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Hennessey M, Alarcon P, Samanta I, Fournié G, Paleja H, Papaiyan K, Gautham M. Formulating antibiotic policy: Analysis of India's ban on colistin use in food producing animals. Prev Vet Med 2025; 240:106534. [PMID: 40273740 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Antibiotics remain key tools for maintaining human health, and in many settings, food production. However, emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a global challenge, one that has resulted in multi-national calls for policy to improve antibiotic use. One such call has been to restrict the use of antibiotics deemed critically important for human health, such as colistin, during the production of food producing animals. Between 2016 and 2019 numerous countries, including India, implemented policies to heavily restricted the use of colistin in livestock. While this represents a key shift in the antibiotic policy landscape, other classes of critically important antibiotics continue to be used during food production. This paper provides a policy analysis of India's 2019 colistin ban to provide insight into how this came to be and to identify factors which could shape the development of future legislation. The analysis revealed that while antibiotic reform in food production had been in the background of India's policy agenda for some time, it took key-focusing events to shift the policy climate into a period of action. These focusing events included reporting of mobile colistin resistance genes in bacteria isolated from pigs in China and colistin resistant bacteria isolated from food samples in India. Consistent narratives had been built around colistin's role as a last resort antibiotic which, together with relatively low proportion of colistin resistance in bacteria isolated from human patients, framed legislation as a worthwhile endeavour for policy makers. In addition, India acted as a global player in antibiotic stewardship and followed the precedent set by several other countries in restricting colistin use during food production. As most colistin for animal use was imported into India from China, and viable alternative animal treatments existed, there was limited industry opposition that could block legislation. We suggest evaluation of these five critical factors (focusing events, consistent narratives, worthwhile endeavour, precedent for change, and industry opposition) should be part of the policy formulation process for legislation regarding the use of other critically important antibiotics in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Hennessey
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Indranil Samanta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint Genes Champanelle, France
| | - Haidaruliman Paleja
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Anand, India
| | - Kumaravel Papaiyan
- Dean, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Udumalpet, TANUVAS, India
| | - Meenakshi Gautham
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Zheng H, Pu S, Liu J, Yang F, Chen D. Enterococcus faecium inhibits NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway to antagonize enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-mediated inflammatory response. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:109-118. [PMID: 38134414 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can cause intestinal inflammation and diarrhea in yaks, which has a negative impact on their economic value. In recent years, probiotics have gained increasing attention as a pure, natural, nontoxic, harmless, and residue-free additive. However, the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics safeguard against ETEC are not completely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) against ETEC infection in mice through oral gavage. Morphological changes were examined through light microscopy. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, NF-κB, and NLRP3), tight junction protein (ZO-1, Claudin-1), and pyroptosis (Caspase-1, Caspase-4, and gasdermin D (GSDMD)) were detected using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicate that ETEC infection triggers the activation of inflammation-related pathways (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the expression of a large number of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the activation of NLRP3 leads to the release of GSDMD activation through Caspase-1, ultimately resulting in inflammatory injury and pyroptosis. Feeding mice E. faecium early resulted in an increase in the expression of tight junction protein, a reduction in inflammatory cytokines, and alleviation of inflammatory injury and pyroptosis in intestinal tissues. Our research indicates that E. faecium has the ability to antagonize ETEC and provide protection to the gastrointestinal mucosa in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Zheng
- Southwest Minzu University Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sicheng Pu
- Southwest Minzu University Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Southwest Minzu University Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Falong Yang
- Southwest Minzu University Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dechun Chen
- Southwest Minzu University Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Mhawesh A, khalaf H, khudair M. Molecular Detection of Some Vancomycin and Virulence Factor Genes in Enterococcus faecium. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pathogenic E. faecium is a crisis in healthcare settings. This survey aimed at antibiotic susceptibility profiling and virulence determinants of E. faecium. This study pooled 100 fecal E. faecium isolates identified by phenotypic and molecular tests. Antibiotic susceptibility and ampicillin MIC were determined according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) 2017. Moreover, biofilm formation was assayed by a microtiter tissue plate assay. Virulence genes pattern was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Among 460 fecal samples, 100 isolates of E. faecium were identified, among which the highest resistance was related to penicillin (81%), cephalothin (78%), cefazolin (76%), tetracycline and cefepime (69%). In contrast, 83% of them were susceptible to vancomycin. Moreover, four vancomycin-resistant isolates had vancomycin MIC>32µg/mL, and 11 isolates had MIC>8µg/mL. Of 32 ampicillin-resistant isolates, 18 (56%) produced strong biofilm, and 14 isolates (44%) produced moderate biofilm. Among 17 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfa), 15 (88.23%) isolates produced strong biofilms, and two of them produced moderate-level biofilms, which was significantly higher than susceptible isolates (p=0.0144). The vanA (vancomycin MIC: 16-64µg/mL) and vanB (vancomycin MIC: 8-64µg/mL) genes were detected in twelve and five isolates, respectively. The rate of adhesin genes ace, esp and ebp included 68%, 97% and 82%, respectively. All the VREfa harbored the ace, esp and ebp genes. The antibiotic resistance rate of E. faecium was low. Biofilm formation was significantly different between VREfa and vancomycin-susceptible isolates but not between k9ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-susceptible isolates. All the VREfa harbored the ace, esp and ebp genes. The virulence adhesin genes were not significantly associated with biofilm formation. Further studies are essential to appreciate better the relation between biofilm formation, drug non-susceptibility and adhesin genes.
