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Mbiydzenyuy NE, Joanna Hemmings SM, Shabangu TW, Qulu-Appiah L. Exploring the influence of stress on aggressive behavior and sexual function: Role of neuromodulator pathways and epigenetics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27501. [PMID: 38486749 PMCID: PMC10937706 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that can significantly influence both aggressive behavior and sexual function. This review explores the intricate relationship between stress, neuromodulator pathways, and epigenetics, shedding light on the various mechanisms that underlie these connections. While the role of stress in both aggression and sexual behavior is well-documented, the mechanisms through which it exerts its effects are multifarious and not yet fully understood. The review begins by delving into the potential influence of stress on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, glucocorticoids, and the neuromodulators involved in the stress response. The intricate interplay between these systems, which encompasses the regulation of stress hormones, is central to understanding how stress may contribute to aggressive behavior and sexual function. Several neuromodulator pathways are implicated in both stress and behavior regulation. We explore the roles of norepinephrine, serotonin, oxytocin, and androgens in mediating the effects of stress on aggression and sexual function. It is important to distinguish between general sexual behavior, sexual motivation, and the distinct category of "sexual aggression" as separate constructs, each necessitating specific examination. Additionally, epigenetic mechanisms emerge as crucial factors that link stress to changes in gene expression patterns and, subsequently, to behavior. We then discuss how epigenetic modifications can occur in response to stress exposure, altering the regulation of genes associated with stress, aggression, and sexual function. While numerous studies support the association between epigenetic changes and stress-induced behavior, more research is necessary to establish definitive links. Throughout this exploration, it becomes increasingly clear that the relationship between stress, neuromodulator pathways, and epigenetics is intricate and multifaceted. The review emphasizes the need for further research, particularly in the context of human studies, to provide clinical significance and to validate the existing findings from animal models. By better understanding how stress influences aggressive behavior and sexual function through neuromodulator pathways and epigenetic modifications, this research aims to contribute to the development of innovative protocols of precision medicine and more effective strategies for managing the consequences of stress on human behavior. This may also pave way for further research into risk factors and underlying mechanisms that may associate stress with sexual aggression which finds application not only in neuroscience, but also law, ethics, and the humanities in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy
- Basic Science Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
- Division of Medical Physiology, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Thando W. Shabangu
- Division of Medical Physiology, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Lihle Qulu-Appiah
- Division of Medical Physiology, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Cape Town South Africa
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Grigoreva AD, Rottman J, Tasimi A. When does "no" mean no? Insights from sex robots. Cognition 2024; 244:105687. [PMID: 38154450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Although sexual assault is widely accepted as morally wrong, not all instances of sexual assault are evaluated in the same way. Here, we ask whether different characteristics of victims affect people's moral evaluations of sexual assault perpetrators, and if so, how. We focus on sex robots (i.e., artificially intelligent humanoid social robots designed for sexual gratification) as victims in the present studies because they serve as a clean canvas onto which we can paint different human-like attributes to probe people's moral intuitions regarding sensitive topics. Across four pre-registered experiments conducted with American adults on Prolific (N = 2104), we asked people to evaluate the wrongness of sexual assault against AI-powered robots. People's moral judgments were influenced by the victim's mental capacities (Studies 1 & 2), the victim's interpersonal function (Study 3), the victim's ontological type (Study 4), and the transactional context of the human-robot relationship (Study 4). Overall, by investigating moral reasoning about transgressions against AI robots, we were able to gain unique insights into how people's moral judgments about sexual transgressions can be influenced by victim attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Rottman
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Arber Tasimi
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Dvir M, Nagar M. Dehumanization of stigmatized targets of ostracism. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38285877 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2307577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The study explored people's reactions to observing the ostracism of stigmatized targets. Participants (n = 198) who observed ostracism experienced need threat regardless of the target's identity. Participants regarded included addicts more positively than ostracized addicts, especially on traits that are considered unique to humans. As for dehumanization, subtle measures demonstrate that ostracized targets are perceived as less human. In contrast, our original measure of blatant dehumanization suggests that targets of ostracism are perceived as more human. The study stresses the inconsistency between dehumanization measurements and the need to specify what each measure taps into and how each contributes to the theory.
