1
|
Chen W, Cui Y, He Y, Zhao L, Cui R, Liu X, Huang H, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Feng X, Ni K, Jiang T, Han M, Lei Y, Liu M, Meng Y, Chen X, Lu X, Wang D, Wang J, Wang S, Guo L, Chen Q, Ye W. Raffinose degradation-related gene GhAGAL3 was screened out responding to salinity stress through expression patterns of GhAGALs family genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1246677. [PMID: 38192697 PMCID: PMC10773686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1246677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A-galactosidases (AGALs), the oligosaccharide (RFO) catabolic genes of the raffinose family, play crucial roles in plant growth and development and in adversity stress. They can break down the non-reducing terminal galactose residues of glycolipids and sugar chains. In this study, the whole genome of AGALs was analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to analyze members of the AGAL family in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium barbadense, and Gossypium raimondii. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR was carried out to analyze the expression patterns of AGAL family members in different tissues of terrestrial cotton. It was found that a series of environmental factors stimulated the expression of the GhAGAL3 gene. The function of GhAGAL3 was verified through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). As a result, GhAGAL3 gene silencing resulted in milder wilting of seedlings than the controls, and a significant increase in the raffinose content in cotton, indicating that GhAGAL3 responded to NaCl stress. The increase in raffinose content improved the tolerance of cotton. Findings in this study lay an important foundation for further research on the role of the GhAGAL3 gene family in the molecular mechanism of abiotic stress resistance in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yupeng Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yunxin He
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xixian Feng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Kesong Ni
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Jiang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Mingge Han
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuqian Lei
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin W, Huang Z, Zhong Q, Tang L, Wu R, Li S, Mao Y, Zhu X, Wang C, Rao Y, Wang Y. The Mining of Genetic Loci and the Analysis of Candidate Genes to Identify the Physical and Chemical Markers of Anti-Senescence in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3812. [PMID: 38005709 PMCID: PMC10674301 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Premature senescence is a common occurrence in rice production, and seriously affects rice plants' nutrient utilization and growth. A total of 120 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were obtained from successive self-crossing of F12 generations derived from Huazhan and Nekken2. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), content and catalase (CAT) activity related to the anti-senescence traits and enzyme activity index of rice were measured for QTL mapping using 4858 SNPs. Thirteen QTLs related to anti-senescence were found, among which the highest LOD score was 5.70. Eighteen anti-senescence-related genes were found in these regions, and ten of them differed significantly between the parents. It was inferred that LOC_Os01g61500, LOC_Os01g61810, and LOC_Os04g40130 became involved in the regulation of the anti-senescence molecular network upon upregulation of their expression levels. The identified anti-senescence-related QTLs and candidate genes provide a genetic basis for further research on the mechanism of the molecular network that regulates premature senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (W.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.M.); (X.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Zhao Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Qianqian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Luyao Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Richeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Sanfeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (W.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yijian Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (W.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xudong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (W.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Changchun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuexing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (W.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.M.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chuankhayan P, Lee RH, Guan HH, Lin CC, Chen NC, Huang YC, Yoshimura M, Nakagawa A, Chen CJ. Structural insight into the hydrolase and synthase activities of an alkaline α-galactosidase from Arabidopsis from complexes with substrate/product. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:154-167. [PMID: 36762861 PMCID: PMC9912918 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-D-galactose from galacto-oligosaccharides under alkaline conditions. A phylogenetic analysis based on sequence alignment classifies AtAkαGal3 as more closely related to the raffinose family of oligosaccharide (RFO) synthases than to the acidic α-galactosidases. Here, thin-layer chromatography is used to demonstrate that AtAkαGal3 exhibits a dual function and is capable of synthesizing stachyose using raffinose, instead of galactinol, as the galactose donor. Crystal structures of complexes of AtAkαGal3 and its D383A mutant with various substrates and products, including galactose, galactinol, raffinose, stachyose and sucrose, are reported as the first representative structures of an alkaline α-galactosidase. The structure of AtAkαGal3 comprises three domains: an N-terminal domain with 13 antiparallel β-strands, a catalytic domain with an (α/β)8-barrel fold and a C-terminal domain composed of β-sheets that form two Greek-key motifs. The WW box of the N-terminal domain, which comprises the conserved residues FRSK75XW77W78 in the RFO synthases, contributes Trp77 and Trp78 to the +1 subsite to contribute to the substrate-binding ability together with the (α/β)8 barrel of the catalytic domain. The C-terminal domain is presumably involved in structural stability. Structures of the D383A mutant in complex with various substrates and products, especially the natural substrate/product stachyose, reveal four complete subsites (-1 to +3) at the catalytic site. A functional loop (residues 329-352) that exists in the alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 and possibly in RFO synthases, but not in acidic α-galactosidases, stabilizes the stachyose at the +2 and +3 subsites and extends the catalytic pocket for the transferase mechanism. Considering the similarities in amino-acid sequence, catalytic domain and activity between alkaline α-galactosidases and RFO synthases, the structure of AtAkαGal3 might also serve a model for the study of RFO synthases, structures of which are lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phimonphan Chuankhayan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Guan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chein-Chih Lin
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chi Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chieh Huang
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Masato Yoshimura
