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Leciejewska N, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Manríquez-Núñez J, Muszyńska B, Pokrywka A. Selective androgen receptor modulator use and related adverse events including drug-induced liver injury: Analysis of suspected cases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:185-202. [PMID: 38059982 PMCID: PMC10847181 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have demonstrated agonist activity on the androgen receptor in various tissues, stimulating muscle mass growth and improving bone reconstruction. Despite being in clinical trials, none has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency for pharmacotherapy. Still, SARMs are very popular as performance-enhancing drugs. The FDA has issued warnings about the health risks associated with SARMs, but the long-term exposure and possible adverse events still need to be fully understood. This review aims to evaluate the adverse events associated with using SARMs by humans. METHODS PubMed database was searched from September 16, 2022, to October 2, 2023. In total, 20 records were included in the final review. Data from preclinical and clinical studies supported the review. RESULTS Since 2020, 20 reports of adverse events, most described as drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of SARM agonists, have been published. The main symptoms mentioned were cholestatic or hepatocellular liver injury and jaundice. Limited data are related to the dosages and purity of SARM supplements. CONCLUSION Promoting SARMs as an anabolic agent in combination with other performance-enhancing drugs poses a risk to users not only due to doping controls but also to health safety. The lack of quality control of consumed supplements makes it very difficult to assess the direct impact of SARMs on the liver and their potential hepatotoxic effects. Therefore, more detailed analyses are needed to determine the safety of using SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jędrejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Víctor M Gómez-Renaud
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Josué Manríquez-Núñez
- Department of Research and Graduate Studies in Food Sciences, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kopsida M, Clavero AL, Khaled J, Balgoma D, Luna-Marco C, Chowdhury A, Nyman SS, Rorsman F, Ebeling Barbier C, Bergsten P, Lennernäs H, Hedeland M, Heindryckx F. Inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress response enhances the effect of doxorubicin by altering the lipid metabolism of liver cancer cells. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101846. [PMID: 38030123 PMCID: PMC10755054 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a low and variable response to chemotherapeutic treatments. One contributing factor to the overall pharmacodynamics is the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. This is a cellular stress mechanism that becomes activated when the cell's need for protein synthesis surpasses the ER's capacity to maintain accurate protein folding, and has been implicated in creating drug-resistance in several solid tumors. OBJECTIVE To identify the role of ER-stress and lipid metabolism in mediating drug response in HCC. METHODS By using a chemically-induced mouse model for HCC, we administered the ER-stress inhibitor 4μ8C and/or doxorubicin (DOX) twice weekly for three weeks post-tumor initiation. Histological analyses were performed alongside comprehensive molecular biology and lipidomics assessments of isolated liver samples. In vitro models, including HCC cells, spheroids, and patient-derived liver organoids were subjected to 4μ8C and/or DOX, enabling us to assess their synergistic effects on cellular viability, lipid metabolism, and oxygen consumption rate. RESULTS We reveal a pivotal synergy between ER-stress modulation and drug response in HCC. The inhibition of ER-stress using 4μ8C not only enhances the cytotoxic effect of DOX, but also significantly reduces cellular lipid metabolism. This intricate interplay culminates in the deprivation of energy reserves essential for the sustenance of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the interplay between lipid metabolism and ER-stress modulation in enhancing doxorubicin efficacy in HCC. This novel approach not only deepens our understanding of the disease, but also uncovers a promising avenue for therapeutic innovation. The long-term impact of our study could open the possibility of ER-stress inhibitors and/or lipase inhibitors as adjuvant treatments for HCC-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kopsida
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Jaafar Khaled
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden; Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sofi Sennefelt Nyman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational Drug Development and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Wenbo Z, Yan Z. The Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Athletes; Its Positive and Negative Aspects- A Literature Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:4293-4305. [PMID: 38170017 PMCID: PMC10759908 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s439384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) for strength training and muscle building is a widespread practice among athletes and young individuals. Athletes and bodybuilders are using these substances for various purposes, such as enhancing muscle mass, strengthening their bodies, and enhancing their performances. AAS exert a wide range of physiological effects that result in the activation of central signaling, resulting in adverse effects. Moreover, excessive use of AAS which can be categorized as AAS abuse; is linked to biological and psychological pathologies, which can lead to mortality. Complications arising from steroid abuse involve both cellular and physiological complications. Cellular complications arise when activation of signaling proteins like mTOR, Akt, etc. leads to alteration in protein synthesis pathways, cell cycle, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, contributing to damage at the cellular level. Physiological complications are evident with cardiovascular pathologies, including an altered lipid profile, cardiac hypertrophy, hypogonadism after discontinuation of AAS, and modulation of GABA receptors in the brain, all contributed by the androgen receptor signaling. Clinical complications budding from these altered physiological processes lead to clinical effects like testicular dysfunction, acne, gynecomastia, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite potential therapeutic benefits, AAS use is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to concerns over adverse health effects. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, physiological processes, and clinical complications arising from the excessive use of AAS among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wenbo
- Department of Physical Education, Changchun Institute of Education, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang Yan
- School of Physical Education, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Neimeng, 028000, People’s Republic of China
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Zamir A, Ben Zeev T, Levi C, Einstein O, Ratamess NA, van Praag H, Hoffman JR. The effect of supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate administration on the inflammatory, neurotrophin and behavioral response in adult and old male mice. Horm Behav 2023; 156:105444. [PMID: 38344953 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of 6 weeks of supraphysiological nandrolone decanoate (ND) administration in adult mice (7 months) on cognitive function and neuroinflammation during aging. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into ND (10 mg·kg-1·wk-1) or control (CTL) groups. Half of the mice were tested at a young (Y) age (ND-Y and CTL-Y), 1 week following final ND administration, while the remaining mice were tested at 16 months (O) (ND-O and CTL-O). Learning and memory were better in young mice compared to older mice, regardless of treatment. ND-O displayed decreased anxiety as compared to all other groups. TNFα and IL1β expression were higher in older mice, regardless of treatment. ND administration in young mice appeared to attenuate the neuroinflammatory response in aging mice as evidenced by decreased COX2, IL-4 and increased IL-10 expression in ND-O compared to CTL-O. BDNF AR and ER expression increased in ND-O compared to CTL-O. Results of the study indicated that supraphysiological ND administration had no negative effect on learning and memory but may attenuate anxiety in older mice. In addition, ND administration in young adult mice may attenuate the inflammatory response during aging, which may be related to elevations in both AR and ER expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zamir
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - T Ben Zeev
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - C Levi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - O Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - N A Ratamess
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, USA
| | - H van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | - J R Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel.
