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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Woudenberg S, Renema J, Tomescu AMF, De Rybel B, Weijers D. Deep origin and gradual evolution of transporting tissues: Perspectives from across the land plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:85-99. [PMID: 35904762 PMCID: PMC9434249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of transporting tissues was an important innovation in terrestrial plants that allowed them to adapt to almost all nonaquatic environments. These tissues consist of water-conducting cells and food-conducting cells and bridge plant-soil and plant-air interfaces over long distances. The largest group of land plants, representing about 95% of all known plant species, is associated with morphologically complex transporting tissue in plants with a range of additional traits. Therefore, this entire clade was named tracheophytes, or vascular plants. However, some nonvascular plants possess conductive tissues that closely resemble vascular tissue in their organization, structure, and function. Recent molecular studies also point to a highly conserved toolbox of molecular regulators for transporting tissues. Here, we reflect on the distinguishing features of conductive and vascular tissues and their evolutionary history. Rather than sudden emergence of complex, vascular tissues, plant transporting tissues likely evolved gradually, building on pre-existing developmental mechanisms and genetic components. Improved knowledge of the intimate structure and developmental regulation of transporting tissues across the entire taxonomic breadth of extant plant lineages, combined with more comprehensive documentation of the fossil record of transporting tissues, is required for a full understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of transporting tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University–Humboldt, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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Perera-Castro AV, González-Rodríguez ÁM, Fernández-Marín B. When time is not of the essence: constraints to the carbon balance of bryophytes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4562-4575. [PMID: 35298628 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The data available so far indicate that the photosynthetic and relative growth rates of bryophytes are 10% of those reported for tracheophytes. By examining the existing literature and reanalysing data published in over 100 studies, this review examines the ecophysiological, biochemical, and structural reasons behind this phenomenon. The limiting Rubisco content and surface for gas exchange are the internal factors that can explain the low photosynthetic and growth rates of bryophytes. The role of the thicker cell walls of bryophytes in limiting CO2 diffusion is unclear, due to the current uncertainties regarding their porosity and permeability to CO2. From this review, it is also evident that, despite bryophytes having low photosynthetic rates, their positive carbon balance is tightly related to their capacity to deal with extreme conditions. Contributing factors include their capacity to deal with large daily temperature oscillations, and their capacity to delay the cessation of photosynthesis under water deficit (or to tolerate desiccation in extreme situations). Although further studies on bryophytes are needed before more solid conclusions can be drawn, it seems that their success relies on their remarkable tolerance to a highly variable environment, possibly at the expense of their maximum photosynthetic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Águeda M González-Rodríguez
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Ponce De León I. Moss transcription factors regulating development and defense responses to stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4546-4561. [PMID: 35167679 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors control gene expression, leading to regulation of biological processes that determine plant development and adaptation to the environment. Land colonization by plants occurred 450-470 million years ago and was accompanied by an increase in the complexity of transcriptional regulation associated to transcription factor gene expansions. AP2/ERF, bHLH, MYB, NAC, GRAS, and WRKY transcription factor families increased in land plants compared with algae. In angiosperms, they play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and responses to environmental stressors. However, less information is available in bryophytes and only in a few cases is the functional role of moss transcription factors in stress mechanisms known. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the transcription factor families involved in development and defense responses to stress in mosses and other bryophytes. By exploring and analysing the Physcomitrium patens public database and published transcriptional profiles, we show that a high number of AP2/ERF, bHLH, MYB, NAC, GRAS, and WRKY genes are differentially expressed in response to abiotic stresses and during biotic interactions. Expression profiles together with a comprehensive analysis provide insights into relevant transcription factors involved in moss defenses, and hint at distinct and conserved biological roles between bryophytes and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Fujita T, Nogué F, Rensing SA, Takezawa D, Vidali L. Molecular biology of mosses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:209-211. [PMID: 34843031 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Fujita
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St Cyr, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Takezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
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Pšenička J, Bek J, Frýda J, Žárský V, Uhlířová M, Štorch P. Dynamics of Silurian Plants as Response to Climate Changes. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:906. [PMID: 34575055 PMCID: PMC8470493 DOI: 10.3390/life11090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most ancient macroscopic plants fossils are Early Silurian cooksonioid sporophytes from the volcanic islands of the peri-Gondwanan palaeoregion (the Barrandian area, Prague Basin, Czech Republic). However, available palynological, phylogenetic and geological evidence indicates that the history of plant terrestrialization is much longer and it is recently accepted that land floras, producing different types of spores, already were established in the Ordovician Period. Here we attempt to correlate Silurian floral development with environmental dynamics based on our data from the Prague Basin, but also to compile known data on a global scale. Spore-assemblage analysis clearly indicates a significant and almost exponential expansion of trilete-spore producing plants starting during the Wenlock Epoch, while cryptospore-producers, which dominated until the Telychian Age, were evolutionarily stagnate. Interestingly cryptospore vs. trilete-spore producers seem to react differentially to Silurian glaciations-trilete-spore producing plants react more sensitively to glacial cooling, showing a reduction in species numbers. Both our own and compiled data indicate highly terrestrialized, advanced Silurian land-plant assemblage/flora types with obviously great ability to resist different dry-land stress conditions. As previously suggested some authors, they seem to evolve on different palaeo continents into quite disjunct specific plant assemblages, certainly reflecting the different geological, geographical and climatic conditions to which they were subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Pšenička
- Centre of Palaeobiodiversity, West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Kopeckého sady 2, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Bek
- Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Palaeoecology, Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.Ž.); (P.Š.)
| | - Jiří Frýda
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3/131, 118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Palaeoecology, Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.Ž.); (P.Š.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Uhlířová
- Centre of Palaeobiodiversity, West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Kopeckého sady 2, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štorch
- Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Palaeoecology, Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.Ž.); (P.Š.)
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