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan,Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan,Correspondence e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McKinley BA, Thakran M, Zemelis-Durfee S, Huang X, Brandizzi F, Rooney WL, Mansfield SD, Mullet JE. Transcriptional regulation of the raffinose family oligosaccharides pathway in Sorghum bicolor reveals potential roles in leaf sucrose transport and stem sucrose accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1062264. [PMID: 36570942 PMCID: PMC9785717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1062264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy sorghum hybrids are being developed with enhanced drought tolerance and high levels of stem sugars. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) contribute to plant environmental stress tolerance, sugar storage, transport, and signaling. To better understand the role of RFOs in sorghum, genes involved in myo-inositol and RFO metabolism were identified and relative transcript abundance analyzed during development. Genes involved in RFO biosynthesis (SbMIPS1, SbInsPase, SbGolS1, SbRS) were more highly expressed in leaves compared to stems and roots, with peak expression early in the morning in leaves. SbGolS, SbRS, SbAGA1 and SbAGA2 were also expressed at high levels in the leaf collar and leaf sheath. In leaf blades, genes involved in myo-inositol biosynthesis (SbMIPS1, SbInsPase) were expressed in bundle sheath cells, whereas genes involved in galactinol and raffinose synthesis (SbGolS1, SbRS) were expressed in mesophyll cells. Furthermore, SbAGA1 and SbAGA2, genes that encode neutral-alkaline alpha-galactosidases that hydrolyze raffinose, were differentially expressed in minor vein bundle sheath cells and major vein and mid-rib vascular and xylem parenchyma. This suggests that raffinose synthesized from sucrose and galactinol in mesophyll cells diffuses into vascular bundles where hydrolysis releases sucrose for long distance phloem transport. Increased expression (>20-fold) of SbAGA1 and SbAGA2 in stem storage pith parenchyma of sweet sorghum between floral initiation and grain maturity, and higher expression in sweet sorghum compared to grain sorghum, indicates these genes may play a key role in non-structural carbohydrate accumulation in stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Manish Thakran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - William L. Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Liang W, Ye S, Chen X, Zhou Y, Lu J, Shen Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Yu C, Yan C, Zheng B, Chen J, Yang Y. Whole-Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Autophagy Is Involved in Early Senescence of zj-es Mutant Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899054. [PMID: 35720578 PMCID: PMC9204060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a necessary stage of plant growth and development, and the early senescence of rice will lead to yield reduction and quality decline. However, the mechanisms of rice senescence remain obscure. In this study, we characterized an early-senescence rice mutant, designated zj-es (ZheJing-early senescence), which was derived from the japonica rice cultivar Zhejing22. The mutant zj-es exhibited obvious early-senescence phenotype, such as collapsed chloroplast, lesions in leaves, declined fertility, plant dwarf, and decreased agronomic traits. The ZJ-ES gene was mapped in a 458 kb-interval between the molecular markers RM5992 and RM5813 on Chromosome 3, and analysis suggested that ZJ-ES is a novel gene controlling rice early senescence. Subsequently, whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on zj-es and its wild-type rice to dissect the underlying molecular mechanism for early senescence. Totally, 10,085 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 1,253 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and 614 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified, respectively, in different comparison groups. Based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the co-expression turquoise module was found to be the key for the occurrence of rice early senescence. Furthermore, analysis on the competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA) network revealed that 14 lncRNAs possibly regulated 16 co-expressed mRNAs through 8 miRNAs, and enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEmRNAs and the targets of DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs were involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered autophagy-related pathways. Further analysis showed that, in zj-es, ROS-related enzyme activities were markedly changed, ROS were largely accumulated, autophagosomes were obviously observed, cell death was significantly detected, and lesions were notably appeared in leaves. Totally, combining our results here and the remaining research, we infer that ROS-triggered autophagy induces the programmed cell death (PCD) and its coupled early senescence in zj-es mutant rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- College of Life Science, Fujian A&F University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shenghai Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Zhejiang Plant Protection, Quarantine and Pesticide Management Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Zhejiang Plant Protection, Quarantine and Pesticide Management Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chulang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng S, Lu J, Yu D, Li J, Zhou H, Jiang D, Liu Z, Zhuang C. Hexokinase gene OsHXK1 positively regulates leaf senescence in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:580. [PMID: 34879830 PMCID: PMC8653616 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf senescence is a highly complex and meticulous regulatory process, and the disruption of any factor involved in leaf senescence might lead to premature or delayed leaf senescence and thus result in reduced or increased crop yields. Despite sincere efforts by scientists, there remain many unsolved problems related to the regulatory factors and molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence. RESULTS This study successfully revealed that OsHXK1 was highly expressed in senescent leaves of rice. The upregulation of OsHXK1 led to premature senescence of rice leaves, a decreased level of chlorophyll, and damage to the chloroplast structure. The overexpression of OsHXK1 resulted in increases in glucose and ROS levels and produced programmed cell death (PCD) signals earlier at the booting stage. Further analysis showed that expression level of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) genes and OsGLO1 were increased in OsHXK1-overexpressing plants at the booting stage. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the outcomes of this study suggested that OsHXK1 could act as a positive regulator of rice leaf senescence by mediating glucose accumulation and inducing an increase in ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Di Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dagang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sasaki Y, Uchimura Y, Kitahara K, Fujita K. Characterization of a GH36 α-D-Galactosidase Associated with Assimilation of Gum Arabic in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum JCM7052. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:47-52. [PMID: 34429699 PMCID: PMC8367640 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized a 3-O-α-D-galactosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GAfase) for the release of α-D-Gal-(1→3)-L-Ara from gum arabic arabinogalactan protein (AGP) in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum JCM7052. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a neighboring α-galactosidase gene (BLGA_00330; blAga3). It contained an Open Reading Frame of 2151-bp nucleotides encoding 716 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 79,587 Da. Recombinant BlAga3 released galactose from α-D-Gal-(1→3)-L-Ara, but not from intact gum arabic AGP, and a little from the related oligosaccharides. The enzyme also showed the activity toward blood group B liner trisaccharide. The specific activity for α-D-Gal-(1→3)-L-Ara was 4.27- and 2.10-fold higher than those for melibiose and raffinose, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. BlAga3 is an intracellular α-galactosidase that cleaves α-D-Gal-(1→3)-L-Ara produced by GAfase; it is also responsible for a series of gum arabic AGP degradation in B. longum JCM7052.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sasaki
