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Cereijo AE, Ferretti MV, Iglesias AA, Álvarez HM, Asencion Diez MD. Study of two glycosyltransferases related to polysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Biol Chem 2024; 405:325-340. [PMID: 38487862 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Rhodococcus comprises organisms performing oleaginous behaviors under certain growth conditions and ratios of carbon and nitrogen availability. Rhodococci are outstanding producers of biofuel precursors, where lipid and glycogen metabolisms are closely related. Thus, a better understanding of rhodococcal carbon partitioning requires identifying catalytic steps redirecting sugar moieties to storage molecules. Here, we analyzed two GT4 glycosyl-transferases from Rhodococcus jostii (RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc) annotated as α-glucan-α-1,4-glucosyl transferases, putatively involved in glycogen synthesis. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc presented the "canonical" glycogen synthase activity and were actives as maltose-1P synthases, although to a different extent. Then, RjoGlgAc is a homologous enzyme to the mycobacterial GlgM, with similar kinetic behavior and glucosyl-donor preference. RjoGlgAc was two orders of magnitude more efficient to glucosylate glucose-1P than glycogen, also using glucosamine-1P as a catalytically efficient aglycon. Instead, RjoGlgAb exhibited both activities with similar kinetic efficiency and preference for short-branched α-1,4-glucans. Curiously, RjoGlgAb presented a super-oligomeric conformation (higher than 15 subunits), representing a novel enzyme with a unique structure-to-function relationship. Kinetic results presented herein constitute a hint to infer on polysaccharides biosynthesis in rhodococci from an enzymological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Estefania Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ferretti
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Alvaro Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor Manuel Álvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), 28226 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET , Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Matías Damian Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
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2
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K Raval P, MacLeod AI, Gould SB. A molecular atlas of plastid and mitochondrial proteins reveals organellar remodeling during plant evolutionary transitions from algae to angiosperms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002608. [PMID: 38713727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Algae and plants carry 2 organelles of endosymbiotic origin that have been co-evolving in their host cells for more than a billion years. The biology of plastids and mitochondria can differ significantly across major lineages and organelle changes likely accompanied the adaptation to new ecological niches such as the terrestrial habitat. Based on organelle proteome data and the genomes of 168 phototrophic (Archaeplastida) versus a broad range of 518 non-phototrophic eukaryotes, we screened for changes in plastid and mitochondrial biology across 1 billion years of evolution. Taking into account 331,571 protein families (or orthogroups), we identify 31,625 protein families that are unique to primary plastid-bearing eukaryotes. The 1,906 and 825 protein families are predicted to operate in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. Tracing the evolutionary history of these protein families through evolutionary time uncovers the significant remodeling the organelles experienced from algae to land plants. The analyses of gained orthogroups identifies molecular changes of organelle biology that connect to the diversification of major lineages and facilitated major transitions from chlorophytes en route to the global greening and origin of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth K Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander I MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Muthan B, Wang J, Welti R, Kosma DK, Yu L, Deo B, Khatiwada S, Vulavala VKR, Childs KL, Xu C, Durrett TP, Sanjaya SA. Mechanisms of Spirodela polyrhiza tolerance to FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress: Lipidomics, transcriptomics, and functional validation. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133951. [PMID: 38492385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Unlike terrestrial angiosperm plants, the freshwater aquatic angiosperm duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) grows directly in water and has distinct responses to heavy-metal stress. Plantlets accumulate metabolites, including lipids and carbohydrates, under heavy-metal stress, but how they balance metabolite levels is unclear, and the gene networks that mediate heavy-metal stress responses remain unknown. Here, we show that heavy-metal stress induced by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater reduces chlorophyll contents, inhibits growth, reduces membrane lipid biosynthesis, and stimulates membrane lipid degradation in S. polyrhiza, leading to triacylglycerol and carbohydrate accumulation. In FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, the degraded products of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, primarily polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3), were incorporated into triacylglycerols. Genes involved in early fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and lipid degradation were upregulated while genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis were downregulated by treatment. The transcription factor gene WRINKLED3 (SpWRI3) was upregulated in FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, and its ectopic expression increased tolerance to FGD wastewater in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed enhanced glutathione and lower malondialdehyde contents under stress, suggesting that SpWRI3 functions in S. polyrhiza tolerance of FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress. These results provide a basis for improving heavy metal-stress tolerance in plants for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagyalakshmi Muthan
- Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bikash Deo
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Subhiksha Khatiwada
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sanju A Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA.