Keywords: E. faecium, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, virulence genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mhawesh
- Dept. of Med. and Mol. Biotech., College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hadeel khalaf
- Dept. of Med. and Mol. Biotech., College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa khudair
- DNA forensic Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Lalhruaipuii K, Dutta TK, Roychoudhury P, Chakraborty S, Subudhi PK, Samanta I, Bandyopadhayay S, Singh SB. Multidrug-Resistant Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Pathotypes in North Eastern Region of India: Backyard Small Ruminants-Human-Water Interface. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1664-1671. [PMID: 34191610 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 648 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) were isolated from calves (n = 219), lambs (n = 87), kids (n = 103), human (n = 193), and water (n = 46) samples. The presence of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) was confirmed by PCR-based detection of the Shiga toxin, intimin, hemolysin, and enterotoxin genes. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by disc diffusion assay. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase, and metallo-beta-lactamase production were determined by double-disk synergy test, modified Hodge test, and combined disk test assays. AMR genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaVIM, and blaIMP) were detected by PCR using specific primers. Majority of the isolates from human and water exhibited resistance (>80%) against amoxicillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, cefixime, gentamicin, ceftazidime, and cefalexin, and against imipenem (70.98%), doripenem (70.47%), and ertapenem (60.62%). Bovine isolates were sensitive to carbapenems. Many isolates (5.75-24.35%) from human, water, calves, kids, and lambs were multidrug resistant (MDR), with resistance against three or more classes of antimicrobials. A total of 170/648 (26.23%) isolates were classified as STEC (9.88%), EPEC (4.32%), and ETEC (12.04%). The AMR genes, including blaTEM, blaCMY2, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV were detected in the E. coli from all sources. but blaNDM and blaKPC were detected only in the isolates from human and water. Three STEC isolates from human origin possessed multiple ESBLs, carbapenemase and metallo-beta-lactamase genes reported for the first time. ESBLs producing EPEC and ETEC in lambs and kids are also reported under this study. Presence of MDR-DEC in domestic animals and common potable water poses public health concern in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan K Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, India
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, India
| | - Satyaki Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, India
| | - Prasant K Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, India
| | - Indranil Samanta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
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Cui P, Feng L, Zhang L, He J, An T, Fu X, Li C, Zhao X, Zhai Y, Li H, Yan W, Li H, Luo X, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Biofilm Formation Capacity Among Enterococcus species From Yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595625 PMCID: PMC7304059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaks provide necessities such as meat and milk for Tibetans living at high altitudes on and around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the animal gut microbiota that can cause biofilm-associated opportunistic infections. Meanwhile, multidrug-resistant Enterococcus also poses a serious threat to public health. This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation of enterococci from yaks. From April 2018 to July 2019, we collected 395 fecal samples of yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Enterococci isolated from the samples were identified and classified according to the 16S rDNA sequence. The antibiotic resistance of each isolate was detected according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Enterococcal biofilms were assessed using standard procedures. Different virulence genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. In total, 381 enterococci strains were recovered, with Enterococcus faecalis (41.99%) and Enterococcus faecium (37.80%) being the predominant species. Many isolates were multidrug- resistant (60.37%) and showed a high resistance rate to rifampicin (64.30%) and tetracycline (61.54%). We also detected various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the tested strains. The E. faecalis strains had higher frequency of biofilm formation and virulence genes than other enterococcal species. This is the first report that shows yaks are repositories for drug-resistant enterococci with virulent determinants and biofilms that may spread into humans and to environment. This study also provides useful data suggesting that enterococci may pose a potential health risk to yaks. Therefore, active surveillance of AMR and pathogenesis in enterococci from yaks is urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan He
