1
|
Tejera M, Boersma NN, Archontoulis SV, Miguez FE, VanLoocke A, Heaton EA. Photosynthetic decline in aging perennial grass is not fully explained by leaf nitrogen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7582-7595. [PMID: 36194426 PMCID: PMC9730795 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aging in perennial plants is traditionally observed in terms of changes in end-of-season biomass; however, the driving phenological and physiological changes are poorly understood. We found that 3-year-old (mature) stands of the perennial grass Miscanthus×giganteus had 19-30% lower Anet than 1-year-old M.×giganteus (juvenile) stands; 10-34% lower maximum carboxylation rates of Rubisco and 34% lower light-saturated Anet (Asat). These changes could be related to nitrogen (N) limitations, as mature plants were larger and had 14-34% lower leaf N on an area basis (Na) than juveniles. However, N fertilization restored Na to juvenile levels but compensated only 50% of the observed decline in leaf photosynthesis with age. Comparison of leaf photosynthesis per unit of leaf N (PNUE) showed that mature stands had at least 26% lower PNUE than juvenile stands across all N fertilization rates, suggesting that other factors, besides N, may be limiting photosynthesis in mature stands. We hypothesize that sink limitations in mature stands could be causing feedback inhibition of photosynthesis which is associated with the age-related decline in photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tejera
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Boersma
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Andy VanLoocke
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng T, Yu Y, Kang H. Short-term elevated temperature and CO 2 promote photosynthetic induction in the C 3 plant Glycine max, but not in the C 4 plant Amaranthus tricolor. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:995-1007. [PMID: 35908799 DOI: 10.1071/fp21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increases of atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration will impact global photosynthesis. However, there are few studies considering the interaction of elevated temperature (eT) and elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) on dynamic photosynthesis, particularly for C4 species. We examine dynamic photosynthesis under four different temperature and [CO2 ] treatments: (1) 400ppm×28°C (CT); (2) 400ppm×33°C (CT+); (3) 800ppm×28°C (C+T); and (4) 800ppm×33°C (C+T+). In Glycine max L., the time required to reach 50% (T 50%A ) and 90% (T 90%A ) of full photosynthetic induction was smaller under the CT+, C+T, and C+T+ treatments than those under the CT treatment. In Amaranthus tricolor L., however, neither T 50%A nor T 90%A was not significantly affected by eT or eCO2 . In comparison with the CT treatment, the achieved carbon gain was increased by 58.3% (CT+), 112% (C+T), and 136.6% (C+T+) in G. max and was increased by 17.1% (CT+), 2.6% (C+T) and 56.9% (C+T+) in A. tricolor . The increases of achieved carbon gain in G. max were attributable to both improved photosynthetic induction efficiency (IE) and enhanced steady-state photosynthesis, whereas those in A. tricolor were attributable to enhanced steady-state photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huixing Kang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu HY, Liu LA, Shi L, Zhang WF, Jiang CD. Photosynthetic acclimation during low-light-induced leaf senescence in post-anthesis maize plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:313-326. [PMID: 34086146 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low light conditions not only induce leaf senescence, but also photosynthetic acclimation. This study aimed to determine whether plants exhibit photosynthetic acclimation during low-light-induced leaf senescence. The influences of shading on leaf senescence and photosynthetic acclimation were explored in post-anthesis maize plants. The results showed that whole shading (WS) of maize plants accelerated leaf senescence, whereas partial shading (PS) slowed leaf senescence. WS led to larger decreases in the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) compared to those of the PS treatment. Interestingly, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) demonstrated that the absorption flux (ABS/CSo) and trapped energy flux (TRo/CSo) per cross section in leaves remained relatively stable under WS, whereas significant decreases in the active PSII reaction centers (RC/CSo) resulted in considerable increases in absorption (ABS/RC) and trapped energy flux (TRo/RC) per reaction center. ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, ABS/RC, and TRo/RC increased markedly under PS, whereas there were slight decreases in RC/CSo and electron transport activity. These results suggest that the PS treatment resulted in obvious improvements in the absorption and capture of light energy in shaded leaves. Further analysis demonstrated that both the WS and PS treatments resulted in a greater decrease in the activity of Rubisco compared to that of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Moreover, PEPC activity in PS was maintained at a high level. Consequently, the current study proposed that the improvement of the absorption and capture of light energy and the maintenance of PEPC activity of mesophyll cells were due to photosynthetic acclimation of low-light-induced leaf senescence in maize plants. In addition, the rate of senescence of vascular bundle cells in maize leaves exceeded that of mesophyll cells under low light, showing obvious tissue specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wang-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Chuang-Dao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gallego-Tévar B, Peinado-Torrubia P, Álvarez R, Grewell BJ, Castillo JM. From physiology to salt marsh management challenges with sea level rise: the case of native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa053. [PMID: 32685163 PMCID: PMC7327128 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sea level rise (SLR) imposes increasing salinity