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Li Y, Jiang Y, Cao D, Dang B, Yang X, Fan S, Shen Y, Li G, Liu B. Creating a zero amylose barley with high soluble sugar content by genome editing. Plant Mol Biol 2024; 114:50. [PMID: 38656412 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Amylose biosynthesis is strictly associated with granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) encoded by the Waxy gene. Mutagenesis of single bases in the Waxy gene, which induced by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, caused absence of intact GBSSI protein in grain of the edited line. The amylose and amylopectin contents of waxy mutants were zero and 31.73%, while those in the wild type were 33.50% and 39.00%, respectively. The absence of GBSSI protein led to increase in soluble sugar content to 37.30% compared with only 10.0% in the wild type. Sucrose and β-glucan, were 39.16% and 35.40% higher in waxy mutants than in the wild type, respectively. Transcriptome analysis identified differences between the wild type and waxy mutants that could partly explain the reduction in amylose and amylopectin contents and the increase in soluble sugar, sucrose and β-glucan contents. This waxy flour, which showed lower final viscosity and setback, and higher breakdown, could provide more option for food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Qinghai academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Bin Dang
- Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Key Laboratory of Agric-Product Processing, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xijuan Yang
- Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Key Laboratory of Agric-Product Processing, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shiting Fan
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yuhu Shen
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Genying Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
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Yan F, Wei T, Yang C, Yang Y, Luo Z, Jiang Y. Combined Analysis of Untargeted Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Revealed Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment in Zelkova schneideriana. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:488. [PMID: 38674422 PMCID: PMC11050531 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz is a valuable ornamental tree and timber source, whose seedling breeding and large-scale cultivation are restricted by low seed germination and seedling rates. The regulatory mechanisms underlying seed germination and seedling establishment in Z. schneideriana remain unknown. This study conducted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of seed germination and seedling establishment in Z. schneideriana. Regular expression of genes and metabolite levels has been observed in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The reduction in abscisic acid during seed germination may lead to seed release from dormancy. After the seed is released from dormancy, the metabolic levels of auxin, cytokinins, brassinolide, and various sugars are elevated, and they are consumed in large quantities during the seedling establishment stage. Linoleic acid metabolism is gradually activated during seedling establishment. Transcriptome analysis showed that a large number of genes in different metabolic pathways are upregulated during plant establishment, and material metabolism may be accelerated during seedling establishment. Genes regulating carbohydrate metabolism are altered during seed germination and seedling establishment, which may have altered the efficiency of carbohydrate utilization. In addition, the syntheses of lignin monomers and cellulose have different characteristics at different stages. These results provide new insights into the complex mechanisms underlying seed germination and seedling establishment in Z. schneideriana and other woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Yan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tangmei Wei
- Xingyi Forestry Bureau, Qianxinan Prefecture Guizhou, Guiyang 562400, China;
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Yanbing Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Zaiqi Luo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yunli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
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6
