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Akduman H, Tayman C, Korkmaz V, Akduman F, Fettah ND, Gürsoy BK, Turkmenoglu TT, Çağlayan M. Astaxanthin Reduces the Severity of Intestinal Damage in a Neonatal Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:1820-1827. [PMID: 33853144 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to ascertain the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) in an experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) model using rat pups. STUDY DESIGN Forty-two pups born from five Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as the control group, NEC + placebo (saline), and NEC + ASX. Pups in the NEC + ASX group were given 100 mg/kg/day oral ASX from day 1 to day 4 of the study. Saline of 2 mL/kg was given to the NEC + placebo group. Histopathological, immunohistochemical (caspase-3), and biochemical evaluations including the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr-2) activities were all performed. RESULTS A better survival rate and weight gain were demonstrated in the NEC + ASX group (p < 0.05). In the histopathological evaluation, the severity of intestinal damage was significantly reduced in the NEC + ASX group, as well as decreased apoptosis (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for caspase-3; p = 0.001). The biochemical analyses of intestinal tissue TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI; TOS/TAS), IL-1β, LPO, 8-OHdG, AOPP, caspase-3 (p < 0.001 for all), and TNF-α and MPO (p = 0.001 for both parameters) levels were lower in the NEC + ASX group than in the NEC + placebo group. Nrf-2, TAS, GSH, and SOD levels were higher in the NEC + ASX group than in the NEC + placebo group (p = 0.001, 0.001, <0.001, and 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION ASX treatment has been shown to effectively reduce the severity of intestinal damage in NEC due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. KEY POINTS · NEC causes extremely high morbidity and mortality, as well as many complications.. · We investigated the effectiveness of ASX in the experimental NEC model created in rat pups.. · First study examining the effect of ASX on the experimental NEC rat model..
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Akduman
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, SBU Ankara Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Tayman
- Department of Neonatology, Ankara City Hospital, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veli Korkmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akduman
- Department of Pediatrics, Beypazarı State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan D Fettah
- Department of Neonatology, SBU Ankara Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Başak K Gürsoy
- Department of Neonatology, SBU Ankara Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba T Turkmenoglu
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyzat Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Çağlayan
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Gülhane Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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Manochkumar J, Singh A, Efferth T, Ramamoorthy S. Untapping the protective role of carotenoids against respiratory diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154286. [PMID: 35820304 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed a substantial role of carotenoids to treat respiratory diseases. This review aimed to give an updated overview of the investigational evidence on the preventive properties of carotenoids against respiratory diseases both in vitro and in vivo along with their pathophysiology and mechanisms of action. HYPOTHESIS Carotenoids as a potential therapeutic class of bioactive compounds to treat respiratory diseases. RESULTS Carotenoids such as β-carotene, lycopene, crocin, bixin, lutein, and astaxanthin show beneficial effects against chronic lung diseases (e.g., asthma, emphysema, fibrosis, COPD, acute lung injury, and lung cancer). Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies also supported the preventive role of carotenoids. These carotenoids showed a beneficial role by activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of the NF-кB, MAPK, JAK/STAT-3, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Additionally, epidemiological studies also showed that dietary intake of carotenoids lowers the risk of lung diseases. CONCLUSION Carotenoids may be used as drugs or can be given in combination with other drugs to prevent and treat respiratory diseases. Although in vitro and in vivo results are encouraging, further well-conducted randomized clinical trials are required to approve carotenoids as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Manochkumar
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuma Singh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu, India.
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Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:8071406. [PMID: 35646393 PMCID: PMC9142330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a naturally occurring carotenoid that has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis effects and is used for the prevention of cancer. There is growing evidence that AST has multiple protective effects against various eye diseases. This article reviews the function and the potential mechanism of AST in dry eye syndrome, keratitis, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, high intraocular pressure, and other ocular diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AST as a potential nutraceutical.
