1
|
Senevirathne A, Hewawaduge C, Lee JH. Genetic interference exerted by Salmonella-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduces the pathological burden caused by Marek's disease virus in chickens. Vet Res 2021; 52:125. [PMID: 34593043 PMCID: PMC8482593 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient in vivo delivery of a CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid is of paramount importance for effective therapy. Here, we investigated the usability of Salmonella as a plasmid carrier for in vivo therapy against virus-induced cancer using Marek’s disease virus (MDV) as a model for study in chickens. A green fluorescent protein-expressing CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid encoding the virulence gene pp38 was constructed against Marek’s disease virus. Therapeutic plasmids were transformed into Salmonella carrying lon and sifA gene deletions. The animals in 5 groups were intraperitoneally inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline, vector control, or Salmonella before or after MDV infection, or left uninfected as a naïve control. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by observing disease outcomes and the viral copy number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The efficacy of plasmid delivery by Salmonella was 13 ± 1.7% in the spleen and 8.0 ± 1.8% in the liver on the 6th day post-infection. The Salmonella-treated groups showed significant resistance to MDV infection. The maximum effect was observed in the group treated with Salmonella before MDV infection. None of the chickens fully recovered; however, the results suggested that timely delivery of Salmonella could be effective for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic interference against highly pathogenic MDV. The use of Salmonella in CRISPR systems provides a simpler and more efficient platform for in vivo therapy with CRISPR than the use of conventional in vivo gene delivery methods and warrants further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Tang N, Sadigh Y, Baigent S, Shen Z, Nair V, Yao Y. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing System on MDV-1 Genome for the Study of Gene Function. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060279. [PMID: 29794970 PMCID: PMC6024840 DOI: 10.3390/v10060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a member of alphaherpesviruses associated with Marek’s disease, a highly contagious neoplastic disease in chickens. Complete sequencing of the viral genome and recombineering techniques using infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of Marek’s disease virus genome have identified major genes that are associated with pathogenicity. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing have given opportunities for precise editing of the viral genome for identifying pathogenic determinants. Here we describe the application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approaches to delete the Meq and pp38 genes from the CVI988 vaccine strain of MDV. This powerful technology will speed up the MDV gene function studies significantly, leading to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MDV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Na Tang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China.
| | - Yashar Sadigh
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Susan Baigent
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China.
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang S, Wang L, Sun S. Natural Infection with Avian Hepatitis E Virus and Marek's Disease Virus in Brown Layer Chickens in China. Avian Dis 2017; 60:698-704. [PMID: 27610734 DOI: 10.1637/11386-013016-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) and serotype-1 strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV-1) were detected from a flock of 27-wk-old brown layer hens in China, accompanied by an average daily mortality of 0.44%. Postmortem examination of 25 sick hens and five apparently healthy hens selected randomly from the flock showed significant pathologic changes consistent with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS), including hepatomegaly, peritoneal fluid, and hepatic subcapsular hemorrhages. Microscopic examination of these livers showed multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and mild lymphocytic infiltration. These liver samples were investigated for HEV by reverse-transcription PCR. The overall detection rate of HEV RNA in samples of sick chickens was about 56% (14/25), while in samples from apparently healthy hens, it was 80% (4/5). Sequencing analysis of three 242-base-pair fragments of the helicase gene revealed 95.5% to 97.9% nucleotide identity compared with published avian HEV genotype 3, whereas identities demonstrated only 77.3% to 86.0% similarity when compared with genotypes 1, 2, and 4. Unexpectedly, the MDV meq gene was detected in livers from both apparently healthy chickens (2/5) and sick chickens (12/25) by PCR analysis. The meq gene (396 base pairs) was determined to belong to MDV-1 by further sequencing. The co-infection rate of avian HEV and MDV in this flock was 30% (9/30). This is the first report of dual infection of a nonenvelope RNA virus (HEV) with a herpesvirus (MDV) in chickens in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Yang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong Province, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong Province, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong Province, 271000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boodhoo N, Gurung A, Sharif S, Behboudi S. Marek's disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology. Vet Res 2016; 47:119. [PMID: 27894330 PMCID: PMC5127044 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baigent SJ, Nair VK, Le Galludec H. Real-time PCR for differential quantification of CVI988 vaccine virus and virulent strains of Marek's disease virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:23-36. [PMID: 26973285 PMCID: PMC4850249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CVI988/Rispens vaccine, the 'gold standard' vaccine against Marek's disease in poultry, is not easily distinguishable from virulent strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Accurate differential measurement of CVI988 and virulent MDV is commercially important to confirm successful vaccination, to diagnose Marek's disease, and to investigate causes of vaccine failure. A real-time quantitative PCR assay to distinguish CVI988 and virulent MDV based on a consistent single nucleotide polymorphism in the pp38 gene, was developed, optimised and validated using common primers to amplify both viruses, but differential detection of PCR products using two short probes specific for either CVI988 or virulent MDV. Both probes showed perfect specificity for three commercial preparations of CVI988 and 12 virulent MDV strains. Validation against BAC-sequence-specific and US2-sequence-specific q-PCR, on spleen samples from experimental chickens co-infected with BAC-cloned pCVI988 and wild-type virulent MDV, demonstrated that CVI988 and virulent MDV could be quantified very accurately. The assay was then used to follow kinetics of replication of commercial CVI988 and virulent MDV in feather tips and blood of vaccinated and challenged experimental chickens. The assay is a great improvement in enabling accurate differential quantification of CVI988 and virulent MDV over a biologically relevant range of virus levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Baigent