and inundation stresses in salt marshes which simultaneously face invasions by exotic plant species. We aimed to improve and apply knowledge on the ecophysiological responses of halophytes to SLR to conservation management of salt marshes. In a mesocosm experiment, we measured and compared phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity and related functional traits of the California-native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid S. densiflora × foliosa in response to increasing levels of salinity and inundation. S. foliosa was moderately sensitive to salinity, showing a 57% reduction in PEPC specific activity from freshwater to hypersalinity. This native species compensated for the reduction of PEPC activity with increased salinity through 80% higher enzyme activation by phosphorylation. PEPC functional trait responses of S. foliosa were mostly independent of inundation depth. In view of these results, managers should conserve undeveloped lands for accommodation space above current high tide lines to facilitate colonization of stress-tolerant S. foliosa. Our results on functional responses of PEPC traits recorded high sensitivity to salinity for S. densiflora. This was reflected by 65% lower PEPC specific activity together with increasing accumulation of free proline (+96%) and total proteins (+23%) with elevated salinity. These results suggest prioritized eradication of S. densiflora populations in brackish habitats. Measured PEPC responses support the high stress tolerance of the S. densiflora × foliosa hybrid. PEPC traits for the hybrid were mostly independent of salinity and inundation. The hybrid showed higher PEPC-specific activity than S. foliosa (+70%) and S. densiflora (+15%) in freshwater under intermediate inundation. Results suggest that eradication of the hybrid should be the highest management priority. Our study shows that the responses of key functional physiological traits to environmental stresses serve as biological indicators that can guide ecosystem management practices in a scenario of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Gallego-Tévar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Ap 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Ap 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Brenda J Grewell
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Department of Plant Sciences MS-4, 1 Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jesús M Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Ap 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cousins AB, Mullendore DL, Sonawane BV. Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:816-830. [PMID: 31960507 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO2 fixation (gm ) can significantly reduce the availability of CO2 for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of gm for accurately modelling net rates of CO2 assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence gm , (iii) the technical limitation of estimating gm , which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how gm responds to long- and short-term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two-resistance model of gm that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO2 released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three-dimensional (3-D) reaction-diffusion models and 3-D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences gm . Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on gm have traditionally focused on C3 plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of gm in C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO2 concentrating mechanisms (C4 and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate gm compared with a C3 plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moriwaki T, Falcioni R, Tanaka FAO, Cardoso KAK, Souza LA, Benedito E, Nanni MR, Bonato CM, Antunes WC. Nitrogen-improved photosynthesis quantum yield is driven by increased thylakoid density, enhancing green light absorption. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 278:1-11. [PMID: 30471722 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A nitrogen supply is necessary for all plants. The multifaceted reasons why this nutrient stimulates plant dry weight accumulation are assessed herein. We compared tomato plants grown in full sunlight and in low light environments under four N doses and evaluated plant growth, photosynthetic and calorimetric parameters, leaf anatomy, chloroplast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a high resolution profile of optical leaf properties. Increases in N supplies allow tomato plants to grow faster in low light environments (91.5% shading), displaying a robust light harvesting machinery and, consequently, improved light harvesting efficiency. Ultrastructurally, high N doses were associated to a high number of grana per chloroplast and greater thylakoid stacking, as well as high electrodensity by TEM. Robust photosynthetic machinery improves green light absorption, but not blue or red. In addition, low construction and dark respiration costs were related to improved total dry weight accumulation in shade conditions. By applying multivariate analyses, we conclude that improved green light absorbance, improved quantum yield and greater palisade parenchyma cell area are the primary components that drive increased plant growth under natural light-limited photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Moriwaki
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Renan Falcioni
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Francisco André Ossamu Tanaka
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (LFN), Escola Superior de Agricultura, Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ - USP), Brazil
| | | | - L A Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Laboratório de Histotécnica Vegetal, Brazil
| | - Evanilde Benedito
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia Energética, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rafael Nanni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Grupo Aplicado ao Levantamento e Espacialização dos Solos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Moacir Bonato