- 1 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Yumi Uchimura
- 2 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- 1 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University.,2 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- 1 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University.,2 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen D, Qiu Z, He L, Hou L, Li M, Zhang G, Wang X, Chen G, Hu J, Gao Z, Dong G, Ren D, Shen L, Zhang Q, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D, Zhu L. The rice LRR-like1 protein YELLOW AND PREMATURE DWARF 1 is involved in leaf senescence induced by high light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1589-1605. [PMID: 33200773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Senescence in plants is induced by endogenous physiological changes and exogenous stresses. In this study, we isolated two alleles of a novel rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, yellow and premature dwarf 1 (ypd1). The ypd1 mutants exhibited a yellow and dwarf phenotype from germination, and premature senescence starting at tillering. Moreover, the ypd1 mutants were sensitive to high light, which accelerated cell death and senescence. Consistent with their yellow phenotype, the ypd1 mutants had abnormal chloroplasts and lower levels of photosynthetic pigments. TUNEL assays together with histochemical staining demonstrated that ypd1 mutants showed cell death and that they accumulated reactive oxygen species. The ypd1 mutants also showed increased expression of genes associated with senescence. Map-based cloning revealed a G→A substitution in exon 6 (ypd1-1) and exon 13 (ypd1-2) of LOC_Os06g13050 that affected splicing and caused premature termination of the encoded protein. YPD1 was found to be preferentially expressed in the leaf and it encodes a LRR-like1 protein. Complementation, overexpression, and targeted deletion confirmed that the mutations in YPD1 caused the ypd1 phenotype. YPD1 was localized on the chloroplast membrane. Our results thus demonstrate that the novel rice LRR-like1 protein YPD1 affects chloroplast development and leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang S, Fang G, Zhang A, Ruan B, Jiang H, Ding S, Liu C, Zhang Y, Jaha N, Hu P, Xu Z, Gao Z, Wang J, Qian Q. Rice EARLY SENESCENCE 2, encoding an inositol polyphosphate kinase, is involved in leaf senescence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:393. [PMID: 32847519 PMCID: PMC7449006 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early leaf senescence influences yield and yield quality by affecting plant growth and development. A series of leaf senescence-associated molecular mechanisms have been reported in rice. However, the complex genetic regulatory networks that control leaf senescence need to be elucidated. RESULTS In this study, an early senescence 2 (es2) mutant was obtained from ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis (EMS)-induced mutational library for the Japonica rice cultivar Wuyugeng 7 (WYG7). Leaves of es2 showed early senescence at the seedling stage and became severe at the tillering stage. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased, while chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, catalase (CAT) activity significantly decreased in the es2 mutant. Moreover, genes which related to senescence, ROS and chlorophyll degradation were up-regulated, while those associated with photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis were down-regulated in es2 mutant compared to WYG7. The ES2 gene, which encodes an inositol polyphosphate kinase (OsIPK2), was fine mapped to a 116.73-kb region on chromosome 2. DNA sequencing of ES2 in the mutant revealed a missense mutation, ES2 was localized to nucleus and plasma membrane of cells, and expressed in various tissues of rice. Complementation test and overexpression experiment confirmed that ES2 completely restored the normal phenotype, with chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate increased comparable with the wild type. These results reveal the new role of OsIPK2 in regulating leaf senescence in rice and therefore will provide additional genetic evidence on the molecular mechanisms controlling early leaf senescence. CONCLUSIONS The ES2 gene, encoding an inositol polyphosphate kinase localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane of cells, is essential for leaf senescence in rice. Further study of ES2 will facilitate the dissection of the genetic mechanisms underlying early leaf senescence and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guonan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Noushin Jaha
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu C, Rao J, Song Y, Chan SA, Tohge T, Cui B, Lin H, Fernie AR, Zhang D, Shi J. Dissection of flag leaf metabolic shifts and their relationship with those occurring simultaneously in developing seed by application of non-targeted metabolomics. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227577. [PMID: 31978163 PMCID: PMC6980602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice flag leaves are major source organs providing more than half of the nutrition needed for rice seed development. The dynamic metabolic changes in rice flag leaves and the detailed metabolic relationship between source and sink organs in rice, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, the metabolic changes of flag leaves in two japonica and two indica rice cultivars were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics approach. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that flag leaf metabolomes varied significantly depending on both species and developmental stage. Only a few of the metabolites in flag leaves displayed the same change pattern across the four tested cultivars along the process of seed development. Further association analysis found that levels of 45 metabolites in seeds that are associated with human nutrition and health correlated significantly with their levels in flag leaves. Comparison of metabolomics of flag leaves and seeds revealed that some flavonoids were specific or much higher in flag leaves while some lipid metabolites such as phospholipids were much higher in seeds. This reflected not only the function of the tissue specific metabolism but also the different physiological properties and metabolic adaptive features of these two tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Song
- Agilent Technologies Incorporated Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-An Chan
