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Killi N, Rumpke K, Kuckling D. Synthesis of Curcumin Derivatives via Knoevenagel Reaction Within a Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactor Using Polymeric Networks Containing Piperidine as a Catalyst. Gels 2025; 11:278. [PMID: 40277714 PMCID: PMC12026977 DOI: 10.3390/gels11040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2025] [Revised: 03/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The use of organo-catalysis in continuous-flow reactor systems is gaining attention in medicinal chemistry due to its cost-effectiveness and reduced chemical waste. In this study, bioactive curcumin (CUM) derivatives were synthesized in a continuously operated microfluidic reactor (MFR), using piperidine-based polymeric networks as catalysts. Piperidine methacrylate and piperidine acrylate were synthesized and subsequently copolymerized with complementary monomers (MMA or DMAA) and crosslinkers (EGDMA or MBAM) via photopolymerization, yielding different polymeric networks. Initially, batch reactions were optimized for the organo-catalytic Knoevenagel condensation between CUM and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, under various conditions, in the presence of polymer networks. Conversion was assessed using offline 1H NMR spectroscopy, revealing an increase in conversion with enhanced swelling properties of the polymer networks, which facilitated greater accessibility of catalytic sites. In continuous-flow MFR experiments, optimized polymer gel dots exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving a conversion of up to 72%, compared to other compositions. This improvement was attributed to the enhanced swelling in the reaction mixture (DMSO/methanol, 7:3 v/v) at 40 °C over 72 h. Furthermore, the MFR system enabled the efficient synthesis of a series of CUM derivatives, demonstrating significantly higher conversion rates than traditional batch reactions. Notably, while batch reactions required 90% catalyst loading in the gel, the MFR system achieved a comparable or superior performance with only 50% catalyst, resulting in a higher turnover number. These findings underscore the advantages of continuous-flow organo-catalysis in enhancing catalytic efficiency and sustainability in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (N.K.); (K.R.)
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Frolov NA, Vereshchagin AN. Piperidine Derivatives: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Pharmacological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2937. [PMID: 36769260 PMCID: PMC9917539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Iliyasov TM, Karpenko KA, Vinokurov AD, Fakhrutdinov AN, Tyutin AA, Elinson MN, Vereshchagin AN. Highly diastereoselective multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted 2-hydroxy-2-trifluoromethylpiperidineswith four and five stereogenic centers. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tetrahydropyridines’ Stereoselective Formation, How Lockdown Assisted in the Identification of the Features of Its Mechanism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144367. [PMID: 35889242 PMCID: PMC9324243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, cyano-containing C-H acids, esters of 3-oxocarboxylic acid and ammonium acetate led to unexpected results. The boiling of starting materials in methanol for one to two hours resulted in the formation of polysubstituted 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridines with two or three stereogenic centers. During the 2020 lockdown, we obtained key intermediates of this six-step domino reaction. A number of fast and slow reactions occurred during the prolonged stirring of the reaction mass at rt. Sequence: 1. Knoevenagel condensation; 2. Michael addition; 3. Mannich reaction; 4. cyclization—fast reactions and cyclization of the product polysubstituted 2-hydroxypiperidine—was isolated after 40 min stirring at rt. Further monitoring proved the slow dehydration of 2-hydroxypiperidine to obtain 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine after 7 days. Then, four-month isomerization occurred with 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine formation. All reactions were stereoselective. Key intermediates and products structures were verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, we specified conditions for the selective intermediates’ preparation.
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Study on formation mechanism of (4RS,6SR)-4,6-diaryl-5,5-dicyano-2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylic esters. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vereshchagin AN, Iliyasov TM, Karpenko KA, Smirnov VA, Ushakov IE, Elinson MN. Highly diastereoselective four-component synthesis of polysubstituted 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nenajdenko VG. Access to molecular complexity. Multicomponent reactions involving five or more components. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the significance of a chemical transformation addresses many factors, including such important characteristics as the number of chemical bonds formed in one step, the reaction time, labour intensity, the cost of reactants and catalysts and so on. The amount of waste produced in the reaction has also gained increasing importance in recent years. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) occupy a special place as a synthetic tool in modern organic chemistry. These reactions allow the synthesis of target products with complex structures, minimizing labour costs. This review summarizes the literature on multicomponent reactions involving five or more components. The data in the review are classified according to the number of reactants participating in the reaction and the types of reactions. It is worth noting that in some cases, these transformations can be a part of a domino process, making this classification difficult, if not impossible. The structural diversity of the reaction products greatly increases with increasing number of components involved in the MCR, which becomes virtually unlimited when using combinations of MCRs. This review highlights the main trends of past decades in the field of MCRs. The last two decades have witnessed an explosive growth in the number of publications in this area of chemistry.
The bibliography includes 309 references.
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Ryzhkov FV, Elinson MN, Ryzhkova YE, Vereshchagin AN, Goloveshkin A, Egorov MP. Stereoselective domino assembling of five molecules: one-pot approach to (2 ′ R * ,3S * ,4 ′ R * )- 2 ′ ,4 ′ -diaryl- 1 ′ ,4 ′ -dihydro- 2 ′ H-spiro[indoline- 3,3 ′ -pyridines]. CR CHIM 2020. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vereshchagin AN, Karpenko KA, Elinson MN, Minaeva AP, Goloveshkin AS, Hansford KA, Egorov MP. One-pot five-component high diastereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted 2-piperidinones from aromatic aldehydes, nitriles, dialkyl malonates and ammonium acetate. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1327-1342. [PMID: 31646447 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel five-component diastereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted 2-piperidinones is reported. The Knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition-Mannich cascade of two equivalents of aromatic aldehydes, nitriles, dialkyl malonates and ammonium acetate or aqueous ammonia in alcohols provides convenient access to alkyl (3SR,4RS,6SR)-5,5-dicyano-2-oxo-4,6-diarylpiperidine-3-carboxylates with three stereocenters in 52-90% or dialkyl (2SR,3RS,4RS,5SR)-2,4-diaryl-3-cyano-6-oxopiperidine-3,5-dicarboxylates with four stereocenters in 38-88%. The formation of products was highly stereoselective, with only one diastereomer formed. Ammonium acetate or aqueous ammonia plays a role both as a catalyst and as a nitrogen source. 2,4,6-triaryl-3,3,5,5-tetracyanopiperidines were obtained as a side products in the reactions with nitro-substituted aldehydes or with ethyl and n-propyl cyanoacetates. A series of 14 2-piperidinones and piperidines was assessed for antimicrobial activity against a panel of five bacteria and two fungi; no significant activity was observed. Two side piperidines with nitro substituents in aromatic ring possess bacteriostatic action against S. aureus ATCC 43300 and A. baumannii ATCC 19606 at 32 ug/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Kirill A Karpenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Michail N Elinson
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Alexandra P Minaeva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991.,D. I Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square 9, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - Alexander S Goloveshkin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vaviliva str., 28, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Karl A Hansford
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mikhail P Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Highly diastereoselective four-component synthesis of polysubstituted 2-piperidinones with three and four stereogenic centers. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-04027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu Y, Dang Y, Yin D, Yang L, Zou Q. Design, conventional and microwave irradiated synthesis and characterization of some novel Mannich bases containing imidazole[2,1-b]-1,3,4-oxadiazole core. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Diastereoselective multicomponent synthesis of (4RS,6SR)-4,6-diaryl-5,5-dicyano-2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylates. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stereoselective multicomponent synthesis of (2RS,6SR)-2,6-diaryl-3,3,5,5-tetracyanopiperidines. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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