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The pharmaco-therapy potential of astaxanthin: human and animal targeting roles. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recent pandemic stress and the impacts of climatic changes on humans’ and animals’ health status and well-being resulted in severe drawbacks. Initially, stress-induced oxidation resulting from the generation of free radicals leading to the impairment of cellular function and a high possibility of attack with infection. Astaxanthin is a bioactive material derived from fish, crustaceans, and algae with high antioxidative potential. Astaxanthin is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that can easily cross through the cellular membrane layers to catch the reactive oxygen metabolites. Astaxanthin also has pigmentation properties making it suitable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, agriculture, and aquaculture sectors. Recently, astaxanthin is suggested as a natural scavenger for free radicals induced by COVID-19. Besides, using astaxanthin as antioxidative and immunostimulant agents is well-reported in several clinical studies. The output of these investigations should be simplified and presented to the scientific community to utilize the available information and fill the gap of knowledge. Also, it is necessary to update the researchers with the recent recommendations of applying astaxanthin in vivo and in vitro to help in proposing new horizons for engaging natural antioxidative agents to protect human and animal health. Herein, this review article tackled the nature, sources, potential roles, applicable sides, and availability of astaxanthin to fortify the scientific community with the required knowledge for further research efforts.
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SINGH SV, SOMAGOND YALLAPPAM, DESHPANDE ADITYA. Nutritional management of dairy animals for sustained production under heat stress scenario. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i5.115381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dairy industry plays a significant role in the agriculture sector for sustainable growth. Heat stress, on the other hand, has been proven to have a detrimental impact on dairy output in terms of growth, reproductive performance and milk production in dairy animals, especially in tropical areas. Heat stress is one of the most significant issues facing the dairy industry, as rising temperatures and humidity limit animal productivity throughout the summer, resulting in devastating economic repercussions. The purpose of this review is to gather knowledge on the effects of heat stress on dairy output and how to ameliorate them. The diversion of energy resources from the production to the adaptation pathway may be responsible for the loss in productive capacity of dairy animals, when they are exposed to heat stress. There are different approaches pertaining to relieving the adverse effects of heat stress on dairy production system. These approaches may be classified into three major categories viz. genetic, management and nutritional interventions. These approaches might help dairy animals to perform better by reducing the harmful impacts of heat stress. Appropriate shelter design, giving shade, employing sprinklers, installing cooling devices, and using fans and ventilation systems are among the management strategies. The nutritional interventions comprise ration balancing and providing essential micronutrients to improve the productive and reproductive performance. Some of the most widely used dietary measures to ensure optimal production are inclusion of protein or fat (prill fat), micronutrients antioxidants (vitamins and minerals) and some feed additives (Astaxanthin, betaine, melatonin, Chlorophytum borivilianum) in the diet. These antioxidants and feed additives can be used to attenuate the negative effects of environmental stress. Furthermore, providing adequate energy and antioxidants help to ensure optimum growth, milk production and reproduction efficiency during heat stress. This review provides an overview of the consequences of heat stress on dairy animals, emphasizes essential nutritional strategies for heat stress reduction in dairy animals, and evaluates the influence of various feed supplements on growth, productivity and physiology.
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Beneficial effects and health benefits of Astaxanthin molecules on animal production: A review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:69-78. [PMID: 34111716 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a red pigment of carotenoid and is considered a high-quality keto-carotenoid pigment with food, livestock, cosmetic, therapeutic and nutraceutical proposes. Astaxanthin exists naturally in fish, crustacean, algae, and birds that naturally exists, principally as fatty acid esters. Many investigations have exhibited the beneficial impacts of astaxanthin when utilized as a pharmaceutical agent in animal nutrition. Astaxanthin has a variety of considerable biological actions, such as being antihypertensive, an antioxidant, anti-obesity properties, and anti-carcinogenic. Astaxanthin has recently acquired popularity as a powerful immunomodulator to maintain the health status and well-being of both animals and humans. The use of astaxanthin is broadly utilized in medical sciences and the nutrition pf aquatic species; however, it presently has limited applications in broader animal nutrition. Understanding astaxanthin's structure, source, and mode of action in the body provides a conceptual base for its clinical application and could enhance the screening of compounds associated with the treatment of many diseases. This review article aims to clarify the important aspects of astaxanthin such as its synthesis, bioavailability, and therapeutics actions, with special interest in practical applications. Awareness of this benefits and production is expected to aid the livestock industry to develop nutritional strategies that ensure the protection of animal health.