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Kaur J, Manchanda P, Kaur H, Kumar P, Kalia A, Sharma SP, Taggar MS. In-Silico Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in Resistant Starch Biosynthesis in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01121-w. [PMID: 38509332 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important horticultural crop is a member of the family Solanaceae and is mainly grown for consumption at global level. Starch, the principal component of tubers, is one of the significant elements for food and non-food-based applications. The genes associated with biosynthesis of starch have been investigated extensively over the last few decades. However, a complete regulation pathway of constituent of amylose and amylopectin are still not deeply explored. The current in-silico study of genes related to amylose and amylopectin synthesis and their genomic organization in potato is still lacking. In the current study, the nucleotide and amino acid arrangement in genome and twenty-two genes linked to starch biosynthesis pathway in potato were analysed. The genomic structure analysis was also performed to find out the structural pattern and phylogenetic relationship of genes. The genome mining and structure analysis identified ten specific motifs and phylogenetic analysis of starch biosynthesis genes divided them into three different clades on the basis of their functioning and phylogeny. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of amylose biosynthesis pathway genes in three contrast genotypes revealed the down-gene expression that leads to identify potential cultivar for functional genomic approaches. These potential lines may help to achieve higher content of resistant starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Pooja Manchanda
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Harleen Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Adesh Medical College & Hospital, Mohri, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136135, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Sat Pal Sharma
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Monica Sachdeva Taggar
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Lamm CE, Rabbi IY, Medeiros DB, Rosado-Souza L, Pommerrenig B, Dahmani I, Rüscher D, Hofmann J, van Doorn AM, Schlereth A, Neuhaus HE, Fernie AR, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Efficient sugar utilization and transition from oxidative to substrate-level phosphorylation in high starch storage roots of African cassava genotypes. Plant J 2023; 116:38-57. [PMID: 37329210 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cassava's storage roots represent one of the most important sources of nutritional carbohydrates worldwide. Particularly, smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on this crop plant, where resilient and yield-improved varieties are of vital importance to support steadily increasing populations. Aided by a growing understanding of the plant's metabolism and physiology, targeted improvement concepts already led to visible gains in recent years. To expand our knowledge and to contribute to these successes, we investigated storage roots of eight cassava genotypes with differential dry matter content from three successive field trials for their proteomic and metabolic profiles. At large, the metabolic focus in storage roots transitioned from cellular growth processes toward carbohydrate and nitrogen storage with increasing dry matter content. This is reflected in higher abundance of proteins related to nucleotide synthesis, protein turnover, and vacuolar energization in low starch genotypes, while proteins involved in sugar conversion and glycolysis were more prevalent in high dry matter genotypes. This shift in metabolic orientation was underlined by a clear transition from oxidative- to substrate-level phosphorylation in high dry matter genotypes. Our analyses highlight metabolic patterns that are consistently and quantitatively associated with high dry matter accumulation in cassava storage roots, providing fundamental understanding of cassava's metabolism as well as a data resource for targeted genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Lamm
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ismail Y Rabbi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Ismail Dahmani
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - David Rüscher
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna M van Doorn
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Patel HP, Martinez‐Ramirez G, Dobrzynski E, Iglesias AA, Liu D, Ballicora MA. A critical inter-subunit interaction for the transmission of the allosteric signal in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4747. [PMID: 37551561 PMCID: PMC10461462 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a key regulatory enzyme involved in starch and glycogen synthesis in plants and bacteria, respectively. It has been hypothesized that inter-subunit communications are important for the allosteric effect in this enzyme. However, no specific interactions have been identified as part of the regulatory signal. The enzyme from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a homotetramer allosterically regulated by fructose 6-phosphate and pyruvate. Three pairs of distinct subunit-subunit interfaces are present. Here we focus on an interface that features two symmetrical interactions between Arg11 and Asp141 from one subunit with residues Asp141 and Arg11 of the neighbor subunit, respectively. Previously, scanning mutagenesis showed that a mutation at the Arg11 position disrupted the activation of the enzyme. Considering the distance of these residues from the allosteric and catalytic sites, we hypothesized that the interaction between Arg11 and Asp141 is critical for allosteric signaling rather than effector binding. To prove our hypothesis, we mutated those two sites (D141A, D141E, D141N, D141R, R11D, and R11K) and performed kinetic and binding analysis. Mutations that altered the charge affected the regulation the most. To prove that the interaction per se (rather than the presence of specific residues) is critical, we partially rescued the R11D protein by introducing a second mutation (R11D/D141R). This could not restore the activator effect on kcat , but it did rescue the effect on substrate affinity. Our results indicate the critical functional role of Arg11 and Asp141 to relay the allosteric signal in this subunit interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral P. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Emily Dobrzynski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Miguel A. Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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9
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Fan W, Wang Y, Zhang L, Fang Y, Yan M, Yuan L, Yang J, Wang H. Sweet potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit affects vegetative growth, starch content and storage root yield. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 200:107796. [PMID: 37269824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of storage roots is a key factor determining the yields of crop plants, including sweet potato. Here, using combined bioinformatic and genomic approaches, we identified a sweet potato yield-related gene, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) small subunit (IbAPS). We found that IbAPS positively affects AGP activity, transitory starch biosynthesis, leaf development, chlorophyll metabolism, and photosynthesis, ultimately affecting the source strength. IbAPS overexpression in sweet potato led to increased vegetative biomass and storage root yield. RNAi of IbAPS resulted in reduced vegetative biomass, accompanied with a slender stature and stunted root development. In addition to the effects on root starch metabolism, we found that IbAPS affects other storage root development-associated events, including lignification, cell expansion, transcriptional regulation, and production of the storage protein sporamins. A combinatorial analysis based on transcriptomes, as well as morphological and physiological data, revealed that IbAPS affects several pathways that determine development of vegetative tissues and storage roots. Our work establishes an important role of IbAPS in concurrent control of carbohydrate metabolism, plant growth, and storage root yield. We showed that upregulation of IbAPS results in superior sweet potato with increased green biomass, starch content, and storage root yield. The findings expand our understanding of the functions of AGP enzymes and advances our ability to increase the yield of sweet potato and, perhaps, other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Yijie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Mengxiao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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10
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Kang X, Gao W, Cui B, El-Aty AMA. Structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124315. [PMID: 37023877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm. Sorghum is an important cereal crop that is well suited to grow in regions with high temperatures and limited water resources due to its C4 metabolism. The endosperm of sorghum kernels is a rich source of starch, which is composed of two main components: amylose and amylopectin. The synthesis of starch in sorghum endosperm involves multiple enzymatic reactions, which are regulated by complex genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has identified several genes involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in sorghum endosperm. In addition, the structure and properties of sorghum starch can also be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, water availability, and soil nutrients. A better understanding of the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm can have important implications for the development of sorghum-based products with improved quality and nutritional value. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm and highlights the potential for future research to further improve our understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Matsushima R, Hisano H, Galis I, Miura S, Crofts N, Takenaka Y, Oitome NF, Ishimizu T, Fujita N, Sato K. FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 mutations enhance the sugary phenotype caused by the loss of ISOAMYLASE1 in barley. Theor Appl Genet 2023; 136:94. [PMID: 37010621 PMCID: PMC10070237 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley double mutants in two genes involved in starch granule morphology, HvFLO6 and HvISA1, had impaired starch accumulation and higher grain sugar levels than either single mutant. Starch is a biologically and commercially important glucose polymer synthesized by plants as semicrystalline starch granules (SGs). Because SG morphology affects starch properties, mutants with altered SG morphology may be useful in breeding crops with desirable starch properties, including