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwu An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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lei L, Rehman MU, Huang S, Zhang L, Wang L, Mehmood K, Zhang H, Tong X, Wang M, Li J. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), in diarrheic yaks of Tibetan Plateau, China. Acta Trop 2018; 182:111-114. [PMID: 29470944 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the distribution of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) associated genes in fecal isolates from diarrheic yaks of a high remote region of China. Briefly, we obtained 203 fecal samples from diarrheic adult yaks and E. coli strains were isolated and identified via standard methods The antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was determined via disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the DEC virulence associated genes. Results of the current study showed a high rate of resistance to tetracycline (93.6%) and low rate of resistance to ofloxacin (16.7%) antibiotics. Meanwhile, five different diarrheagenic associated virulence traits were detected including; EAEC (11.80%), EHEC (25.62%), EIEC (17.18%), EPEC (36.92%) and ETEC (11.36%). Moreover, E. coli isolates were positive for all tested DEC associated virulence genes ranging from 1.48% to 33%. Additionally, four isolates were positive for more than one virulence genes. In conclusion, our investigation showed a relatively low number of E. coli virulence genes isolated from diarrheic Tibetan yaks, which could be attributed to the high altitude induced harsh environmental conditions that may not help in the growth and survival of pathogenic organisms. In addition, this study highlights the high level of antibiotic resistance in yaks, therefore; preventive measures should be taken to monitor the antibiotic usage in Tibet region of China.
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Mahanti A, Ghosh P, Samanta I, Joardar SN, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya D, Banerjee J, Batabyal S, Sar TK, Dutta TK. Prevalence of CTX-M-Producing Klebsiella spp. in Broiler, Kuroiler, and Indigenous Poultry in West Bengal State, India. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:299-306. [PMID: 28829687 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of CTX-M-producing Klebsiella spp. in healthy broiler, indigenous, and kuroiler birds reared in West Bengal (India) during November 2014-February 2015. In addition to CTX-M gene, the study was also conducted to reveal the occurrence of other β-lactamase and class I integron genes in Klebsiella spp. isolates along with their clonal relationship. A total of 321 cloacal swabs from healthy broiler, indigenous, and kuroiler birds were collected from different places of West Bengal, India. Klebsiella spp. isolation rate varies among different types of poultry birds (43.8-72.3%). In total, 33 (10.7%) Klebsiella spp. isolates were detected phenotypically as CTX-M producers and all the isolates possessed blaCTX-M in polymerase chain reaction. Whereas 17 (51.5%) and 16 (48.5%) Klebsiella spp. isolates possessed blaSHV, and blaTEM with blaCTX-M, respectively. None of the CTX-M-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates in this study possessed class I integron gene. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-based phylogenetic tree revealed the presence of clonal relationship among the CTX-M-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates, recovered from broilers and indigenous birds. This study identified broilers and indigenous game birds as a potential reservoir of CTX-M-producing Klebsiella spp., which could be transmitted to the human food chain directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Mahanti
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | - Pratik Ghosh
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Samanta
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | - Siddhartha Narayan Joardar
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Jaydeep Banerjee
- 2 Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Kolkata, India
| | - Subhasis Batabyal
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Sar
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- 5 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University , Aizawl, India
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Rehman MU, Zhang H, Huang S, Iqbal MK, Mehmood K, Luo H, Li J. Characteristics of Integrons and Associated Gene Cassettes in Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli
Isolated from Free-Ranging Food Animals in China. J Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- Univ. College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences; Islamia Univ. of Bahawalpur; 63100 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Houqiang Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- Laboratory of Detection and Monitoring of Highland Animal Diseases; Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College; Linzhi 860000 Tibet P.R. China