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Sánchez-Fuentes MDM, Moyano N, Parra-Barrera SM, Granados de Haro R. Objectification and Violence Against Women: The Spanish Validation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale-Perpetration Version. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231203623. [PMID: 37774769 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231203623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale-Perpetration Version (ISOS-P), a measure that assesses sexual objectification perpetration. The sample consisted of 356 heterosexual men of Spanish nationality. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The Spanish validation of the ISOS-P comprises 15 items and showed a trifactorial structure. McDonald's omega values ranged from 0.71 to 0.80, and evidences of validity are shown by positive correlations with the endorsement of a positive attitude toward rape and having perpetrated several sexual aggression types. The Spanish validation of the ISOS-P is a valid and reliable scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nieves Moyano
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Das I, Bhattacharjee A. Examining the Roles of Prior Victimization, Perpetrator Identity and the Correlates of Female Rape Myth Acceptance Among Indian Females. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1855-1868. [PMID: 36752952 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research attempts to address a widely under-explained phenomenon of female rape myth acceptance (RMA) among the female population. A total number of 500 literate women from India with a mean age of 28.89 years were selected to examine the different determinants of their RMA. The research explored the important correlates of RMA among women, where the stepwise regression model revealed the significant impact of sexual desires, rejection sensitivity, loneliness, and neuroticism/emotional stability on their RMA. This further implied that women high on these four constructs run a 17.7% chance of endorsing female rape myths. The model eliminated the construct of online pornography usage, owing to its non-significant impact on RMA. Further, it was revealed that the history of prior victimization had a significant effect on the rape myths endorsed by the women. The study also reflected on the identity of the perpetrators of the women with a prior victimization history, where 55.43% reported it was perpetrated by a "known" person in their last experienced assault (and 44.57% "stranger" perpetrator). Whereas most women were victimized by "known" perpetrators, there was no significant difference in the sample's RMA, between the perpetrator identity groups (known and stranger perpetrators). The research concretely adds novel knowledge on identifying and predicting the female rape supportive attitudes among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Das
- Department of Psychology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
| | - Anjana Bhattacharjee
- Department of Psychology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
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Sin KF, Yang L, Ye FTF. Self-dehumanization and other-dehumanization toward students with special educational needs: examining their prevalence, consequences and identifying solutions-a study protocol. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:137. [PMID: 37106457 PMCID: PMC10141916 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Students with special educational needs (SEN) often face dehumanization, which negatively impacts their mental health, daily functioning, and educational outcomes. This study seeks to address the research gap in dehumanization literature by examining the prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of self-dehumanization and other-dehumanization among SEN students. Moreover, by utilizing psychological experiments, the study aims to identify potential intervention strategies and make recommendations to minimize the negative psychological consequences derived from the dual model of dehumanization. METHODS This two-phase, mixed-methods study incorporates cross-sectional surveys and quasi-experimental designs. Phase 1 investigates the self-dehumanization of SEN students and other-dehumanization from non-SEN peers, teachers, parents, and the public. Phase 2 involves four experimental studies to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions emphasizing human nature and uniqueness in reducing self-dehumanization and other-dehumanization of SEN students, as well as their associated negative consequences. DISCUSSION The study fills a research gap by examining dehumanization in SEN students, applying dyadic modeling, and identifying potential solutions to ameliorate dehumanization and its negative consequences. The findings will contribute to the advancement of the dual model of dehumanization, increase public awareness and support for SEN students in inclusive education, and promote changes in school practice and family support. The 24-month study in Hong Kong schools is expected to provide significant insights into inclusive education in school and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Fung Sin
- Centre for Special Educational Needs and Inclusive Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Tian-Fang Ye
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Karantzas.Prof GC, Simpson JA, Pizzirani B. The loss of humanness in close relationships: An interpersonal model of dehumanization. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morera MD, Quiles MN, Gonzalez-Mendez R. Integrating Dehumanization and Attachment in the Prediction of Teen Dating Violence Perpetration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP1939-NP1962. [PMID: 32571154 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520933042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dehumanization has the potential to account for different abusive behaviors because it involves making negative judgments of others that make it easier to harm them. However, research has not resorted to this mechanism to analyze teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration, nor has it examined its association with the broader representations of others linked to attachment. The first objective of this study was to analyze whether dehumanization of one's partner (lesser perceived agency and experience) and attribution of evilness were associated with a higher level of TDV perpetration and specific attachment styles. The second objective was to develop a structural equation model (SEM) that allowed integration of the links between all these factors. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 1799 adolescents who completed a survey in high schools. The results showed that those who were classified as high in TDV perpetration did perceive lower agency, lower experience, and higher evilness in their partners. The dehumanized perception of one's partner was found to vary according to the attachment styles, with those highest in avoidance (dismissive and fearful) dehumanizing their partners the most. The SEM showed that dehumanization is related to avoidant and not to anxious attachment. It also pointed to the relevance of attribution of evilness in predicting TDV perpetration. The invariance of the model was tested across gender subsamples. These findings allow better understanding of how violence may arise in early relationships and where to focus intervention with adolescents.