potentially novel properties. In this study, we employed a simple screen for mutants with altered SG morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We isolated mutants that formed compound SGs together with the normal simple SGs in the endosperm and found that they were allelic mutants of the starch biosynthesis genes ISOAMYLASE1 (HvISA1) and FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 (HvFLO6), encoding starch debranching enzyme and CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE 48-containing protein, respectively. We generated the hvflo6 hvisa1 double mutant and showed that it had significantly reduced starch biosynthesis and developed shrunken grains. In contrast to starch, soluble α-glucan, phytoglycogen, and sugars accumulated to higher levels in the double mutant than in the single mutants. In addition, the double mutants showed defects in SG morphology in the endosperm and in the pollen. This novel genetic interaction suggests that hvflo6 acts as an enhancer of the sugary phenotype caused by hvisa1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
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12
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Castro JC, Castro CG, Cobos M. Genetic and biochemical strategies for regulation of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in plants through the L-galactose pathway. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1099829. [PMID: 37021310 PMCID: PMC10069634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is an essential compound with pleiotropic functions in many organisms. Since its isolation in the last century, AsA has attracted the attention of the scientific community, allowing the discovery of the L-galactose pathway, which is the main pathway for AsA biosynthesis in plants. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyze the genetic and biochemical strategies employed by plant cells for regulating AsA biosynthesis through the L-galactose pathway. In this pathway, participates eight enzymes encoded by the genes PMI, PMM, GMP, GME, GGP, GPP, GDH, and GLDH. All these genes and their encoded enzymes have been well characterized, demonstrating their participation in AsA biosynthesis. Also, have described some genetic and biochemical strategies that allow its regulation. The genetic strategy includes regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In the first one, it was demonstrated that the expression levels of the genes correlate directly with AsA content in the tissues/organs of the plants. Also, it was proved that these genes are light-induced because they have light-responsive promoter motifs (e.g., ATC, I-box, GT1 motif, etc.). In addition, were identified some transcription factors that function as activators (e.g., SlICE1, AtERF98, SlHZ24, etc.) or inactivators (e.g., SlL1L4, ABI4, SlNYYA10) regulate the transcription of these genes. In the second one, it was proved that some genes have alternative splicing events and could be a mechanism to control AsA biosynthesis. Also, it was demonstrated that a conserved cis-acting upstream open reading frame (5'-uORF) located in the 5'-untranslated region of the GGP gene induces its post-transcriptional repression. Among the biochemical strategies discovered is the control of the enzyme levels (usually by decreasing their quantities), control of the enzyme catalytic activity (by increasing or decreasing its activity), feedback inhibition of some enzymes (GME and GGP), subcellular compartmentation of AsA, the metabolon assembly of the enzymes, and control of AsA biosynthesis by electron flow. Together, the construction of this basic knowledge has been establishing the foundations for generating genetically improved varieties of fruits and vegetables enriched with AsA, commonly used in animal and human feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Castro
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología (DACBB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Carlos G. Castro
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Marianela Cobos
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología (DACBB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
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13
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Chen L, Du M, Wang L, Yu W, Chen Y, Cheng B, Wu J. Maize STARCH SYNTHESIS REGULATING PROTEIN1 positively regulates starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Funct Plant Biol 2022; 49:773-783. [PMID: 35491402 DOI: 10.1071/fp21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a major component of the endosperm, directly determining grain yield and quality. Although the key enzymes of starch synthesis have been identified and characterised, the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identified the novel maize STARCH SYNTHESIS REGULATING PROTEIN1 (ZmSSRP1 ), which encodes a typical carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) protein. Expression analysis revealed that ZmSSRP1 was highly expressed in the maize endosperm, while transient expression in maize leaf protoplasts showed localisation in the plastids, dependent on the N-terminal transit peptide. In addition, overexpression of ZmSSRP1 in rice resulted in a decrease in grain thickness and the 1000-grain weight, as well as affecting the starch content and structure of the rice endosperm. The physicochemical properties of starch in the rice endosperm were also altered compared with the wild-type seeds. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was subsequently performed to determine the expression of starch synthesis-related genes, revealing upregulation of mRNA expression of most genes in the transgenic compared with wild-type lines. Collectively, these findings suggest that ZmSSRP1 acts as a potential regulator of starch synthesis, providing new insight for molecular breeding of high-yielding high-quality maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China; and Shanghai Zhongke Quanyin Molecular Breeding Technology, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yirong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jiandong Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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14
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Alghamdi MA, Hussien RA, Zheng Y, Patel HP, Asencion Diez MD, A Iglesias A, Liu D, Ballicora MA. Site-directed mutagenesis of Serine-72 reveals the location of the fructose 6-phosphate regulatory site of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4376. [PMID: 35762722 PMCID: PMC9234290 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is critical for the biosynthesis of glycogen in bacteria and starch in plants. The enzyme from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is activated by fructose 6-phosphate (Fru6P) and pyruvate (Pyr). The Pyr site has been recently found, but the site where Fru6P binds has remained unknown. We hypothesize that a sulfate ion previously found in the crystal structure reveals a part of the regulatory site mimicking the presence of the phosphoryl moiety of the activator Fru6P. Ser72 interacts with this sulfate ion and, if the hypothesis is correct, Ser72 would affect the interaction with Fru6P and activation of the enzyme. Here, we report structural, binding, and kinetic analysis of Ser72 mutants of the A. tumefaciens ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. By X-ray crystallography, we found that when Ser72 was replaced by Asp or Glu side chain carboxylates protruded into the sulfate-binding pocket. They would present a strong steric and electrostatic hindrance to the phosphoryl moiety of Fru6P, while being remote from the Pyr site. In agreement, we found that Fru6P could not activate or bind to S72E or S72D mutants, whereas Pyr was still an effective activator. These mutants also blocked the binding of the inhibitor AMP. This could potentially have biotechnological importance in obtaining enzyme forms insensitive to inhibition. Other mutations in this position (Ala, Cys, and Trp) confirmed the importance of Ser72 in regulation. We propose that the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from A. tumefaciens have two distinct sites for Fru6P and Pyr working in tandem to regulate glycogen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael A Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania A Hussien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Chemistry, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanzhang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hiral P Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), FBCB Paraje "El Pozo", CCT-Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), FBCB Paraje "El Pozo", CCT-Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Kleczkowski LA, Decker D. Effects of Magnesium, Pyrophosphate and Phosphonates on Pyrophosphorolytic Reaction of UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase. Plants 2022; 11:1611. [PMID: 35736762 PMCID: PMC9230926 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) carries a freely reversible reaction, using glucose-1-P and UTP to produce UDP-glucose (UDPG) and pyrophosphate (PPi), with UDPG being essential for glycosylation reactions in all organisms including, e.g., synthesis of sucrose, cellulose and glycoproteins. In the present study, we found that free magnesium (Mg2+) had profound effects on the reverse reaction of purified barley UGPase, and was absolutely required for its activity, with an apparent Km of 0.13 mM. More detailed analyses with varied concentrations of MgPPi allowed us to conclude that it is the MgPPi complex which serves as true substrate for UGPase in its reverse reaction, with an apparent Km of 0.06 mM. Free PPi was an inhibitor in this reaction. Given the key role of PPi in the UGPase reaction, we have also tested possible effects of phosphonates, which are analogs of PPi and phosphate (Pi). Clodronate and etidronate (PPi analogs) had little or no effect on UGPase activity, whereas fosetyl-Al (Pi analog), a known fungicide, acted as effective near-competitive inhibitor versus PPi, with Ki of 0.15 mM. The data are discussed with respect to the role of magnesium in the UGPase reaction and elucidating the use of inhibitors in studies on cellular function of UGPase and related enzymes.
