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Prasath S, Palaniappan K, Chan S, James C. A scoping review to evaluate occupational controls and their effectiveness when handling engineered nanomaterials in workplaces. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38754019 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2339383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that controlling worker exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) helps to reduce the exposure risk to employees in workplaces. This study aimed to identify the available evidence on the effectiveness of various control methods used in the workplace to reduce worker exposure to ENMs. The search was conducted in databases-Medline, OVID, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane and the gray literature published from January 2010 to December 2022. The search keywords included ENM controls and their efficiency in workplace environments. Of the 152 studies retrieved, 22 were included in the review. The control measures in the review included (1) substitution controls; (2) engineering measures (i.e., isolation, direct source extraction, and wetting technologies); (3) personal protective equipment; and (4) administrative and work practices. The study results indicate that the above-mentioned control measures were effective in reducing ENM exposures. This information can be used to help employers choose the most effective controls for their workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Prasath
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Carole James
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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El-Kalliny AS, Abdel-Wahed MS, El-Zahhar AA, Hamza IA, Gad-Allah TA. Nanomaterials: a review of emerging contaminants with potential health or environmental impact. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:68. [PMID: 37382722 PMCID: PMC10409958 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have been advantageous in many sectors and gaining much concern due to the unique physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials (NMs). We have surveyed peer-reviewed publications related to "nanotechnology", "NMs", "NMs water treatment", "NMs air treatment", and "NMs environmental risk" in the last 23 years. We found that most of the research work is focused on developing novel applications for NMs and new products with peculiar features. In contrast, there are relatively few of publications concerning NMs as environmental contaminants relative to that for NMs applications. Thus, we devoted this review for NMs as emerging environmental contaminants. The definition and classification of NMs will be presented first to demonstrate the importance of unifying the NMs definition. The information provided here should facilitate the detection, control, and regulation of NMs contaminants in the environment. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio and the reactivity of NMs contaminants cause the prediction of the chemical properties and potential toxicities of NPs to be extremely difficult; therefore, we found that there are marked knowledge gaps in the fate, impact, toxicity, and risk of NMs. Consequently, developing and modifying extraction methods, detection tools, and characterization technologies are essential for complete risk assessment of NMs contaminants in the environment. This will help also in setting regulations and standards for releasing and handling NMs as there are no specific regulations. Finally, the integrated treatment technologies are necessary for the removal of NMs contaminants in water. Also, membrane technology is recommended for NMs remediation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer S El-Kalliny
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Abdel-Wahed
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Adel A El-Zahhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Hamza
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Tarek A Gad-Allah
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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3
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Danish M, Yahya SM, Taqvi SAA, Rubaiee S, Ahmed A, Irfan SA, Alsaady M. Modelling and optimization study to improve the filtration performance of fibrous filter. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137667. [PMID: 36581127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous filter made up of non-woven material was utilized in many industrial applications for increasing the collection efficiency and the quality factor. But there exists a competing effect among the fibre diameter, filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and sometime type of aerosol (liquid or solid) plays a crucial role in the performance of the fibrous filter. To avoid overdesigning of the filter along with better performance, optimum set of parameters are to be decided before the manufacturing process. In the current effort, the desirability approach and along with the "Response Surface Methodology (RSM)" were considered to optimize filtration efficiency and pressure drop simultaneously. In this perspective, the impact of Filtration velocity (v), Basis weight (φ), Particle diameter (dp), and Packing fraction (α) on filtration efficiency (η) and pressure drop (Pd) was studied. Based on the outcome, the predicted values lie within experimental data through smart agreement. The maximum percentage (%) error was only 3% and 6% filtration efficiency (η) and pressure drop (Pd), which determine the effectiveness of this useful model. The most dominant factor which affects the filtration efficiency (η) was found to be the Basis weight (φ), followed by packing fraction. However, in the case of pressure drop, the most dominant factors were filtration speed followed by the pachining fraction. Moreover, artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed for the prediction of filtration efficiency and pressure drop. The model accuracy has been estimated by calculating "Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2)". Both models show promising results when compared with experimental data with the R2 value of 98.50-99.86. The optimized values of the maximum filtration efficiency and minimum pressure drop simultaneously were obtained for v = 5, φ = 59.60, dp = 52.23, α = 0.24 according to desirability approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Danish
