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Mohamed MYI, Khalifa HO, Habib I. Food Pathways of Salmonella and Its Ability to Cause Gastroenteritis in North Africa. Foods 2025; 14:253. [PMID: 39856919 PMCID: PMC11765101 DOI: 10.3390/foods14020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by human pathogenic bacteria in food sources pose significant and widespread concerns, leading to substantial economic losses and adverse impacts on public health. This review seeks to shed light on the recent literature addressing the prevalence of Salmonella in the food supply chains of North African countries. Additionally, it aims to provide an overview of the available information regarding health-related concerns, such as virulence genes, and the presence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. This review highlights a gap in our comprehensive understanding of Salmonella prevalence in the food supply chains of North African nations, with limited molecular characterization efforts to identify its sources. Studies at the molecular level across the region have shown the diversity of Salmonella strains and their virulence profiles, thus, these results show the difficulty of controlling Salmonella infections in the region. In addition, the discussion of antibiotic resistance makes it clear that there is a need for the development of comprehensive strategies to fight the potential threat of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains. Despite common reports on animal-derived foods in this region, this review underscores the persistent challenges that Salmonella may pose to food safety and public health in North African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazim O. Khalifa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
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Lu X, Luo M, Wang M, Zhou Z, Xu J, Li Z, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Ding F, Jiang D, Zhou C, Yang L, Zhao W, Ma T, Pang B, Yan M, Wu Y, Wu Y, Kan B. High carriage and possible hidden spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella among asymptomatic workers in Yulin, China. Nat Commun 2024; 15:10238. [PMID: 39592576 PMCID: PMC11599845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Food workers have frequent contact with unprocessed foods, but their carriage of Salmonella and potential influence on public health have not been comprehensively assessed. We investigated Salmonella carriage among food workers compared with non-food workers based on occupational health screening of 260,315 asymptomatic workers over an 8-year surveillance period in Yulin, China. We confirmed that healthy carriers serve as natural reservoirs for Salmonella, with higher carriage rates in food workers than non-food workers. The isolates from food workers also exhibited greater serovar diversity and likely higher levels of antimicrobial resistance than those from non-food workers. Factors such as meteorological, social, and hygiene factors potentially influenced the carriage rate. Genomic analysis revealed a consistent increase in antimicrobial resistance genes among Salmonella isolates over the study period, with the majority of these antimicrobial resistance genes located on plasmids. Additionally, we identified numerous closely related bacterial clusters, which might reflect clusters of hidden local foodborne infections. This study underscores the elevated risk posed by food workers in the persistence and dissemination of Salmonella as vectors/fomites. Enhanced monitoring and targeted interventions in this group may reduce the dissemination of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alkene-carbon Fibres-based Technology & Application for Detection of Major Infectious Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Cancer Institute, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Ding
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Liya Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yannong Wu
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 537000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Biao Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, China.
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Yu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liao M, Rong X, Li B, Wang C, Ge J, Zhang X. Antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic characteristics of Vibrio alginolyticus isolates from aquatic environment in costal mariculture areas in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114219. [PMID: 36335689 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus has been the second most common Vibrio species in the world and mainly grows in the ocean or estuary environment, which can induce epidemics outbreaks under marine organisms, and causing serious economic losses in aquaculture industry. In this study, the genetic populations and evolutionary relationship analysis of V. alginolyticus isolated from different geographical locations in China with typical interannual differences were exhibited originally genetic diversity. Then the virulence genes prevalence, antibiotic resistance phenotype, and antimicrobial resistance genes risk diversity of V. alginolyticus were analyzed by phenotypic and molecular typing methods. And they were complex correlations among antibiotic phenotypes, resistance and virulence genes under different genotype of V. alginolyticus. The results provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the genetic and metabolic diversity among V. alginolyticus in China, and lay a theoretical foundation for the transmission risk assessment and regional diagnosis of Vibrio in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Meijie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Chunyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
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Chahouri A, Yacoubi B, Moukrim A, Banaoui A. Integration assay of bacteriological risks in marine environment using salmonella spp and multimarker response in the bivalve Donax trunculus: Novel biomonitoring approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134149. [PMID: 35271906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination is one of the riskiest forms of human contamination in seawater, which threaten the stability of ecosystems and human health. In this study, we study the accumulation of a pathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp; isolated from the marine environment, in the soft tissue of Donax trunculus (Mollusca, Bivalvia), a commonly used as a bioindicators species for aquatic ecosystems monitoring, under laboratory conditions during both exposure and recovery periods. These bacteria were added in seawater at three concentrations previously determined against sentinel specie at three exposure periods (24, 48 and 96 h). In a second series of experiments, exposed specimens were afterward transplanted to clean water to assess the recovery pattern. The mortality rate of bivalves was determined as biomarker of general stress. Our findings suggest that microbiological contamination by Salmonella spp was gradually incorporated into the body of D. trunculus causing a significant induction of enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as a function of time and concentration. Exposure to a bacterial concentration of 5.104 bacteria/liter resulted in the mortality of more than 80% of the specimens. This study is to test the pathogenicity of Salmonella strains at concentrations close to those of the marine environment, and their effects on biomarkers, thus deducing the existence of an exponential relationship between bacterial concentrations and enzymatic response. The principal component analysis shows that the four biomarkers had similar variation with bacterial concentrations, while two groups were obtained to change following the exposure time (CAT-GST and AChE-MDA). This study provides new findings on the potential accumulation of pathogenic bacteria associated with neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the wedge clam Donax trunculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Chahouri
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Bouchra Yacoubi
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Ali Banaoui
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Lozano-León A, García-Omil C, Rodríguez-Souto RR, Lamas A, Garrido-Maestu A. An Evaluation of the Pathogenic Potential, and the Antimicrobial Resistance, of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Mussels. Microorganisms 2022; 10:126. [PMID: 35056575 PMCID: PMC8777845 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistant microorganisms are two of the most important health issues worldwide. In the present study, strains naturally isolated from mussels harvested in Galicia (one of the main production areas in the world), were genetically characterized attending to the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Additionally, the antimicrobial profile was also determined phenotypically. Strains presenting several virulence genes were isolated but lacked all the antimicrobial resistance genes analyzed. The fact that some of these strains presented multidrug resistance, highlighted the possibility of bearing different genes than those analyzed, or resistance based on completely different mechanisms. The current study highlights the importance of constant surveillance in order to improve the safety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lozano-León
- Laboratorio ASMECRUZ, Playa de Beluso s/n, 36939 Bueu, Spain; (A.L.-L.); (C.G.-O.); (R.R.R.-S.)
- Group CI8, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Omil
- Laboratorio ASMECRUZ, Playa de Beluso s/n, 36939 Bueu, Spain; (A.L.-L.); (C.G.-O.); (R.R.R.-S.)
| | | | - Alexandre Lamas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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