- Agilent Technologies Incorporated Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Bo Cui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Pan X, Zhao Z, Li H, Zhang C, Li C, Du X, Li Y, Liu D, Lu H. PtomtAPX, a mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase, plays an important role in maintaining the redox balance of Populus tomentosa Carr. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19541. [PMID: 31862975 PMCID: PMC6925217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant mitochondria are important energy-producing structure and ROS are generated as byproducts. APX is one enzyme of the AsA-GSH cycle to reduces H2O2 to water. We identified both PtomtAPX and PtosAPX are located in mitochondria of Populus tomentosa Carr. PtomtAPX is specifically targeted to mitochondria, while PtosAPX is dual targeted to both chloroplast and mitochondria. The expression of PtomtAPX in mitochondria was 60-fold that of PtosAPX by ELISA and qPCR analysis. Under high light stress, the expression levels of PtosAPX increased, while that of PtomtAPX only slightly changed. Compared to the WT, the antisense transgenic PtomtAPX cell lines showed slowed growth, smaller cells impaired mitochondria in MS medium under normal growth. RNA-seq results showed 3121 genes significantly altered expression in the antisense cells, and most of them are important for mitochondrial function, particularly in oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrates a mitochondrial location for one APX isoform, and provide valuable insight into the mechanism which ROS balance is modulated by AsA-GSH cycle in mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Pan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihua Du
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjun Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A protease-resistant α-galactosidase characterized by relatively acid pH tolerance from the Shitake Mushroom Lentinula edodes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:324-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Wang B, Zhang Y, Bi Z, Liu Q, Xu T, Yu N, Cao Y, Zhu A, Wu W, Zhan X, Anis GB, Yu P, Chen D, Cheng S, Cao L. Impaired Function of the Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase, OsCPK12, Leads to Early Senescence in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 30778363 PMCID: PMC6369234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Premature leaf senescence affects plant yield and quality, and numerous researches about it have been conducted until now. In this study, we identified an early senescent mutant es4 in rice (Oryza sativa L.); early senescence appeared approximately at 60 dps and became increasingly senescent with the growth of es4 mutant. We detected that content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated, while chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, activity of catalase (CAT), activity of peroxidase (POD) and photosynthetic rate were reduced in the es4 mutant leaves. We mapped es4 in a 33.5 Kb physical distance on chromosome 4 by map-based cloning. Sequencing analysis in target interval indicated there was an eight bases deletion mutation in OsCPK12 which encoded a calcium-dependent protein kinase. Functional complementation of OsCPK12 in es4 completely restored the normal phenotype. We used CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted disruption of OsCPK12 in ZH8015 and all the mutants exhibited the premature senescence. All the results indicated that the phenotype of es4 was caused by the mutation of OsCPK12. Overexpression of OsCPK12 in ZH8015 enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (P n) and chlorophyll content. OsCPK12 was mainly expressed in green organs. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of some key genes involved in senescence, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis were significantly altered in the es4 mutant. Our results demonstrate that the mutant of OsCPK12 triggers the premature leaf senescence; however, the overexpression of OsCPK12 may delay its growth period and provide the potentially positive effect on productivity in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beifang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Bi
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongrun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aike Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Galal Bakr Anis
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daibo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gu H, Lu M, Zhang Z, Xu J, Cao W, Miao M. Metabolic process of raffinose family oligosaccharides during cold stress and recovery in cucumber leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 224-225:112-120. [PMID: 29617631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate under stress conditions in many plants and have been suggested to act as stress protectants. To elucidate the metabolic process of RFOs under cold stress, levels of RFOs, and related carbohydrates, the expression and activities of main metabolic enzymes and their subcellular compartments were investigated during low-temperature treatment and during the recovery period in cucumber leaves. Cold stress induced the accumulation of stachyose in vacuoles, galactinol in vacuoles and cytosol, and sucrose and raffinose in vacuoles, cytosol, and chloroplasts. After cold stress removal, levels of these sugars decreased gradually in the respective compartments. Among four galactinol synthase genes (CsGS), CsGS1 was not affected by cold stress, while the other three CsGSs were up-regulated by low temperature. RNA levels of acid-α-galactosidase (GAL) 3 and alkaline-α-galactosidase (AGA) 2 and 3, and the activities of GAL and AGA, were up-regulated after cold stress removal. GAL3 protein and GAL activity were exclusively located in vacuoles, whereas AGA2 and AGA 3 proteins were found in cytosol and chloroplasts, respectively. The results indicate that RFOs, which accumulated during cold stress in different subcellular compartments in cucumber leaves, could be catabolized in situ by different galactosidases after stress removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Man Lu
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Cao
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leng Y, Ye G, Zeng D. Genetic Dissection of Leaf Senescence in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2686. [PMID: 29232920 PMCID: PMC5751288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is a complex and highly regulated process that involves a series of coordinated actions at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels under the control of a highly regulated genetic program. In the last decade, the use of mutants with different levels of leaf senescence phenotypes has led to the cloning and functional characterizations of a few genes, which has greatly improved the understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying leaf senescence. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements in the genetic mechanisms in rice leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Leng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Guoyou Ye