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Mohd Yahya
- Sustainable Energy & Acoustics Research Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Z.H.C.E.T, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Tachnology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Rubaiee
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Ahmed
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mustafa Alsaady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Poikkimäki M, Quik JTK, Säämänen A, Dal Maso M. Local Scale Exposure and Fate of Engineered Nanomaterials. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070354. [PMID: 35878259 PMCID: PMC9319542 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing megatrend in industrial production and innovations. Many applications utilize engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) that are potentially released into the atmospheric environment, e.g., via direct stack emissions from production facilities. Limited information exists on adverse effects such ENM releases may have on human health and the environment. Previous exposure modeling approaches have focused on large regional compartments, into which the released ENMs are evenly mixed. However, due to the localization of the ENM release and removal processes, potentially higher airborne concentrations and deposition fluxes are obtained around the production facilities. Therefore, we compare the ENM concentrations from a dispersion model to those from the uniformly mixed compartment approach. For realistic release scenarios, we based the modeling on the case study measurement data from two TiO2 nanomaterial handling facilities. In addition, we calculated the distances, at which 50% of the ENMs are deposited, serving as a physically relevant metric to separate the local scale from the regional scale, thus indicating the size of the high exposure and risk region near the facility. As a result, we suggest a local scale compartment to be implemented in the multicompartment nanomaterial exposure models. We also present a computational tool for local exposure assessment that could be included to regulatory guidance and existing risk governance networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Poikkimäki
- Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, FI-33032 Tampere, Finland
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joris T K Quik
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Säämänen
- Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, FI-33032 Tampere, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Mattox TM, Falzone C, Sadrizadeh S, Kuykendall T, Urban JJ. Impact of Source Position and Obstructions on Fume Hood Releases. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:937-949. [PMID: 31550345 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fume hood is the most central piece of safety equipment available to researchers in a laboratory environment. While it is understood that the face velocity and sash height can drastically influence airflow patterns, few specific recommendations can be given to the researcher to guide them to maximize the safety of their particular hood. This stems from the issue that fundamentally little is known regarding how obstructions within the hood can push potentially harmful particles or chemicals out of the fume hood and into the breathing zone. In this work, we demonstrate how the position of a typical nanoparticle synthesis setup, including a Schlenk line and stir plate on an adjustable stand, influences airflow in a constant velocity fume hood. Using a combination of smoke evolution experiments and the aid of computational fluid dynamics simulations, we show how the location and height of the reaction components impact airflow. This work offers a highly visual display intended especially for new or inexperienced fume hood users. Based upon our studies and simulations, we provide detailed guidance to researchers and lab technicians on how to optimally modify reaction placement in order to protect the breathing zone while working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Mattox
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carleton Falzone
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sasan Sadrizadeh
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fluid and Climate Technology, Brinellvägen, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for the Built Environment, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tevye Kuykendall
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bulejko P. Numerical Comparison of Prediction Models for Aerosol Filtration Efficiency Applied on a Hollow-Fiber Membrane Pore Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E447. [PMID: 29921781 PMCID: PMC6027286 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hollow-fiber membranes (HFMs) have been widely applied to many liquid treatment applications such as wastewater treatment, membrane contactors/bioreactors and membrane distillation. Despite the fact that HFMs are widely used for gas separation from gas mixtures, their use for mechanical filtration of aerosols is very scarce. In this work, we compared mathematical models developed for the prediction of air filtration efficiency by applying them on the structural parameters of polypropylene HFMs. These membranes are characteristic of pore diameters of about 90 nm and have high solidity, thus providing high potential for nanoparticle removal from air. A single fiber/collector and capillary pore approach was chosen to compare between models developed for fibrous filters and capillary-pore membranes (Nuclepore filters) based on three main mechanisms occurring in aerosol filtration (inertial impaction, interception and diffusion). The collection efficiency due to individual mechanisms differs significantly. The differences are caused by the parameters for which the individual models were developed, i.e., given values of governing dimensionless numbers (Reynolds, Stokes and Peclet number) and also given values of filter porosity and filter fiber diameter. Some models can be used to predict the efficiency of HFMs based on assumptions depending on the conditions and exact membrane parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bulejko
- Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
- MemBrain s.r.o. Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic.
