/kg did not modify the glucose-induced change in plasma insulin caused by xenin-25 at 300 pmol/kg, and intravenous injection of the NTR-2 agonist levocabastine at 1000 pmol/kg did not augment the insulin response to the glucose injection. On the other hand, no xenin-25 immunopositive cells were detected in the ovine pancreas. The mRNAs of the three NTR subtypes were highly expressed in the ovine pancreas in comparison with the expression in the abomasum. These results suggest that xenin-25 released from the upper gastrointestinal tract plays a role of an insulinotropic factor in sheep, possibly through NTRs in the pancreatic islets, but not via NTR-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Onaga
- Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Hayashi
- Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yasui
- Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dabravolski SA, Nikiforov NG, Eid AH, Nedosugova LV, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV, Bezsonov EE, Orekhov AN. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3923. [PMID: 33920227 PMCID: PMC8070512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting a vast population worldwide; it is linked with anovulation, mitochondrial dysfunctions and hormonal disbalance. Mutations in mtDNA have been identified in PCOS patients and likely play an important role in PCOS aetiology and pathogenesis; however, their causative role in PCOS development requires further investigation. As a low-grade chronic inflammation disease, PCOS patients have permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18). In this review, we summarise recent data regarding the role of mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial malfunctions in PCOS pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent papers dedicated to the identification of novel biomarkers for early PCOS diagnosis. Finally, traditional and new mitochondria-targeted treatments are discussed. This review intends to emphasise the key role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in PCOS pathogenesis; however, the exact molecular mechanism is mostly unknown and requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], 7/11 Dovatora str., 210026 Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Center of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Ludmila V. Nedosugova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubenskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tanday N, Moffett RC, Gault VA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Enzymatically stable analogue of the gut-derived peptide xenin on beta-cell transdifferentiation in high fat fed and insulin-deficient Ins1 Cre/+ ;Rosa26-eYFP mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3384. [PMID: 32662136 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antidiabetic effects of the gut hormone xenin include augmenting insulin secretion and positively affecting pancreatic islet architecture. METHODS The current study has further probed pancreatic effects through sub-chronic administration of the long-acting xenin analogue, xenin-25[Lys13 PAL], in both high fat fed (HFF) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient Ins1Cre/+ ;Rosa26-eYFP transgenic mice. Parallel effects on metabolic control and pancreatic islet morphology, including islet beta-cell lineage tracing were also assessed. RESULTS Xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] treatment reversed body weight loss induced by STZ, increased plasma insulin and decreased blood glucose levels. There were less obvious effects on these parameters in HFF mice, but all xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] treated mice exhibited decreased pancreatic alpha-cell areas and circulating glucagon. Xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] treatment fully, or partially, returned overall islet and beta-cell areas in STZ- and HFF mice to those of lean control animals, respectively, and was consistently associated with decreased beta-cell apoptosis. Interestingly, xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] also increased beta-cell proliferation and decreased alpha-cell apoptosis in STZ mice, with reduced alpha-cell growth noted in HFF mice. Lineage tracing studies revealed that xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] reduced the number of insulin positive pancreatic islet cells that lost their beta-cell identity, in keeping with a decreased transition of insulin positive to glucagon positive cells. These beneficial effects on islet cell differentiation were linked to maintained expression of Pdx1 within beta-cells. Xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] treatment was also associated with increased numbers of smaller sized islets in both models. CONCLUSIONS Benefits of xenin-25[Lys13 PAL] on diabetes includes positive modulation of islet cell differentiation, in addition to promoting beta-cell growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tanday
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Victor A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Onaga T, Sakai A, Kajita M, Fukuda H, Yasui Y, Hayashi H. Messenger RNA expression and localization of xenin in the gastrointestinal tract in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106523. [PMID: 32795864 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the primary sequence of ovine xenin and clarify the mRNA expression and peptide localization of xenin in the gastrointestinal tract in sheep. The colocalization of xenin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide was also compared in the antrum and duodenum. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of ovine xenin revealed a high degree (97.9%) of sequence homology of the sequence between sheep and cattle, and the amino acids sequence determined for ovine xenin coincided (100%) with that of other mammalian species. Real-time quantitative PCR for ovine xenin did not show regional difference in the mRNA expression ratio of xenin. In contrast to the real-time quantitative PCR results, anti-xenin positive cells were abundantly localized in the abomasal antrum (P < 0.01) and at a lesser amount in the duodenum, but no antixenin positive cells were observed in the other regions. Anti-xenin single-positive cells were in a majority in the abomasal antrum, whereas anti-xenin single-positive cells, and anti-GIP single-positive cells, and double-positive cells were even colocalized in the duodenum. These results suggest that abomasal antrum is a major source of xenin in the ovine gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Onaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - A Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - M Kajita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - H Fukuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Y Yasui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - H Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Craig SL, Gault VA, McClean S, Hamscher G, Irwin N. Effects of an enzymatically stable C-terminal hexapseudopeptide fragment peptide of xenin-25, ψ-xenin-6, on pancreatic islet function and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 496:110523. [PMID: 31352038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xenin-25 undergoes rapid enzyme metabolism following secretion. Early studies demonstrated bioactivity of a C-terminal hexapeptide fragment of xenin-25, namely xenin-6, which were enhanced through introduction of a reduced N-terminal peptide bond, to yield Ψ-xenin-6. The present study was undertaken to define the biological actions and potential antidiabetic properties of Ψ-xenin-6. In vitro enzymatic stability, insulin and glucagon secretory activity, as well as effects on beta-cell survival were determined. Studies in mice were used to assess the impact of Ψ-xenin-6 on glucose homeostasis and satiety. Ψ-xenin-6 was resistant to murine plasma degradation. In BRIN-BD11 cells and isolated murine islets, Ψ-xenin-6 significantly stimulated insulin secretion, and prominently enhanced the insulinotropic actions of GIP. Xenin-6 and Ψ-xenin-6 had no impact on glucagon secretion, although xenin-6 partially reversed the glucagonotropic action of GIP. Further in vitro investigations revealed that, similar to GLP-1, Ψ-xenin-6 significantly augmented proliferation of human and rodent clonal beta-cells, whilst also fully protecting against cytokine-induced beta-cell cytotoxicity, with greater potency than xenin-25 and xenin-6. When administered to mice in combination with glucose, Ψ-xenin-6 significantly reduced glucose levels and enhanced glucose-induced insulin release, with a duration of biological action beyond 8 h. Ψ-xenin-6 also significantly enhanced the glucose-lowering action of GIP in vivo. In overnight fasted mice, Ψ-xenin-6 exhibited satiety actions at both 25 and 250 nmol/kg. These data demonstrates that Ψ-xenin-6 is a metabolically stable C-terminal fragment analogue of xenin-25, with a metabolic action profile that merits further study as a potential antidiabetic compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Craig
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - V A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - S McClean
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - G Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - N Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|