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Papp LJ, Ward LM, Marshall RA. Contributions of Reality TV Consumption to College Women’s Endorsement of the Heterosexual Script and Acceptance of Sexualized Aggression. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211044686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of mainstream television, especially reality programming, is a heterosexual script that outlines women’s and men’s traditional courtship roles. Although frequent media use is believed to produce greater acceptance of this script, existing analyses have not fully delineated contributions of scripted versus reality programming or tested these notions using a holistic heterosexual script scale. We addressed these limitations in two studies. In Study 1, 466 undergraduate women indicated their support of the heterosexual script and their consumption of popular reality programs, sitcoms, and dramas. Heavier viewing of reality programming predicted greater support for the heterosexual script, and heavier viewing of sitcoms predicted weaker support. In Study 2, we used longitudinal data to explore relations between viewing reality television, acceptance of the heterosexual script, and acceptance of sexualized aggression during undergraduate women’s first 2 years in college ( N = 244). We found that reality television consumption was not a direct predictor of acceptance of sexualized aggression but was a significant, indirect predictor through endorsement of the heterosexual script. These studies contribute to our understanding of unique media contributions to endorsement of the heterosexual script and illuminate one process by which women may come to normalize sexual mistreatment. Campus educational programming on sexuality, sexual assault, and healthy relationships may be able to intervene in this normalization through critique of the heterosexual script and media portrayals of dating and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna J. Papp
- Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L. Monique Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Connor S, Edvardsson K, Fisher C, Spelten E. Perceptions and Interpretation of Contemporary Masculinities in Western Culture: A Systematic Review. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211061009. [PMID: 34844458 PMCID: PMC8674484 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211061009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The social construct of masculinity evolves in response to changes in society and
culture. Orthodox masculinity is mostly considered to be hegemonic and is
evidenced by the dominance of men over women and other, less powerful men.
Contemporary shifts in masculinity have seen an emergence of new masculinities
that challenge traditional male stereotypes. This systematic review aims to
review and synthesize the existing empirical research on contemporary
masculinities and to conceptualize how they are understood and interpreted by
men themselves. A literature search was undertaken on 10 databases using terms
regularly used to identify various contemporary masculinities. Analysis of the
33 included studies identified four key elements that are evident in men’s
descriptions of contemporary masculinity. These four elements, (a) Inclusivity,
(b) Emotional Intimacy, (c) Physicality, and (d) Resistance, are consistent with
the literature describing contemporary masculinities, including Hybrid
Masculinities and Inclusive Masculinity Theory. The synthesized findings
indicate that young, middle-class, heterosexual men in Western cultures, while
still demonstrating some traditional masculinity norms, appear to be adopting
some aspects of contemporary masculinities. The theories of hybrid and inclusive
masculinity suggest these types of masculinities have several benefits for both
men and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Connor
- Department of Rural Nursing &
Midwifery, La Trobe Rural Health School, Mildura, Victoria, Australia
- Sandra Connor, Department of Rural Nursing
& Midwifery, La Trobe Rural Health School, Mildura, VIC 3500, Australia.
| | - Kristina Edvardsson
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing
and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Fisher
- Australian Research Centre in Sex,
Health and Society, School of Psychology & Public Health, LaTrobe University,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelien Spelten
- Department of Community Health, La
Trobe Rural Health School, Mildura, Victoria, Australia
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Dehumanization and the lack of social connection. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:312-316. [PMID: 34517201 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehumanization is traditionally considered in the context of intergroup conflict. An emerging body of research examines how it also occurs in interpersonal relationships and is associated with social exclusion and disconnection rather than conflict. This article examines how humanness implicates social relatedness, how social distance fosters perceptions of others as less human than the self, and how dehumanizing perceptions undermine close relationships. It then explores how experiences of social exclusion lead people to see themselves and their rejecters as less human, how the belief that one is dehumanized by others promotes rejection of others, and how positive social contact may reduce dehumanization. Finally, it discusses how feeling lonely or socially connected sometimes leads people to anthropomorphize nonhumans and other times leads them to dehumanize people.
