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Yang C, Dong H, Li X, Zhou N, Liu Y, Jin J, Wang Y. The σ+π dual aromaticity of typical bi-tetrazole ring molecule TKX-50. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400005. [PMID: 38259129 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Two complexes of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) were employed to evaluate the aromaticity of their tetrazole rings via deep analysis such as the electronic structure, the ZZ component of the natural chemical shielding tensor (NICSZZ) and component orbitals, localized orbital locator purely contributed by σ-orbitals (LOL-σ) and localized orbital locator purely contributed by π-orbitals (LOL-π), the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) and the ZZ component of iso-chemical shielding surface (ICSSZZ) of these tetrazole rings thereof. The conclusion shows: that all tetrazole rings and bi-tetrazole rings in complexes have strong σ and a comparable strength π double aromaticity; all these magnetic shields almost symmetrically increase from the central axis to the tetrazole ring atoms; tetrazole rings in complex II show a little stronger dual aromaticity than that in complex I mainly due to the different orientation of the fragment 2 encompassing two hydroxylamine groups resulting in different effects on the contributions of σ orbitals and π orbitals to total aromaticity of tetrazole rings thereof; the difference in aromaticity is fundamentally caused by the atoms O with stronger electron-withdrawing than atom N in fragment 2 interact with bi-tetrazole ring through O in complex I but through N in complex II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, China
| | - Huilong Dong
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Junxun Jin
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, China
| | - Yinjun Wang
- BGRIMM Explosive & Blasting Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100160, China
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2
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Inoue T, Matsuura Y, Horii K, Konishi A, Nishida JI, Yasuda M, Kawase T. N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1735-1738. [PMID: 38240365 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations were obtained as a dark brown air-sensitive crystalline compound. The high HOMA values and the ACID calculation indicate relatively high aromatic character of a 5,8-di-tert-butyl derivative, and clean generation of a derivative without tert-butyl groups indicates that the di(isopropyl)phenyl group is sufficient for hampering the formation of the σ-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Yuuka Matsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
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Zhao M, Chen S, He C, Zhou Y. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Nitrogen-Boron-Nitrogen-Embedded Polycyclic π-System Containing a Pleiaheptalene Framework. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38015797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel polycyclic π-system (1) featuring both a pleiaheptalene framework (a three-fused heptagon system) and nitrogen-boron-nitrogen (NBN) unit was constructed by electrophilic borylation. A combined experimental and computational study demonstrated that 1 has a highly twisted π-backbone with approximate C2 symmetry, which can undergo conformational isomerization at room temperature in contrast to pleiaheptalene. It was also found that 1 can bind the fluoride ion in the solution, which induces changes in the absorption and emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Chun He
- Apeloa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongyang, Zhejiang 322118, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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4
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Abstract
Aromaticity, a very important term in organic chemistry, has never been defined unambiguously. Various ways to describe it come from different phenomena that have been experimentally observed. The most important examples related to some theoretical concepts are presented here.
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Kazemi S, Zabarjad Shiraz N, Samadizadeh M, Ezabadi A. EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCUMTRINDENE DERIVATIVES: A DFT STUDY. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Energetic and Geometric Characteristics of Substituents, Part 3: The Case of NO2 and NH2 Groups in Their Mono-Substituted Derivatives of Six-Membered Heterocycles. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted heterocyclic arenes play important roles in biochemistry, catalysis, and in the design of functional materials. Exemplary six-membered heteroaromatic molecules, that differ from benzene by inclusion of one heteroatom, are pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, and borabenzene. This theoretical study concerns the influence of the heteroatom present in these molecules on the properties of substituents of two types: electron-donating (ED) NH2 group and electron-accepting (EA) NO2 group, attached at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The effect is evaluated by the energy of interaction (Erel) between the substituent and the substituted system and electronic properties of the substituents described by the charge of the substituent active region (cSAR) index. In addition, several geometric descriptors of the substituent and heteroaromatic ring, as well as changes in the aromaticity, are considered. The latter are assessed using the Electron Density of Delocalized Bonds (EDDBs) property of delocalized π electrons. The obtained results show that the electronegativity (EN) of the heteroatom has a profound effect on the EA/ED properties of the substituents. This effect is also reflected in the geometry of studied molecules. The Erel parameter indicates that the relative stability of the molecules is highly related to the electronic interactions between the substituent and the heteroarene. This especially applies to the enhancement or weakening of π-resonance due to the EN of the heteroatom. Additionally, in the 2-heteroarene derivatives, specific through-space ortho interactions contribute to the heteroatom effects.