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Venugopal K Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Hervé Le Galludec
- Zoetis International Services, 23-25 Avenue du Docteur Lannelongue, 75668 Paris Cedex 14, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gimeno IM, Dunn JR, Cortes AL, El-Gohary AEG, Silva RF. Detection and Differentiation of CVI988 (Rispens Vaccine) from Other Serotype 1 Marek's Disease Viruses. Avian Dis 2014; 58:232-43. [DOI: 10.1637/10666-091713-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
7
|
Dunn JR, Silva RF, Lee LF, Witter RL. Competition between two virulent Marek's disease virus strains in vivo. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:267-75. [PMID: 22702454 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.677804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple strains of Marek's disease virus simultaneously circulating within poultry flocks, leading to the assumption that individual birds are repeatedly exposed to a variety of virus strains in their lifetime. Virus competition within individual birds may be an important factor that influences the outcome of co-infection under field conditions, including the potential outcome of emergence or evolution of more virulent strains. A series of experiments was designed to evaluate virus competition within chickens following simultaneous challenge with two virulent serotype 1 Marek's disease virus strains, using either pathogenically similar (rMd5 and rMd5/pp38CVI) or dissimilar (JM/102W and rMd5/pp38CVI) virus pairs. Bursa of Fabricius, feather follicle epithelium, spleen, and tumour samples were collected at multiple time points to determine the frequency and distribution of each virus present using pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry and virus isolation. In the similar pair, rMd5 appeared to have a competitive advantage over rMd5/pp38CVI, which in turn had a competitive advantage over the less virulent JM/102W in the dissimilar virus pair. Dominance of one strain over the other was not absolute for either virus pair, as the subordinate virus was rarely eliminated. Interestingly, competition between two viruses with either pair rarely ended in a draw. Further work is needed to identify factors that influence virus-specific dominance to better understand what characteristics favour emergence of one strain in chicken populations at the expense of other strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Dunn
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dunn JR, Silva RF. Ability of MEQ-Deleted MDV Vaccine Candidates to Adversely Affect Lymphoid Organs and Chicken Weight Gain. Avian Dis 2012; 56:494-500. [DOI: 10.1637/10062-011812-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Dunn JR, Witter RL, Silva RF, Lee LF, Finlay J, Marker BA, Kaneene JB, Fulton RM, Fitzgerald SD. The Effect of the Time Interval Between Exposures on the Susceptibility of Chickens to Superinfection with Marek's Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1038-49. [DOI: 10.1637/9348-033010-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Marek's disease virus phosphorylated polypeptide pp38 alters transcription rates of mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation genes. Virus Genes 2009; 39:102-12. [PMID: 19472043 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two splice variants of the Marek's disease virus phosphorylated polypeptide (pp)38 were previously identified in the quail cell line QTP32 expressing pp38 under the control of an inducible promoter. We developed QT35-derived cell lines expressing these splice variants or full length pp38 with the splice acceptor sites mutated to further elucidate the role of pp38. Only induction of full length pp38 resulted in an increase in mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity compared to non-induced cells. Transcript copy numbers of cytochrome C oxidase subunit I and ATP synthase were reduced in induced cells. The ATP content of isolated mitochondria from induced cells was greatly reduced compared to those of non-induced cells. Mitochondrial and pp38 staining suggests that there is no direct interaction between pp38 and the mitochondria. Mitochondrial transcripts were also reduced in DF-1 cells expressing full length pp38 and in MDV-infected chick kidney cells indicating that this effect occurs independent of other viral genes and after in vitro infection with MDV.
Collapse
|
11
|
Osterrieder N, Kamil JP, Schumacher D, Tischer BK, Trapp S. Marek's disease virus: from miasma to model. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:283-94. [PMID: 16541136 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes various clinical syndromes in its natural host, the chicken. MDV has long been of interest as a model organism, particularly with respect to the pathogenesis and immune control of virus-induced lymphoma in an easily accessible small-animal system. Recent advances in MDV genetics and the determination of the chicken genome sequence, aided by functional genomics, have begun to dramatically increase our understanding not only of lytic MDV replication, but also of the factors and mechanisms leading to latency and tumour formation. This new information is helping to elucidate cellular signalling pathways that have undergone convergent evolution and are perturbed by different viruses, and emphasizes the value of MDV as a comparative biomedical model. Furthermore, the door is now open for rational and efficient engineering of new vaccines against one of the most important and widespread infectious diseases in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|