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7
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Emissions and Possible Environmental Implication of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) in the Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Tolaymat T, El Badawy A, Sequeira R, Genaidy A. A system-of-systems approach as a broad and integrated paradigm for sustainable engineered nanomaterials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:595-607. [PMID: 25590540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a trans-disciplinary approach for the collective evaluation of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) benefits and risks. Currently, research studies are mostly focused on examining effects at individual endpoints with emphasis on ENM risk effects. Less research work is pursuing the integration needed to advance the science of sustainable ENMs. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to discuss the system-of-systems (SoS) approach as a broad and integrated paradigm to examine ENM benefits and risks to society, environment, and economy (SEE) within a sustainability context. The aims are focused on: (a) current approaches in the scientific literature and the need for a broad and integrated approach, (b) documentation of ENM SoS in terms of architecture and governing rules and practices within sustainability context, and (c) implementation plan for the road ahead. In essence, the SoS architecture is a communication vehicle offering the opportunity to track benefits and risks in an integrated fashion so as to understand the implications and make decisions about advancing the science of sustainable ENMs. In support of the SoS architecture, we propose using an analytic-based decision support system consisting of a knowledge base and analytic engine along the benefit and risk informatics routes in the SEE system to build sound decisions on what constitutes sustainable and unsustainable ENMs in spite of the existing uncertainties and knowledge gaps. The work presented herein is neither a systematic review nor a critical appraisal of the scientific literature. Rather, it is a position paper that largely expresses the views of the authors based on their expert opinion drawn from industrial and academic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabet Tolaymat
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Amro El Badawy
- Pegasus Technical Services Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Reynold Sequeira
- University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati OH 45221, USA
| | - Ash Genaidy
- WorldTek Inc, 11884 Quarterhorse Ct, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
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9
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Liu Y, Liggio J, Li SM, Breznan D, Vincent R, Thomson EM, Kumarathasan P, Das D, Abbatt J, Antiñolo M, Russell L. Chemical and toxicological evolution of carbon nanotubes during atmospherically relevant aging processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2806-14. [PMID: 25607982 DOI: 10.1021/es505298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has received significant attention due to their usage in a wide range of commercial applications. While numerous studies exist on their impacts in water and soil ecosystems, there is a lack of information on the exposure to CNTs from the atmosphere. The transformation of CNTs in the atmosphere, resulting in their functionalization, may significantly alter their toxicity. In the current study, the chemical modification of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via ozone and OH radical oxidation is investigated through studies that simulate a range of expected tropospheric particulate matter (PM) lifetimes, in order to link their chemical evolution to toxicological changes. The results indicate that the oxidation favors carboxylic acid functionalization, but significantly less than other studies performed under nonatmospheric conditions. Despite evidence of functionalization, neither O3 nor OH radical oxidation resulted in a change in redox activity (potentially giving rise to oxidative stress) or in cytotoxic end points. Conversely, both the redox activity and cytotoxicity of SWCNTs significantly decreased when exposed to ambient urban air, likely due to the adsorption of organic carbon vapors. These results suggest that the effect of gas-particle partitioning of organics in the atmosphere on the toxicity of SWCNTs should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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10
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Sajid M, Ilyas M, Basheer C, Tariq M, Daud M, Baig N, Shehzad F. Impact of nanoparticles on human and environment: review of toxicity factors, exposures, control strategies, and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4122-43. [PMID: 25548015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles on human and environment. We also discuss in brief the strategies which can help to control human exposures to toxic nanoparticles. We have outlined the current status of toxicological studies dealing with nanoparticles, accomplishments, weaknesses, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia,
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11