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Benassi E, Fan H. p-Block Heterobenzenes: Recurring Features in Structural, Vibrational, Electronic and Topological Properties. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Single crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT studies on 2‑bromo-4‑chloro-6-[(2‑hydroxy-5-methylanilino)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,4-dienone. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractNumerous studies on nitro group properties are associated with its high electron-withdrawing ability, by means of both resonance and inductive effect. The substituent effect of the nitro group may be well described using either traditional substituent constants or characteristics based on quantum chemistry, i.e., cSAR, SESE, and pEDA/sEDA models. Interestingly, the cSAR descriptor allows to describe the electron-attracting properties of the nitro group regardless of the position and the type of system. Analysis of classical and reverse substituent effects of the nitro group in various systems indicates strong pi-electron interactions with electron-donating substituents due to the resonance effect. This significantly affects the pi-electron delocalization of the aromatic ring decreasing the aromatic character, evidenced clearly by HOMA values. Use of the pEDA/sEDA model allows to measure the population of electrons transferred from the ring to the nitro group.
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Jezuita A, Szatylowicz H, Krygowski TM. How amino and nitro substituents affect the aromaticity of benzene ring. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Effect of heteroatoms on aromaticity analyzed by geometric, magnetic, and electronic criteria. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough azomethine ylides have been fully exploited as versatile reactive intermediates in dipolar cycloaddition reactions to construct a variety of heterocyclic compounds involving a nitrogen atom, little is known about their structural and electronic properties. Here a method is developed for the preparation, isolation and characterization of a stable 2-azaphenalenyl based azomethine ylide. N-Phenyl-5,8-di-t-butyl-2-azaphenalenyl cannot be isolated because it undergoes rapid dimerization by C–C bond formation at the 1 and 3 positions. In contrast, sterically bulkier N-2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl-5,8-di-t-butyl-2-azaphenalenyl can be generated and isolated as deep green crystals under deoxygenated conditions. X-ray crystal analysis of this stable azomethine ylide reveals that its azaphenalenyl skeleton has very small bond alternation and structural deformation. The results of spectroscopic and electrochemical theoretical studies indicate that N-2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl-5,8-di-t-butyl-2-azaphenalenyl has electronic features that are similar to those of phenalenyl anion and it possesses an extremely high HOMO energy.
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14
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Structural, electronic and energetic effects in heterocyclic fluorene derivatives fused with a fulvene unit. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Saha B, Bhattacharyya PK. Density Functional Study on the Adsorption of 5-Membered N-Heterocycles on B/N/BN-Doped Graphene: Coronene as a Model System. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16753-16768. [PMID: 31458306 PMCID: PMC6643900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of seven 5-membered N-heterocycles on B/N/BN-doped graphene (with coronene as a model system) has been studied using density functional theory (DFT). The geometry of the complexes validated the involvement of both π···π stacking and N-H···π interaction in the adsorption process. The stability of the complexes is measured in terms of stabilization energy, and the results suggested that the complexes are stable enough (stabilization energies are in the range of 7.61-14.77 kcal mol-1). Studies confirmed the stability of complexes in the solvent phase too irrespective of the dielectric of the solvent. Dispersive force is the major mode of interaction in stabilizing the complexes. Natural bond orbital analysis indicated a small contribution from electrostatic and covalent interactions. Thermochemical analysis revealed that the complexation is exothermic in nature and favorable at a lower temperature. Adsorption of N-heterocycles exerts a nominal impact on the electronic properties of the undoped/doped graphene. The study presents a simple approach to introduce an arbitrary functionality to undoped/doped graphene by preserving its electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Saha
- Department
of Chemistry, Handique Girls’ College, Panbazar, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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17
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Saha B, Bhattacharyya PK. B–Hb⋯π interaction in borane–graphene complexes: coronene as a case study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N/B/BN doping in graphene enhances adsorption of boranes.