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pilati S, Bagagli G, Sonego P, Moretto M, Brazzale D, Castorina G, Simoni L, Tonelli C, Guella G, Engelen K, Galbiati M, Moser C. Abscisic Acid Is a Major Regulator of Grape Berry Ripening Onset: New Insights into ABA Signaling Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1093. [PMID: 28680438 PMCID: PMC5479058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a world-wide cultivated economically relevant crop. The process of berry ripening is non-climacteric and does not rely on the sole ethylene signal. Abscisic acid (ABA) is recognized as an important hormone of ripening inception and color development in ripening berries. In order to elucidate the effect of this signal at the molecular level, pre-véraison berries were treated ex vivo for 20 h with 0.2 mM ABA and berry skin transcriptional modulation was studied by RNA-seq after the treatment and 24 h later, in the absence of exogenous ABA. This study highlighted that a small amount of ABA triggered its own biosynthesis and had a transcriptome-wide effect (1893 modulated genes) characterized by the amplification of the transcriptional response over time. By comparing this dataset with the many studies on ripening collected within the grapevine transcriptomic compendium Vespucci, an extended overlap between ABA- and ripening modulated gene sets was observed (71% of the genes), underpinning the role of this hormone in the regulation of berry ripening. The signaling network of ABA, encompassing ABA metabolism, transport and signaling cascade, has been analyzed in detail and expanded based on knowledge from other species in order to provide an integrated molecular description of this pathway at berry ripening onset. Expression data analysis was combined with in silico promoter analysis to identify candidate target genes of ABA responsive element binding protein 2 (VvABF2), a key upstream transcription factor of the ABA signaling cascade which is up-regulated at véraison and also by ABA treatments. Two transcription factors, VvMYB143 and VvNAC17, and two genes involved in protein degradation, Armadillo-like and Xerico-like genes, were selected for in vivo validation by VvABF2-mediated promoter trans-activation in tobacco. VvNAC17 and Armadillo-like promoters were induced by ABA via VvABF2, while VvMYB143 responded to ABA in a VvABF2-independent manner. This knowledge of the ABA cascade in berry skin contributes not only to the understanding of berry ripening regulation but might be useful to other areas of viticultural interest, such as bud dormancy regulation and drought stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefania Pilati,
| | - Giorgia Bagagli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Laura Simoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin Y, Tan L, Zhao L, Sun X, Sun C. RLS3, a protein with AAA+ domain localized in chloroplast, sustains leaf longevity in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:971-982. [PMID: 27357911 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence plays an important role in crop developmental processes that dramatically affect crop yield and grain quality. The genetic regulation of leaf senescence is complex, involving many metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we identified a rapid leaf senescence 3 (rls3) mutant that displayed accelerated leaf senescence, shorter plant height and panicle length, and lower seed set rate than the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that RLS3 encodes a protein with AAA+ domain, localizing it to chloroplasts. Sequence analysis found that the rls3 gene had a single-nucleotide substitution (G→A) at the splice site of the 10th intron/11th exon, resulting in the cleavage of the first nucleotide in 11th exon and premature termination of RLS3 protein translation. Using transmission electron microscope, the chloroplasts of the rls3 mutant were observed to degrade much faster than those of the wild type. The investigation of the leaf senescence process under dark incubation conditions further revealed that the rls3 mutant displayed rapid leaf senescence. Thus, the RLS3 gene plays key roles in sustaining the normal growth of rice, while loss of function in RLS3 leads to rapid leaf senescence. The identification of RLS3 will be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms involved in leaf senescence in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lubin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou Y, Huang W, Liu L, Chen T, Zhou F, Lin Y. Identification and functional characterization of a rice NAC gene involved in the regulation of leaf senescence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:132. [PMID: 24028154 PMCID: PMC3847160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the final stage of leaf development, leaf senescence may cause the decline of photosynthesis and gradual reduction of carbon assimilation, which makes it a possible limiting factor for crop yield. NACs are plant-specific transcription factors and some NACs have been confirmed to play important roles in regulating leaf senescence. RESULTS In this study, we reported a member of the NAC transcription factor family named OsNAP whose expression is associated with leaf senescence, and investigated its preliminary function during the process of leaf senescence. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the OsNAP transcripts were accumulated gradually in response to leaf senescence and treatment with methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA). A subcellular localization assay indicated that OsNAP is a nuclear-localized protein. Yeast one-hybrid experiments indicated that OsNAP can bind the NAC recognition site (NACRS)-like sequence. OsNAP-overexpressing transgenic plants displayed an accelerated leaf senescence phenotype at the grain-filling stage, which might be caused by the elevated JA levels and the increased expression of the JA biosynthesis-related genes LOX2 and AOC1, and showed enhanced tolerance ability to MeJA treatment at the seedling stage. Nevertheless, the leaf senescence process was delayed in OsNAP RNAi transgenic plants with a dramatic drop in JA levels and with decreased expression levels of the JA biosynthesis-related genes AOS2, AOC1 and OPR7. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that OsNAP acts as a positive regulator of leaf senescence and this regulation may occur via the JA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Liu
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Mail Stop 5, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780, USA
| | - Taiyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Q, Yu Q, Wang Z, Pan Y, Lv W, Zhu L, Chen R, He G. Knockdown of GDCH gene reveals reactive oxygen species-induced leaf senescence in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1476-89. [PMID: 23421602 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) is a multi-protein complex, comprising P-, H-, T- and L-protein subunits, which plays a major role in photorespiration in plants. While structural analysis has demonstrated that the H subunit of GDC (GDCH) plays a pivotal role in GDC, research on the role of GDCH in biological processes in plants is seldom reported. Here, the function of GDCH, stresses resulting from GDCH-knockdown and the interactions of these stresses with other cellular processes were studied in rice plants. Under high CO(2), the OsGDCH RNA interference (OsGDCH-RNAi) plants grew normally, but under ambient CO(2), severely suppressed OsGDCH-RNAi plants (SSPs) were non-viable, which displayed a photorespiration-deficient phenotype. Under ambient CO(2), chlorophyll loss, protein degradation, lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis decline occurred in SSPs. Electron microscopy studies showed that chloroplast breakdown and autophagy took place in these plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including O2(-) and H(2)O(2), accumulated and the antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in the leaves of SSPs under ambient CO(2). The expression of transcription factors and senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which was up-regulated in SSPs after transfer to ambient CO(2), was enhanced in wild-type plants treated with H(2)O(2). Evidences