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Kumar P, Morawska L, Martani C, Biskos G, Neophytou M, Di Sabatino S, Bell M, Norford L, Britter R. The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:199-205. [PMID: 25483836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever growing populations in cities are associated with a major increase in road vehicles and air pollution. The overall high levels of urban air pollution have been shown to be of a significant risk to city dwellers. However, the impacts of very high but temporally and spatially restricted pollution, and thus exposure, are still poorly understood. Conventional approaches to air quality monitoring are based on networks of static and sparse measurement stations. However, these are prohibitively expensive to capture tempo-spatial heterogeneity and identify pollution hotspots, which is required for the development of robust real-time strategies for exposure control. Current progress in developing low-cost micro-scale sensing technology is radically changing the conventional approach to allow real-time information in a capillary form. But the question remains whether there is value in the less accurate data they generate. This article illustrates the drivers behind current rises in the use of low-cost sensors for air pollution management in cities, while addressing the major challenges for their effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Claudio Martani
- Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PX, United Kingdom
| | - George Biskos
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Marina Neophytou
- Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Silvana Di Sabatino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margaret Bell
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Norford
- Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rex Britter
- Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Rotatori M, Mosca S, Guerriero E, Febo A, Giusto M, Montagnoli M, Bianchini M, Ferrero R. Emission of submicron aerosol particles in cement kilns: Total concentration and size distribution. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:41-49. [PMID: 25946956 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.962193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cement plants are responsible for particle and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. With respect to particle emission, the greater part of is in the range from 0.05 to 5.0 µm in diameter. In the last years attention was paid to submicron particles, but there is a lack of available data on the emission from stationary sources. In this paper, concentration and size distribution of particles emitted from four cement kilns, in relationship to operational conditions (especially the use of alternative fuel to coal) of the clinker process are reported. Experimental campaigns were carried out by measuring particles concentration and size distribution at the stack of four cement plants through condensation particle counter (CPC) and scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer (SMPS). Average total particle number concentrations were between 2000 and 4000 particles/cm³, about 8-10 times lower that those found in the corresponding surrounding areas. As for size distribution, for all the investigated plants it is stable with a unimodal distribution (120-150 nm), independent from the fuel used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rotatori
- a Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Italian National Research Council , Monterotondo ( RM ), Italy
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13
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Clemente A, Lobera MP, Balas F, Santamaria J. Development of a self-cleaning dispersion and exposure chamber: application to the monitoring of simulated accidents involving the generation of airborne nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:226-234. [PMID: 25156720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of hazardous nanoparticulate matter in accidental situations was simulated in a specially designed 13-m(3) stainless steel airtight chamber, which allowed the dispersion analysis of airborne matter in a practically particle-free environment (less than 2 #/cm(3)) and in presence of background atmospheric aerosols. A fast recovering of the initial situation was achieved by means of a tandem HEPA-filtered air and deionized water system. Both unintended spilling of silica-based nanoparticulate powders and continuous emission of 100-nm SiO2 nanoparticles were used as aerosol generation events. The emission of airborne nanoparticles was analyzed in terms of particle number concentrations (PNC), size distributions and source strengths. The emission of nanoparticulate aerosols reached peak PNC for particles in the range from 5 nm to 1 μm with source strengths about 10(8) #/h in a background-filled environment and 10(10) #/h in a practically particle-free atmosphere. No agglomeration was noticed for the released nanoparticles, suggesting that PNC was low enough to prevent coagulation and that particle diameters were over 80 nm. Results indicate that emitted matter was within the range of the most penetrating particle sizes and with source strengths similar to accidental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Clemente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Pilar Lobera
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Balas
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Carboquimica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICB-CSIC), c/Miguel Luesma 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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Gomez V, Irusta S, Balas F, Navascues N, Santamaria J. Unintended emission of nanoparticle aerosols during common laboratory handling operations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:75-84. [PMID: 25038576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Common laboratory operations such as pouring, mashing in an agate mortar, transferring with a spatula, have been assessed as potential sources for emission of engineered nanoparticles in simulated occupational environments. Also, the accidental spilling from an elevated location has been considered. For workplace operations, masses of 1500 or 500mg of three dry-state engineered nanoparticles (SiO2, TiO2 and Ce-TiO2) with all dimensions under 30nm, and one fibrous nanomaterial (MWCNT) with diameter under 10nm and length about 1.5μm were used. The measured number emission factors (NEF) for every operation and material in this work were in the range of 10(5) #s(-1). The traceability of emitted nanoparticles has been improved using Ce-doping on TiO2 nanoparticles. With this traceable material it was possible to show that generated aerosol nanoparticles are rapidly associated with background particles to form large-sized aerosol agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Balas
- Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Navascues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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15
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Azarmi F, Kumar P, Mulheron M. The exposure to coarse, fine and ultrafine particle emissions from concrete mixing, drilling and cutting activities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:268-279. [PMID: 25068443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Building activities generate coarse (PM10≤10μm), fine (PM2.5≤2.5μm) and ultrafine particles (<100nm) making it necessary to understand both the exposure levels of operatives on site and the dispersion of ultrafine particles into the surrounding environment. This study investigates the release of particulate matter, including ultrafine particles, during the mixing of fresh concrete (incorporating Portland cement with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, GGBS or Pulverised Fuel Ash, PFA) and the subsequent drilling and cutting of hardened concrete. Particles were measured in the 5-10,000nm size range using a GRIMM particle spectrometer and a fast response differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50). The mass concentrations of PM2.5-10 fraction contributed ∼52-64% of total mass released. The ultrafine particles dominated the total particle number concentrations (PNCs); being 74, 82, 95 and 97% for mixing with GGBS, mixing with PFA, drilling and cutting, respectively. Peak values measured during the drilling and cutting activities were 4 and 14 times the background. Equivalent emission factors were calculated and the total respiratory deposition dose rates for PNCs for drilling and cutting were 32.97±9.41×10(8)min(-1) and 88.25±58.82×10(8)min(-1). These are a step towards establishing number and mass emission inventories for particle exposure during construction activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Azarmi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Mike Mulheron
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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16
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Meesters JAJ, Koelmans A, Quik JTK, Hendriks AJ, van de Meent D. Multimedia modeling of engineered nanoparticles with SimpleBox4nano: model definition and evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5726-36. [PMID: 24766433 PMCID: PMC6863596 DOI: 10.1021/es500548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Screening level models for environmental assessment of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) are not generally available. Here, we present SimpleBox4Nano (SB4N) as the first model of this type, assess its validity, and evaluate it by comparisons with a known material flow model. SB4N expresses ENP transport and concentrations in and across air, rain, surface waters, soil, and sediment, accounting for nanospecific processes such as aggregation, attachment, and dissolution. The model solves simultaneous mass balance equations (MBE) using simple matrix algebra. The MBEs link all concentrations and transfer processes using first-order rate constants for all processes known to be relevant for ENPs. The first-order rate constants are obtained from the literature. The output of SB4N is mass concentrations of ENPs as free dispersive species, heteroaggregates with natural colloids, and larger natural particles in each compartment in time and at steady state. Known scenario studies for Switzerland were used to demonstrate the impact of the transport processes included in SB4N on the prediction of environmental concentrations. We argue that SB4N-predicted environmental concentrations are useful as background concentrations in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A. J. Meesters
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert
A. Koelmans
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- IMARES
− Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box
68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris T. K. Quik
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Jan Hendriks
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dik van de Meent
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Polymerization of Vinylpyrrolidone to Form a Neutral Coating on Anionic Nanomaterials in Aqueous Suspension for Rapid Sedimentation. COATINGS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings4020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kumar P, Morawska L, Birmili W, Paasonen P, Hu M, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Norford L, Britter R. Ultrafine particles in cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:1-10. [PMID: 24503484 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter less than 100 nm) are ubiquitous in urban air, and an acknowledged risk to human health. Globally, the major source for urban outdoor UFP concentrations is motor traffic. Ongoing trends towards urbanisation and expansion of road traffic are anticipated to further increase population exposure to UFPs. Numerous experimental studies have characterised UFPs in individual cities, but an integrated evaluation of emissions and population exposure is still lacking. Our analysis suggests that the average exposure to outdoor UFPs in Asian cities is about four-times larger than that in European cities but impacts on human health are largely unknown. This article reviews some fundamental drivers of UFP emissions and dispersion, and highlights unresolved challenges, as well as recommendations to ensure sustainable urban development whilst minimising any possible adverse health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Wolfram Birmili
