Chronic Vanadium Poisoning in Calves and Its Treatment with Calcium Disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Serum Mineral Levels in Dairy Cows Transiting from Feedlot to Pasture

The objective of the present study was to evaluate trace element and minerals levels in the serum of cows transiting from diets consumed in feedlot or under grazing. A total of 30 healthy 5-6 years old cows of the Red Steppe breed were involved in the study. Blood samples were collected at the end of the feedlot period (end of April) and during the pasture period (end of June). Serum essential trace element and mineral levels were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrate that serum K levels in cows during the feedlot period exceeded those in the pasture period by 50%, whereas serum P values in the pasture period were significantly higher than in the feedlot period by 20%. Serum Li levels in cows during the feedlot feeding period were nearly 3-fold higher than the respective values in a pasture period. In addition, serum B, Sr, and Zn concentrations in cows during a pasture period exceeded those observed upon feedlot feeding by 38%, 40%, and 13%, respectively. In contrast, serum I and V levels in a feedlot period were 32% and 77% higher when compared to the respective values in a pasture period. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that Cr, Cu, I, Na, and V are positively associated with feedlot feeding. At the same time, serum Zn and to a lesser extent Sr values were directly associated with the pasture period. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that feedlot and pasture rations have a significant impact on trace element and mineral metabolism in dairy cows.

Effects of Sodium Pyruvate on Vanadyl Sulphate-Induced Reactive Species Generation and Mitochondrial Destabilisation in CHO-K1 Cells

Vanadium is ranked as one of the world’s critical metals considered important for economic growth with wide use in the steel industry. However, its production, applications, and emissions related to the combustion of vanadium-containing fuels are known to cause harm to the environment and human health. Pyruvate, i.e., a glucose metabolite, has been postulated as a compound with multiple cytoprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant potential of sodium pyruvate (4.5 mM) in vanadyl sulphate (VOSO₄)-exposed CHO-K1 cells. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123 staining were performed to measure total and mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage was investigated using MitoTell orange and JC-10 staining assays. We demonstrated that VOSO₄ alone induced a significant rise in ROS starting from 1 h to 3 h after the treatment. Additionally, after 24 and 48 h of exposure, VOSO₄ elicited both extensive hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The two-way ANOVA analysis of the results showed that, through antagonistic interaction, pyruvate prevented VOSO₄-induced total ROS generation, which could be observed at the 3 h time point. In addition, through the independent action and antagonistic interaction with VOSO₄, pyruvate provided a pronounced protective effect against VOSO₄-mediated mitochondrial toxicity at 24-h exposure, i.e., prevention of VOSO₄-induced hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of MMP. In conclusion, we found that pyruvate exerted cytoprotective effects against vanadium-induced toxicity at least in part by decreasing ROS generation and preserving mitochondrial functions

Protective Effects of Dietary Antioxidants against Vanadium-Induced Toxicity: A Review

Vanadium (V) in its inorganic forms is a toxic metal and a potent environmental and occupational pollutant and has been reported to induce toxic effects in animals and people. In vivo and in vitro data show that high levels of reactive oxygen species are often implicated in vanadium deleterious effects. Since many dietary (exogenous) antioxidants are known to upregulate the intrinsic antioxidant system and ameliorate oxidative stress-related disorders, this review evaluates their effectiveness in the treatment of vanadium-induced toxicity. Collected data, mostly from animal studies, suggest that dietary antioxidants including ascorbic acid, vitamin E, polyphenols, phytosterols, and extracts from medicinal plants can bring a beneficial effect in vanadium toxicity. These findings show potential preventive effects of dietary antioxidants on vanadium-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, neurotoxicity, testicular toxicity, and kidney damage. The relevant mechanistic insights of these events are discussed. In summary, the results of studies on the role of dietary antioxidants in vanadium toxicology appear encouraging enough to merit further investigations.

Vanadium (V) and magnesium (Mg) - In vivo interactions: A review

Vanadium (V) and magnesium (Mg) arouse interest of many research centres worldwide. Many aspects of their action have already been recognized but some of them have not been fully elucidated yet. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms of absorption, transport, and excretion of V. There is also a lack of sufficient data about the most sensitive biomarkers of V toxicity and the mechanisms of its toxic action, which have not been fully explained yet. There is also a lack of comprehensive research on the consequences, character, and mechanisms of mutual interactions of V (which has strong pro-oxidant properties) with elements with an antioxidant potential such as Mg, the recognition of which, besides the cognitive value, may have great practical importance. It should be highlighted that the question of interactions between elements is always up to date and it is still an important issue in toxicology. A comprehensive research on interactions of V with Mg can be particularly important in the studies of the usage of V (which has a narrow margin of safety) in the treatment of certain diseases in humans, especially diabetes, which is accompanied by changes in the level of Mg in the tissues and weakening of the antioxidant barrier and oxidative stress. Therefore, the aspect concerning the possible interaction of V (as a potent pro-oxidant) with Mg (as an antioxidant) was the subject of our special interest. In addition, the examination of the effects of the interactions between V and Mg is very important especially for extending the knowledge of the mechanism of the influence of V on the organism and a potential role of Mg (which is characterized by a wide therapeutic window) in prevention of V toxicity. This review summarizes the most important results obtained from our experiments in a rodent model referring to the interactions of V with Mg on the background of the in vivo experimental data published by other researchers of this issue. Our studies have shown that V and Mg supplied in combination are able to modulate the response in an interactive manner to produce a specific effect that is distinct from that observed during separate administration thereof. The present report also provides the most important information about the effects of the action of V and Mg with other metals.

Increased Cytotoxicity of Vanadium to CHO-K1 Cells in the Presence of Inorganic Selenium

The effect of selenium applied as sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) on the cytotoxicity of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) was examined using CHO-K1 cells. From the resazurin-based assay, it appears that Na2SeO3 at low doses (0.5 and 1 μM) can enhance 100 μM VOSO4-induced cell damage. The two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that the increased cell damage was a consequence of a synergistic interaction of 0.5 μM Na2SeO3 with VOSO4 and 1 μM Na2SeO3 with VOSO4. Observations performed with a phase-contrast microscope showed most cells to be rounded upon treatment with VOSO4 alone. In turn, a majority of cells co-treated with VOSO4 and 1 μM Na2SeO3 were elongated, and exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolization. These results warn of the potential contribution of inorganic selenium to vanadium-induced toxicity.