demonstrate ROS induce senescence in SSPs, and transcription factors OsWRKY72 may mediate the ROS-induced senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sui XL, Meng FZ, Wang HY, Wei YX, Li RF, Wang ZY, Hu LP, Wang SH, Zhang ZX. Molecular cloning, characteristics and low temperature response of raffinose synthase gene in Cucumis sativus L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1883-91. [PMID: 22985990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose synthase (RS, EC2.4.1.82) is one of the key enzymes that channels sucrose into the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthetic pathway. However, the gene encoding RS is poorly characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is a typical RFOs-translocating plant species. Here we isolated the gene encoding RS (CsRS) from the leaves of cucumber plants. The complete cDNA of CsRS consisted of 2552 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 784 amino acid residues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNA hybridization analysis revealed that expression of CsRS was the highest in leaves followed by roots, fruits, and stems. The RS activity was up-regulated and the raffinose content was high in the leaves of transgenic tobacco with over-expression of CsRS, while both the RS activity and the raffinose content decreased in the transgenic cucumber plants with anti-sense expression of CsRS. The expression of CsRS could be induced by low temperature and exogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). In cucumber growing under low temperature stress, CsRS expression, RS activity and raffinose content increased gradually in the leaves, the fruits, the stems and the roots. The most notable increase was observed in the leaves. Similarly, the expression of CsRS was induced in cucumber leaves and fruits with 200 μM and 150 μM ABA treatments, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-lei Sui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhou ML, Zhang Q, Zhou M, Sun ZM, Zhu XM, Shao JR, Tang YX, Wu YM. Genome-wide identification of genes involved in raffinose metabolism in Maize. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1775-85. [PMID: 22879458 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), such as raffinose and stachyose, are synthesized by a set of distinct galactosyltransferases, which sequentially add galactose units to sucrose. The accumulation of RFOs in plant cells are closely associated with the responses to environmental factors, such as cold, heat and drought stresses. Systematic analysis of genes involved in the raffinose metabolism has not been reported to date. Searching the recently available working draft of the maize genome, six kinds of enzyme genes were speculated, which should encode all the enzymes involved in the raffinose metabolism in maize. Expression patterns of some related putative genes were analyzed. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships among the deduced maize proteins and their homologs isolated from other plant species were revealed. It was discovered that some of the key enzymes, such as galactinol synthase (ZmGolS5, ZmGolS45 and ZmGolS37), raffinose synthase (ZmRS1, ZmRS2, ZmRS3 and ZmRS10), stachyose synthase (ZmRS8) and β-fructofuranosidase, are encoded by multiple gene members with different expression patterns. These results reveal the complexity of the raffinose metabolism and the existence of metabolic channels for diverse RFOs in maize and provide useful information for improving maize stress tolerance through genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Liang Zhou
- School of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lembke CG, Nishiyama MY, Sato PM, de Andrade RF, Souza GM. Identification of sense and antisense transcripts regulated by drought in sugarcane. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:461-77. [PMID: 22610347 PMCID: PMC3369129 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane is an important sugar and energy crop that can be used efficiently for biofuels production. The development of sugarcane cultivars tolerant to drought could allow for the expansion of plantations to sub-prime regions. Knowledge on the mechanisms underlying drought responses and its relationship with carbon partition would greatly help to define routes to increase yield. In this work we studied sugarcane responses to drought using a custom designed oligonucleotide array with 21,901 different probes. The oligoarrays were designed to contain probes that detect transcription in both sense and antisense orientation. We validated the results obtained using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). A total of 987 genes were differentially expressed in at least one sample of sugarcane plants submitted to drought for 24, 72 and 120 h. Among them, 928 were sense transcripts and 59 were antisense transcripts. Genes related to Carbohydrate Metabolism, RNA Metabolism and Signal Transduction were selected for gene expression validation by qPCR that indicated a validation percentage of 90%. From the probes presented on the array, 75% of the sense probes and 11.9% of the antisense probes have signal above background and can be classified as expressed sequences. Our custom sugarcane oligonucleotide array provides sensitivity and good coverage of sugarcane transcripts for the identification of a representative proportion of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) and sense-antisense transcript pairs (SATs). The antisense transcriptome showed, in most cases, co-expression with respective sense transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gimiliani Lembke
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Paloma Mieko Sato
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fandiño de Andrade
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Glaucia Mendes Souza
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rampino P, Pataleo S, Falco V, Mita G, Perrotta C. Identification of candidate genes associated with senescence in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) using cDNA-AFLP. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5219-29. [PMID: 21197602 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is an integrated response of plants to various internal (developmental) and external (environmental) signals. It is a highly regulated process leading eventually to the death of cells, single organs such as leaves, or even whole plants. In cereals, which are monocarpic plants, senescence represents the final stage of development. In order to study senescence in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), a cDNA-AFLP analysis was performed. The transcription profiles of plants at different developmental stages (flowering and senescent) were compared. About 2000 cDNA fragments, ranging in size from 160 to 1900 bp, were reproducibly detected. This allowed the identification of 57 differentially expressed cDNAs corresponding to genes belonging to different functional categories related to cellular metabolism, transcription, maintenance of DNA structure, transport and signal transduction. This paper reports the identification of novel durum wheat candidate genes involved in the senescence process, and provides new information about the senescence programme of this important crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Rampino