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leslie Norford
- Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rex Britter
- Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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21
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Kumar P, Kumar A, Lead JR. Nanoparticles in the Indian environment: known, unknowns and awareness. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7071-7072. [PMID: 22720787 DOI: 10.1021/es302308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Division of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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22
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Smerajec M, Vaupotič J. Nanoaerosols including radon decay products in outdoor and indoor air at a suburban site. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:510876. [PMID: 22523488 PMCID: PMC3317232 DOI: 10.1155/2012/510876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoaerosols have been monitored inside a kitchen and in the courtyard of a suburban farmhouse. Total number concentration and number size distribution (5-1000 nm) of general aerosol particles, as measured with a Grimm Aerosol SMPS+C 5.400 instrument outdoors, were mainly influenced by solar radiation and use of farming equipment, while, indoors, they were drastically changed by human activity in the kitchen. In contrast, activity concentrations of the short-lived radon decay products (218)Po, (214)Pb, and (214)Bi, both those attached to aerosol particles and those not attached, measured with a Sarad EQF3020-2 device, did not appear to be dependent on these activities, except on opening and closing of the kitchen window. Neither did a large increase in concentration of aerosol particles smaller than 10 or 20 nm, with which the unattached radon products are associated, augment the fraction of the unattached decay products significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janja Vaupotič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Radon Center, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Kumar P, Morawska L, Harrison RM. Nanoparticles in European Cities and Associated Health Impacts. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kumar P, Gurjar BR, Nagpure AS, Harrison RM. Preliminary estimates of nanoparticle number emissions from road vehicles in megacity Delhi and associated health impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5514-21. [PMID: 21609009 DOI: 10.1021/es2003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanisation in developing megacities like Delhi has resulted in an increased number of road vehicles and hence total particle number (ToN) emissions. For the first time, this study presents preliminary estimates of ToN emissions from road vehicles, roadside and ambient ToN concentrations, and exposure related excess deaths in Delhi in current and two future scenarios; business as usual (BAU) and best estimate scenario (BES). Annual ToN emissions are estimated as 1.37 × 10(25) for 2010 which are expected to increase by ∼4 times in 2030-BAU, but to decrease by ∼18 times in 2030-BES. Such reduction is anticipated due to a larger number of compressed natural gas driven vehicles and assumed retrofitting of diesel particulate filters to all diesel vehicles by 2020. Heavy duty vehicles emit the majority (∼65%) of ToN for only ∼4% of total vehicle kilometres traveled in 2010. Their contribution remains dominant under both scenarios in 2030, clearly requiring major mitigation efforts. Roadside and ambient ToN concentrations were up to a factor of 30 and 3 higher to those found in respective European environments. Exposure to ambient ToN concentrations resulted in ∼508, 1888, and 31 deaths per million people in 2010, 2030-BAU and 2030-BES, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Division of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Carpentieri M, Kumar P, Robins A. An overview of experimental results and dispersion modelling of nanoparticles in the wake of moving vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:685-93. [PMID: 21193254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the transformation of nanoparticles emitted from vehicles is essential for developing appropriate methods for treating fine scale particle dynamics in dispersion models. This article provides an overview of significant research work relevant to modelling the dispersion of pollutants, especially nanoparticles, in the wake of vehicles. Literature on vehicle wakes and nanoparticle dispersion is reviewed, taking into account field measurements, wind tunnel experiments and mathematical approaches. Field measurements and modelling studies highlighted the very short time scales associated with nanoparticle transformations in the first stages after the emission. These transformations strongly interact with the flow and turbulence fields immediately behind the vehicle, hence the need of characterising in detail the mixing processes in the vehicle wake. Very few studies have analysed this interaction and more research is needed to build a basis for model development. A possible approach is proposed and areas of further investigation identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Carpentieri
- Division of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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