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bilska-Kos A, Panek P, Szulc-Głaz A, Ochodzki P, Cisło A, Zebrowski J. Chilling-induced physiological, anatomical and biochemical responses in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and maize (Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:178-188. [PMID: 29945073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays, closely-related C4 grasses, originated from warm climates react differently to low temperature. To investigate the response to cold (12-14 °C) in these species, the photosynthetic and anatomical parameters as well as biochemical properties of the cell wall were studied. The research was performed using M. giganteus (MG) and two Z. mays lines differentiated for chilling-sensitivity: chilling-tolerant (Zm-T) and chilling-sensitive (Zm-S). The chilled plants of Zm-S line demonstrated strong inhibition of net CO2 assimilation and a clear decrease in F'v/F'm, Fv/Fm and ɸPSII, while in MG and Zm-T plants these parameters were almost unchanged. The anatomical studies revealed that MG plants had thinner leaves, epidermis and mesophyll cell layer as well as thicker cell walls in the comparison to both maize lines. Cold led to an increase in leaf thickness and mesophyll cell layer thickness in the Zm-T maize line, while the opposite response was observed in Zm-S. In turn, in chilled plants of MG and Zm-T lines, some anatomical parameters associated with bundle sheath cells were higher. In addition, Zm-S line showed the strong increase in the cell wall thickness at cold for mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Chilling-treatment induced the changes in the cell wall biochemistry of tested species, mainly in the content of glucuronoarabinoxylan, uronic acid, β-glucan and phenolic compounds. This work presents a new approach in searching of mechanism(s) of tolerance/sensitivity to low temperature in two thermophilic plants: Miscanthus and maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bilska-Kos
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Panek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Szulc-Głaz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland
| | - Aneta Cisło
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Guo X, Wang K, Sun Y, Li W, Liu Q, Liu Q. Nitrogen deposition does not alleviate the adverse effects of shade on Camellia japonica (Naidong) seedlings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201896. [PMID: 30092088 PMCID: PMC6084955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia japonica (Naidong), a Tertiary relict species with a unique biological and cultural characteristic, is a special ecotype of C. japonica and is the northernmost distributed populations of C. japonica in the world. This study investigated the interactive responses of C. japonica (Naidong) to shade and nitrogen deposition focusing on seedling growth, leaf morphology and leaf physiology under two light regimes (15% and 65% of full sunlight to represent deep shade and slight shade respectively) and three nitrogen deposition regimes (0, 6 and 12 g N m-2 year-1) in a greenhouse. After 123 d of treatment, the results showed that the deep shade reduced the growth of seedlings significantly compared to slight shade, but improved the specific leaf area, leaf water content, chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm of plants. Moderate nitrogen (6 g N m-2 year-1) supply increased the crown area, specific leaf area, leaf water content, chlorophyll content and water use efficiency of seedlings. However, high nitrogen (12 g N m-2 year-1) supply reduced the basal diameter, crown area, specific leaf area and leaf water content. No significant interaction of shade and nitrogen deposition on C. japonica (Naidong) was found. There is a threshold of nitrogen deposition for the growth of C. japonica (Naidong). Camellia japonica (Naidong) populations should be protected by collecting of germplasm resources and carrying out the ex situ conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (QL)
| | - Kuiling Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingkun Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (QL)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong XY, Schäufele R, Schnyder H. Bundle-sheath leakiness and intrinsic water use efficiency of a perennial C4 grass are increased at high vapour pressure deficit during growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:321-333. [PMID: 27864539 PMCID: PMC5853292 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bundle-sheath leakiness (ϕ) is a key parameter of the CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis and is related to leaf-level intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). This work studied short-term dynamic responses of ϕ to alterations of atmospheric CO2 concentration in Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial grass, grown at high (1.6 kPa) or low (0.6 kPa) vapour pressure deficit (VPD) combined with high or low N supply in controlled environment experiments. ϕ was determined by concurrent measurements of photosynthetic gas exchange and on-line carbon isotope discrimination, using a new protocol. Growth at high VPD led to an increase of ϕ by 0.13 and a concurrent increase of WUEi by 14%, with similar effects at both N levels. ϕ responded dynamically to intercellular CO2 concentration (C i), increasing with C i Across treatments, ϕ was negatively correlated to the ratio of CO2 saturated assimilation rate to carboxylation efficiency (a proxy of the relative activities of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) indicating that the long-term environmental effect on ϕ was related to the balance between C3 and C4 cycles. Our study revealed considerable dynamic and long-term variation in ϕ of C. squarrosa, suggesting that ϕ should be determined when carbon isotope discrimination is used to assess WUEi Also, the data indicate a trade-off between WUEi and energetic efficiency in C. squarrosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|