- Di.S.Te.B.A. Università del Salento, via prov.le Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mohapatra PK, Patro L, Raval MK, Ramaswamy NK, Biswal UC, Biswal B. Senescence-induced loss in photosynthesis enhances cell wall beta-glucosidase activity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:346-55. [PMID: 20028477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A link between senescence-induced decline in photosynthesis and activity of beta-glucosidase is examined in the leaves of Arabidopsis. The enzyme is purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 58 kDa. It shows maximum activity at pH 5.5 and at temperature of 50 degrees C. Photosynthetic measurements and activity of the enzyme are conducted at different developmental stages including senescence of leaves. Senescence causes a significant loss in total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, rate of evaporation and in the ability of the leaves for carbon dioxide fixation. The process also brings about a decline in oxygen evolution, quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) and quantum efficiency of PS II photochemistry of thylakoid membrane. The loss in photosynthesis is accompanied by a significant increase in the activity of the cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase that breaks down polysaccharides to soluble sugars. The loss in photosynthesis as a signal for the enhancement in the activity of the enzyme is confirmed from the observation that incubation of excised mature leaves in continuous dark or in light with a photosynthesis inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) that leads to sugar starvation enhances the activity of the enzyme. The work suggests that in the background of photosynthetic decline, the polysaccharides bound to cell wall that remains intact even during late phase of senescence may be the last target of senescing leaves for a possible source of sugar for remobilization and completion of the energy-dependent senescence program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Kishor Mohapatra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar 768019, Orissa, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee RH, Hsu JH, Huang HJ, Lo SF, Grace Chen SC. Alkaline alpha-galactosidase degrades thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast during leaf senescence in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:596-606. [PMID: 19703114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we studied the functional role of a chloroplast alkaline alpha-galactosidase (OsAkalphaGal) in the breakdown of thylakoid membranes during rice (Oryza sativa) leaf senescence. We assayed the enzyme activity of recombinant OsAkalphaGal with different natural substrates and examined the effect of ectopic OsAkalphaGal expression in rice plants. Recombinant OsAkalphaGal showed at least a two-fold greater substrate-binding affinity and a 10-fold greater turnover rate to galactolipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol than the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (verbascose, stachyose, raffinose) and melibiose. The OsAkalphaGal null mutant (osakalphagal) displayed a delayed leaf senescence phenotype. OsAkalphaGal complementation in osakalphagal recovered OsAkalphaGal expression and showed a senescence phenotype similar to that of wild-type plants. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsAkalphaGal (UbiP-OsAkalphaGal) exhibited retarded plant growth and development, and showed a pale-green phenotype coupled with a reduced chlorophyll content to 42% in newly unfolded leaves. UbiP-OsAkalphaGal leaves also showed a 29-fold increase in alkaline alpha-galactosidase activity compared with wild-type leaves. An ultrastructural study of Ubi-OsAkalphaGal chloroplasts in newly unfolded leaves revealed abnormal grana organization. Our findings strongly suggest that OsAkalphaGal is a thylakoid membrane-degrading enzyme involved in the degradation of digalactosyl diacylglycerol during rice leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hua Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Biodiversity, National Cheng-Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 700, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Biodiversity, National Cheng-Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 700, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Lo
- Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, TARI, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Grace Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fialho LDS, Guimarães VM, Callegari CM, Reis AP, Barbosa DS, Borges EEDL, Moreira MA, de Rezende ST. Characterization and biotechnological application of an acid alpha-galactosidase from Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2579-2585. [PMID: 18834998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds were found to contain protein (364 mg g(-1)dwt), lipids (24 mg g(-1)dwt), ash (35 mg g(-1)dwt), and carbohydrates (577 mg g(-1)dwt). Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose concentrations were 8.3, 3.0, and 11.6 mg g(-1)dwt, respectively. alpha-Galactosidase activity increased during seed germination and reached a maximum level at 108 h after seed imbibition. The alpha-galactosidase purified from germinating seeds had an M(r) of 38,000 and maximal activity at pH 5.0-5.5 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C, but lost 79% of its activity after 30 min at 50 degrees C. The activation energy (E(a)) values for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (pNPGal) and raffinose were 13.86 and 4.75 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The K(m) values for pNPGal, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were 0.45, 5.37, 39.62 and 48.80 mM, respectively. The enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by HgCl(2), SDS, AgNO(3), CuSO(4), and melibiose. d-Galactose was a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=2.74 mM). In addition to its ability to hydrolyze raffinose and stachyose, the enzyme also hydrolyzed galactomannan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lílian da Silva Fialho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Minic Z. Physiological roles of plant glycoside hydrolases. PLANTA 2008; 227:723-40. [PMID: 18046575 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The functions of plant glycoside hydrolases and transglycosidases have been studied using different biochemical and molecular genetic approaches. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of various carbohydrates containing compounds present in the plant tissues. The structural and functional diversity of the carbohydrates implies a vast spectrum of enzymes involved in their metabolism. Complete genome sequence of Arabidopsis and rice has allowed the classification of glycoside hydrolases in different families based on amino acid sequence data. The genomes of these plants contain 29 families of glycoside hydrolases. This review summarizes the current research on plant glycoside hydrolases concerning their principal functional roles, which were attributed to different families. The majority of these plant glycoside hydrolases are involved in cell wall polysaccharide metabolism. Other functions include their participation in the biosynthesis and remodulation of glycans, mobilization of energy, defence, symbiosis, signalling, secondary plant metabolism and metabolism of glycolipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N 5C9 Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li S, Li T, Kim WD, Kitaoka M, Yoshida S, Nakajima M, Kobayashi H. Characterization of raffinose synthase from rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare). Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:635-40. [PMID: 17206375 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The putative raffinose synthase gene from rice was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme displayed an optimum activity at 45 degrees C and pH 7.0, and a sulfhydryl group was required for its activity. The enzyme was specific for galactinol and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside as galactosyl donors, and sucrose, lactose, 4-beta-galactobiose, N-acetyl-D-lactosamine, trehalose and lacto-N-biose were recognized as galactosyl acceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Li