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18
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An insight on the aromatic changes in closed shell icosagen, tetrel, and pnictogen phenalenyl derivatives. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Aromatic changes in isoelectronic derivatives of phenalenyl radicals by central carbon replacement. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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22
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23
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Abstract
Aromaticity/aromatic belongs to one of the most useful and popular terms in organic chemistry and related fields. However, aromaticity is not an unambiguous term; therefore, its definition is enumerative. The criteria are based on energy (increased stability), molecular geometry (very low bond lengths alternation), magnetism (induction of the diatropic ring current by external magnetic field) and reactivity (tendency to maintain π-electron structure in chemical reactions). The energetic criterion is based on resonance energy and aromatic stabilization energy, whereas harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity-on molecular geometry. Magnetism-based criteria are illustrated by local indicators (for individual rings): nucleus independent chemical shifts and proton nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts as well as the global aromaticity index-exaltation of the magnetic susceptibility. For selected homo- and hetero-cyclic compounds, illustrative data are presented in tables, which allow the comparison of the above-mentioned indices. Finally, examples of agreements or disagreements between these various aromaticity indices are presented for few representative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H. Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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25
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Zborowski KK, Krygowski TM. Bond length interrelations in benzenoid hydrocarbons and their heteroatom analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H, Stasyuk OA, Dominikowska J, Palusiak M. Aromaticity from the viewpoint of molecular geometry: application to planar systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6383-422. [PMID: 24779633 DOI: 10.1021/cr400252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz M Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Samsonowicz M. Molecular structure of phenyl- and phenoxyacetic acids--spectroscopic and theoretical study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 118:1086-1097. [PMID: 24161872 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The FT-IR, FT-Raman and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded for phenyl- and phenoxyacetic acids in comparison with benzoic acid molecule. The density functional hybrid method (B3LYP/6-311++G(**)) was used to calculate optimized geometrical structures of studied compounds. The atomic charges were calculated by NBO (natural bond orbital) methods. Aromaticity indices, dipole moments and energies as well as the wavenumbers and intensities of IR spectra were calculated. The chemical shifts in NMR spectra using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method were also analyzed. The theoretical parameters were compared to experimental characteristic of phenyl- and phenoxyacetic acids. The study of HOMO, LUMO and NBO analyses have been used to elucidate charge transfer within the molecule of title compounds. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was also calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samsonowicz
- Division of Chemistry, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-435 Białystok, Zamenhofa 29, Poland.
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Claramunt RM, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A theoretical study of the conformation and dynamic properties of 1,5-benzodiazepines and their derivatives. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Kushida T, Zhou Z, Wakamiya A, Yamaguchi S. Planarized B-phenylborataanthracene anions: structural and electronic impacts of coplanar constraint. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:10715-7. [PMID: 22968577 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35874c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potassium and lithium salts of anionic B-phenylborataanthracenes, whose phenyl groups were fixed in a coplanar fashion, were synthesized. These compounds exhibited solvent-separated ion pair structures both in the crystalline state and in solution. Planarization of the phenyl moiety had a remarkable impact on the photophysical properties, such as the red-shifted absorption and intense fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokatsu Kushida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, and CREST, JST, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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30
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Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 23, 2012, issues 1–3) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Zborowski KK, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Proniewicz LM. HOMA parameters for the boron–boron bond: How the introduction of a BB bond influences the aromaticity of selected hydrocarbons. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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