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16
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Zhang C, Zhao S, Li YS, He C, Wang X, Liu L. Crystal Structures of Arabidopsis thaliana GDP-D-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE 1. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:899738. [PMID: 35677252 PMCID: PMC9168903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) catalyzes a committed step in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana VTC1 is the first genetically characterized plant GMPase and has unique properties when compared with bacterial and animal homologs. Here we present the crystal structures of VTC1 in the unliganded and product-bound states at resolutions of 2.8 and 3.0 Å, respectively. VTC1 dimerizes in a same way like other known GMPases, but dodecamerizes in a previously unobserved arrangement. The interactions to GDP-D-mannose and inorganic pyrophosphate are revealed by the product-bound VTC1 structure. An in vitro GMPase activity assay confirms the regulatory role of the C-terminal left-handed β-helix domain, and structural analyses suggest the models of VTC1 hetero-complex with its interacting proteins. The structural information advances our insights into the different mechanisms involved in VTC1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Shuai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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Bhayani J, Iglesias MJ, Minen RI, Cereijo AE, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA, Asencion Diez MD. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bacteria: Alternative Specificities in ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylases Open Novel Metabolic Scenarios and Biotechnological Tools. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:867384. [PMID: 35572620 PMCID: PMC9093745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.867384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the ability of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) from different bacteria to use glucosamine (GlcN) metabolites as a substrate or allosteric effectors. The enzyme from the actinobacteria Kocuria rhizophila exhibited marked and distinctive sensitivity to allosteric activation by GlcN-6P when producing ADP-Glc from glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1P) and ATP. This behavior is also seen in the enzyme from Rhodococcus spp., the only one known so far to portray this activation. GlcN-6P had a more modest effect on the enzyme from other Actinobacteria (Streptomyces coelicolor), Firmicutes (Ruminococcus albus), and Proteobacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) groups. In addition, we studied the catalytic capacity of ADP-Glc PPases from the different sources using GlcN-1P as a substrate when assayed in the presence of their respective allosteric activators. In all cases, the catalytic efficiency of Glc-1P was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than GlcN-1P, except for the unregulated heterotetrameric protein (GlgC/GgD) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The Glc-1P substrate preference is explained using a model of ADP-Glc PPase from A. tumefaciens based on the crystallographic structure of the enzyme from potato tuber. The substrate-binding domain localizes near the N-terminal of an α-helix, which has a partial positive charge, thus favoring the interaction with a hydroxyl rather than a charged primary amine group. Results support the scenario where the ability of ADP-Glc PPases to use GlcN-1P as an alternative occurred during evolution despite the enzyme being selected to use Glc-1P and ATP for α-glucans synthesis. As an associated consequence in such a process, certain bacteria could have improved their ability to metabolize GlcN. The work also provides insights in designing molecular tools for producing oligo and polysaccharides with amino moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina Bhayani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria Josefina Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina I Minen
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Antonela E Cereijo
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matias D Asencion Diez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Fünfgeld MMFF, Wang W, Ishihara H, Arrivault S, Feil R, Smith AM, Stitt M, Lunn JE, Niittylä T. Sucrose synthases are not involved in starch synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves. Nat Plants 2022; 8:574-582. [PMID: 35484201 PMCID: PMC9122829 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plants accumulate transitory starch reserves in their leaves during the day to buffer their carbohydrate supply against fluctuating light conditions, and to provide carbon and energy for survival at night. It is universally accepted that transitory starch is synthesized from ADP-glucose (ADPG) in the chloroplasts. However, the consensus that ADPG is made in the chloroplasts by ADPG pyrophosphorylase has been challenged by a controversial proposal that ADPG is made primarily in the cytosol, probably by sucrose synthase (SUS), and then imported into the chloroplasts. To resolve this long-standing controversy, we critically re-examined the experimental evidence that appears to conflict with the consensus pathway. We show that when precautions are taken to avoid artefactual changes during leaf sampling, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that lack SUS activity in mesophyll cells (quadruple sus1234) or have no SUS activity (sextuple sus123456) have wild-type levels of ADPG and starch, while ADPG is 20 times lower in the pgm and adg1 mutants that are blocked in the consensus chloroplastic pathway of starch synthesis. We conclude that the ADPG needed for starch synthesis in leaves is synthesized primarily by ADPG pyrophosphorylase in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M F F Fünfgeld
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
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