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hopkins M, Taylor C, Liu Z, Ma F, McNamara L, Wang TW, Thompson JE. Regulation and execution of molecular disassembly and catabolism during senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:201-214. [PMID: 17587370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a highly orchestrated developmental stage in the life cycle of plants. The onset of senescence is tightly controlled by signaling cascades that initiate changes in gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins. This complement of new proteins includes hydrolytic enzymes capable of executing catabolism of macromolecules, which in turn sets in motion disassembly of membrane molecular matrices, leading to loss of cell function and, ultimately, complete breakdown of cellular ultrastructure. A distinguishing feature of senescence that sets it apart from other types of programmed cell death is the recovery of carbon and nitrogen from the dying tissue and their translocation to growing parts of the plant such as developing seeds. For this to be accomplished, the initiation of senescence and its execution have to be meticulously regulated. For example, the initiation of membrane disassembly has to be intricately linked with the recruitment of nutrients because their ensuing translocation out of the senescing tissue requires functional membranes. Molecular mechanisms underlying this linkage and its integration with the catabolism of macromolecules in senescing tissues are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hopkins
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Catherine Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Zhongda Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Fengshan Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Linda McNamara
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Tzann-Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| | - John E Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT Canada N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kong Z, Li M, Yang W, Xu W, Xue Y. A novel nuclear-localized CCCH-type zinc finger protein, OsDOS, is involved in delaying leaf senescence in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1376-88. [PMID: 16778011 PMCID: PMC1533915 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.082941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmentally programmed degeneration process, which is fine tuned by a complex regulatory network for plant fitness. However, molecular regulation of leaf senescence is poorly understood, especially in rice (Oryza sativa), an important staple crop for more than half of the world population. Here, we report a novel nuclear-localized CCCH-type zinc finger protein, Oryza sativa delay of the onset of senescence (OsDOS), involved in delaying leaf senescence in rice. The expression of OsDOS was down-regulated during natural leaf senescence, panicle development, and pollination, although its transcripts were accumulated in various organs. RNAi knockdown of OsDOS caused an accelerated age-dependent leaf senescence, whereas its overexpression produced a marked delay of leaf senescence, suggesting that it acts as a negative regulator for leaf senescence. A genome-wide expression analysis further confirmed its negative regulation for leaf senescence and revealed that, in particular, the jasmonate (JA) pathway was found to be hyperactive in the OsDOS RNAi transgenic lines but impaired in the OsDOS overexpressing transgenic lines, indicating that this pathway is likely involved in the OsDOS-mediated delaying of leaf senescence. Furthermore, methyl JA treatments of both seeds and detached leaves from the RNAi and the overexpressing transgenic lines showed hyper- and hyporesponses, respectively, consistent with the negative regulation of the JA pathway by OsDOS. Together, these results indicate that OsDOS is a novel nuclear protein that delays leaf senescence likely, at least in part, by integrating developmental cues to the JA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosheng Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brouns SJJ, Smits N, Wu H, Snijders APL, Wright PC, de Vos WM, van der Oost J. Identification of a novel alpha-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2392-9. [PMID: 16547025 PMCID: PMC1428385 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2392-2399.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfolobus solfataricus is an aerobic crenarchaeon that thrives in acidic volcanic pools. In this study, we have purified and characterized a thermostable alpha-galactosidase from cell extracts of S. solfataricus P2 grown on the trisaccharide raffinose. The enzyme, designated GalS, is highly specific for alpha-linked galactosides, which are optimally hydrolyzed at pH 5 and 90 degrees C. The protein consists of 74.7-kDa subunits and has been identified as the gene product of open reading frame Sso3127. Its primary sequence is most related to plant enzymes of glycoside hydrolase family 36, which are involved in the synthesis and degradation of raffinose and stachyose. Both the galS gene from S. solfataricus P2 and an orthologous gene from Sulfolobus tokodaii have been cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and their activity was confirmed. At present, these Sulfolobus enzymes not only constitute a distinct type of thermostable alpha-galactosidases within glycoside hydrolase clan D but also represent the first members from the Archaea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stan J J Brouns
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a type of postmitotic senescence. The onset and progression of leaf senescence are controlled by an array of external and internal factors including age, levels of plant hormones/growth regulators, and reproductive growth. Many environmental stresses and biological insults such as extreme temperature, drought, nutrient deficiency, insufficient light/shadow/darkness, and pathogen infection can induce senescence. Perception of signals often leads to changes in gene expression, and the upregulation of thousands of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) causes the senescence syndrome: decline in photosynthesis, degradation of macromolecules, mobilization of nutrients, and ultimate cell death. Identification and analysis of SAGs, especially genome-scale investigations on gene expression during leaf senescence, make it possible to decipher the molecular mechanisms of signal perception, execution, and regulation of the leaf senescence process. Biochemical and metabolic changes during senescence have been elucidated, and potential components in signal transduction such as receptor-like kinases and MAP kinase cascade have been identified. Studies on some master regulators such as WRKY transcription factors and the senescence-responsive cis element of the senescence-specific SAG12 have shed some light on transcriptional regulation of leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Cornell Genomics Initiative and Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5904, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|