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Byrne CA, Petri JM, Oh JK. Changes in Female Rape Myth Acceptance Among College Students: A 20-Year Perspective. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kellie DJ, Blake KR, Brooks RC. Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dax J. Kellie
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Khandis R. Blake
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne 3011 Australia
| | - Robert C. Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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Zhou Y, Liu T, Yan HY, Paul B. Pornography Use, Two Forms of Dehumanization, and Sexual Aggression: Attitudes vs. Behaviors. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2021; 47:571-590. [PMID: 33988489 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2021.1923598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual objectification is a common pornographic theme. Research shows that sexual objectification leads to the expression of aggressive attitudes and behaviors toward women. Based on a survey study of 320 male participants, this study re-conceptualizes sexual objectification in terms of two forms of dehumanization. Evidence suggests men's pornography use is positively associated with both forms, but mechanistic dehumanization of women is more associated with aggressive attitudes while animalistic dehumanization is more associated with aggressive behaviors. Findings indicate how objectifying pornography use may relate to aggressive attitudes and behaviors and inform the future education campaigns and interventions to reduce sexual aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhou
- Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Harry Yaojun Yan
- Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bryant Paul
- Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Mulqueeny DM, Roberts J, Nkabini SM. Mapping evidence of young people's experiences of sexual aggression in the United Kingdom: A systematic scoping review protocol. Syst Rev 2020; 9:129. [PMID: 32493492 PMCID: PMC7271434 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the UK's Office for National Statistics, England and Wales reported a 2.9% increase in sexual aggression cases (3.4 million females and 631,000 males) between 2009 and 2019. In Scotland, sexual aggression cases increased by 66%, with 40% of these sexual violations being perpetrated on individuals under the age of 18 years, while incidents relating to sexual misconduct in Northern Ireland increased by 21.0%, with only 41.2% of those cases being prosecuted. Acts of sexual aggression can have physical, emotional and mental consequences which predispose young people to subsequent short- and long-term mental and social disorders and comorbidities. Such consequences include feelings of guilt, shame, anger, experiencing post-traumatic stress disorders, antisocial behaviour, alcohol and drug misuse and dependency, confusion surrounding sexuality and sexually transmitted illnesses including the human immuno-deficiency virus. However, despite the societal, health, economic and educational implications for young people in the UK and increasing statistics, few studies address this scourge. Hence, the objective is to systematically map evidence of young people's experiences of sexual aggression in the UK and identify literature gaps that could inform future research. METHODS The included literature for this scoping review is published peer-reviewed articles of all research designs; grey literature including governmental reports, policy statements, conference and media reports; and unpublished theses. Electronic searches of databases and search engines such as Embase, Google, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, PubMed, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), PsycInfo, World Health Organization (WHO), media organizations, governmental and education departments and higher learning websites for published literature. Additional searches will include screening citations in reference lists of articles and perusing "Cited by" logs. All retrieved literature will be exported to an Endnote X9.2 library. Duplicate documents will be deleted prior to title screening commencing. An adapted Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) will be independently used by two reviewers to ensure a rigorous study and quality assessment of all included studies. DISCUSSION This scoping review employs a mixed-method approach to map and select relevant literature and summarize and report on young people's experiences of sexual aggression in the UK. Once the data is summarized, it could inform planning and policy pertaining to a safe and effective sexual health curriculum for all young people, assist with the development of effective strategies to reduce sexual aggression and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delarise Maud Mulqueeny
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Department of Social Science, Gender and Education, School of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Room 01-032, 121 Marianhill Rd, Pinetown, 3605, South Africa.
| | - Jennifer Roberts
- Department of Social Science, Gender and Education, School of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Room 01-032, 121 Marianhill Rd, Pinetown, 3605, South Africa
| | - Senzelokuhle Mpumelelo Nkabini
- Department of Social Science, Gender and Education, School of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Room 01-032, 121 Marianhill Rd, Pinetown, 3605, South Africa
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