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Antibiotic resistance, serogroups, virulence genes, and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from yaks with diarrhea in Qinghai Plateau, China. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:24. [PMID: 28546830 PMCID: PMC5443361 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ruminants serve as one of the most important reservoirs for pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection with E. coli, a foodborne enteropathogen, can lead to asymptomatic infections that can cause life-threatening complications in humans. Therefore, from a clinical and human health perspective, it is important to know which virulence genes, phylogenetic groups, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance patterns are present in E. coli strains in yaks with diarrheic infections. Methods Two-hundred and ninety-two rectal swabs were collected from diarrheic yaks in Qinghai Plateau, China. The antimicrobial sensitivity of each resulting isolate was evaluated according to the disk diffusion method, and different PCR assays were performed for the detection of virulence genes and different phylogroups. Additionally, strains were allocated to different serogroups based on the presence of O antigen via the slide agglutination method. Results Among the E. coli isolates tested, most of the isolates were multidrug resistant (97%) and harbored at least one virulence gene (100%). We observed ten virulence genes (sfa, eaeA, cnf1, etrA, papC, hlyA, aer, faeG, rfc, and sepA), of which sfa was the most commonly found (96.9%). Significant positive associations between some resistance phenotypes and virulence genes were observed (P < 0.05, OR > 1). The majority of the E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroup A (79.5%), and the others belonged to phylogroups B1 (7.5%), D (4.1%), B2 (5.8%), and F (0.7%). Among all the E. coli strains tested, serogroups O91 and O145 were the most prevalent, accounting for 15.4 and 14.4%, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest that yaks with diarrhea serve as a reservoir of pathogenic E. coli carrying various virulence genes and resistance phenotypes. Therefore, clinicians and relevant authorities must ensure the regulatory use of antimicrobial agents and prevent the spread of these organisms through manure to farm workers and food-processing plants.
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Kempf I, Jouy E, Chauvin C. Colistin use and colistin resistance in bacteria from animals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:598-606. [PMID: 27836380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colistin has been used in veterinary medicine for decades, mainly for the prevention and treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections. However, data regarding colistin resistance in bacteria from animals and food of animal origin are relatively scarce, partly because there are methodological difficulties hampering the analysis of susceptibility to colistin. Most data regarding clinical isolates are related to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The resistance percentages are sometimes high for pathogenic strains, and the mcr-1 gene has been detected in pathogenic E. coli isolates from pigs, cattle and poultry in different countries. The prevalence of colistin resistance in Salmonella from healthy animals is usually low but depends on the proportion of intrinsically colistin-resistant serotypes. For indicator E. coli, the resistance levels are often very low, although higher levels have been observed in Asia. The mcr-1 gene has been detected in indicator E. coli from pigs, cattle, poultry and their products. Thus, there is an urgent need to re-assess the use of colistin in livestock throughout the world to ensure a global strategy for preserving this last-resort antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kempf
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Eric Jouy
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire Chauvin
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
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Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and cattle in Odisha, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65537. [PMID: 23776496 PMCID: PMC3679134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as important human pathogens of public health concern. Many animals are the sources of STEC. In this study we determined the occurrence and characteristics of the STEC in yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. A total of 728 yak fecal samples was collected from June to August, 2012 and was screened for the presence of the stx1 and stx2 genes by TaqMan real-time PCR after the sample was enriched in modified Tryptone Soya Broth. Of the 138 (18.96%) stx1 and/or stx2-positive samples, 85 (61.59%) were confirmed to have at least 1 STEC isolate present by culture isolation, from which 128 STEC isolates were recovered. All STEC isolates were serotyped, genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and characterized for the presence of 16 known virulence factors. Fifteen different O serogroups and 36 different O:H serotypes were identified in the 128 STEC isolates with 21 and 4 untypable for the O and H antigens respectively. One stx1 subtype (stx1a) and 5 stx2 subtypes (stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, stx2d and stx2g) were present in these STEC isolates. Apart from lpfAO157/OI-141, lpfAO157/OI-154, lpfAO113, katP and toxB which were all absent, other virulence factors screened (eaeA, iha, efa1, saa, paa, cnf1, cnf2, astA, subA, exhA and espP) were variably present in the 128 STEC isolates. PFGE were successful for all except 5 isolates and separated them into 67 different PFGE patterns. For the 18 serotypes with 2 or more isolates, isolates of the same serotypes had the same or closely related PFGE patterns, demonstrating clonality of these serotypes. This study was the first report on occurrence and characteristics of STEC isolated from yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China, and extended the genetic diversity and reservoir host range of STEC.
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