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Kanwugu ON, Glukhareva TV, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5005-5028. [PMID: 33591215 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes remains a major health emergency in our entire world, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In conjunction with its much-dreaded complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) it substantially reduces the quality of life, increases mortality as well as economic burden among patients. Over the years, oxidative stress and inflammation have been highlighted as key players in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Much research has been devoted, as such, to the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant found mostly in marine organisms. Over the past years, several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin could be useful in the treatment and management of diabetes. It has been shown to protect β-cells, neurons as well as several organs including the eyes, kidney, liver, etc. against oxidative injuries experienced during diabetes. Furthermore, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism along with cardiovascular health. Its beneficial effects are exerted through multiple actions on cellular functions. Considering these and the fact that foods and natural products with biological and pharmacological activities are of much interest in the 21st-century food and drug industry, astaxanthin has a bright prospect in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russia Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Cheng J, Eroglu A. The Promising Effects of Astaxanthin on Lung Diseases. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:850-864. [PMID: 33179051 PMCID: PMC8166543 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that it is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, whereas other lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and asthma are of high prevalence. In the past decade, mounting evidence has suggested a protective role for ASX against lung diseases. This article reviews the potential role of ASX in protecting against lung diseases, including lung cancer. It also summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ASX protects against pulmonary diseases, including regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/heme oxygenase-1 pathway, NF-κB signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 signaling, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, and modulating immune response. Several future directions are proposed in this review. However, most in vitro and in vivo studies have used ASX at concentrations that are not achievable by humans. Also, no clinical trials have been conducted and/or reported. Thus, preclinical studies with ASX treatment within physiological concentrations as well as human studies are required to examine the health benefits of ASX with respect to lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Cheng
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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Satti HH, Khaleel EF, Badi RM, Elrefaie AO, Mostafa DG. Antiplatelet activity of astaxanthin in control- and high cholesterol-fed rats mediated by down-regulation of P2Y 12, inhibition of NF-κB, and increasing intracellular levels of cAMP. Platelets 2020; 32:469-478. [PMID: 32379559 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1756237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antiplatelet effect of the plant carotenoid, astaxanthin (ASTX) in rats fed either control or high cholesterol plus cholic acid diet (HCCD) and possible underlying mechanisms. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8/each), namely, control (fed normal diet), control + ASTX (10 mg/kg/day), HCCD-fed rats, and HCCD + ASTX-treated rats. Diets and treatments were orally administered daily for 30 days. In both control and HCCD-fed rats, ASTX significantly increased fecal levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, reduced platelet count, prolonged bleeding time, and inhibited platelet aggregation. It also reduced platelet levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Bcl-2; thromboxane B2 (TXB2) release; and the expression of P2Y12, P-selectin, and CD36 receptors. Moreover, the activity NF-κB p65 and Akt was inhibited. Concomitantly, it increased the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP) as well as intracellular levels of cAMP. However, in HCCD-fed rats, the effects of ASTX were associated with reduced serum levels of ox-LDL-c and fasting plasma glucose levels. In conclusion, antiplatelet effects of ASTX involve ROS scavenging, inhibiting NF-κB activity, down-regulating P2Y12 expression, and increasing intracellular levels of cAMP that are attributed to its antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda H Satti
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eman F Khaleel
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Badi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amany O Elrefaie
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,National Liver Institute, Department of Pathology, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt
| | - Dalia G Mostafa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ha Y, Lee WH, Jeong J, Park M, Ko JY, Kwon OW, Lee J, Kim YJ. Pyropia yezoensis Extract Suppresses IFN-Gamma- and TNF-Alpha-Induced Proinflammatory Chemokine Production in HaCaT Cells via the Down-Regulation of NF-κB. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051238. [PMID: 32349358 PMCID: PMC7285056 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis, a red alga, is popular and harvested a lot in East Asia and is famous for its medicinal properties attributable to its bioactive compounds including amino acids (porphyra-334 and shinorine, etc.), polysaccharides, phytosterols, and pigments, but its anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigate the anti-AD effect of P. yezoensis extract (PYE) on mRNA and protein levels of the pro-inflammatory chemokines, thymus, and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells treated to interferon (IFN)-γ or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10 ng/mL each). The effect of the PYE on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was related to its suppression of TARC and MDC production by blocking NF-κB activation in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, astaxanthin and xanthophyll from P. yezoensis were identified as anti-AD candidate compounds. These results suggest that the PYE may improve AD and contained two carotenoids by regulating pro-inflammatory chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Ha
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Graduate School, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Won-Hwi Lee
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - JaeWoo Jeong
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Graduate School, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
| | - Ju-Young Ko
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
| | - Oh Wook Kwon
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L); (Y.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8861 (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.); (W.-H.L.); (J.J.); (M.P.); (J.-Y.K.); (O.W.K.)
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Graduate School, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L); (Y.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8861 (Y.-J.K.)
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