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Montero O, Hedeland M, Balgoma D. Trials and tribulations of statistical significance in biochemistry and omics. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:503-512. [PMID: 36842858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years many statisticians and researchers have highlighted that statistical inference would benefit from a better use and understanding of hypothesis testing, p-values, and statistical significance. We highlight three recommendations in the context of biochemical sciences. First recommendation: to improve the biological interpretation of biochemical data, do not use p-values (or similar test statistics) as thresholded values to select biomolecules. Second recommendation: to improve comparison among studies and to achieve robust knowledge, perform complete reporting of data. Third recommendation: statistical analyses should be reported completely with exact numbers (not as asterisks or inequalities). Owing to the high number of variables, a better use of statistics is of special importance in omic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpio Montero
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain; Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Sessa F, Esposito M, Salerno M. Experimental studies on androgen administration in animal models: current and future perspectives. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:566-585. [PMID: 35943186 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to report the most recent (2020-2022) experimental scientific studies conducted on animal models, in order to highlight the relevant findings on the adverse effects related to androgen administration. RECENT FINDINGS Forty-one studies published between January 2020 and July 2022 were selected. The majority of studies investigated the effects of one androgen, whereas only four studies analyzed the effects of two drugs. Nandrolone decanoate was the most investigated drug (20 articles), boldenone was tested in 8 articles, testosterone and stanozolol were used in 7 articles each, 17b-trenbolone, metandienone, and oxandrolone were tested in 1 article each. The articles clarify the adverse effects of androgen administration on the heart, brain, kidney, liver, reproductive and musculoskeletal systems. SUMMARY The main findings of this review highlight that androgen administration increases inflammatory mediators, altering different biochemical parameters. The results concerning the reversibility of the adverse effects are controversial: on the one hand, several studies suggested that by stopping the androgen administration, the organs return to their initial state; on the other hand, the alteration of different biochemical parameters could generate irreversible organ damage. Moreover, this review highlights the importance of animal studies that should be better organized in order to clarify several important aspects related to androgen abuse to fill the gap in our knowledge in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Orthogonality in Principal Component Analysis Allows the Discovery of Lipids in the Jejunum That Are Independent of Ad Libitum Feeding. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090866. [PMID: 36144270 PMCID: PMC9506031 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ad libitum feeding of experimental animals is preferred because of medical relevance together with technical and practical considerations. In addition, ethical committees may require ad libitum feeding. However, feeding affects the metabolism so ad libitum feeding may mask the effects of drugs on tissues directly involved in the digestion process (e.g., jejunum and liver). Despite this effect, principal component analysis has the potential of identifying metabolic traits that are statistically independent (orthogonal) to ad libitum feeding. Consequently, we used principal component analysis to discover the metabolic effects of doxorubicin independent of ad libitum feeding. First, we analyzed the lipidome of the jejunum and the liver of rats treated with vehicle or doxorubicin. Subsequently, we performed principal component analysis. We could identify a principal component associated to the hydrolysis of lipids during digestion and a group of lipids that were orthogonal. These lipids in the jejunum increased with the treatment time and presented a polyunsaturated fatty acid as common structural trait. This characteristic suggests that doxorubicin increases polyunsaturated fatty acids. This behavior agrees with our previous in vitro results and suggests that doxorubicin sensitized the jejunum to ferroptosis, which may partially explain the toxicity of doxorubicin in the intestines.
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8
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Koutsouveli V, Balgoma D, Checa A, Hedeland M, Riesgo A, Cárdenas P. Oogenesis and lipid metabolism in the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Linnaeus, 1767). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6317. [PMID: 35428825 PMCID: PMC9012834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids that serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and embryos. The study of lipid metabolism during reproduction can provide information on food-web dynamics and energetic needs of the populations in their habitats, however, there are no studies focusing on the lipid metabolism of sponges during their seasonal reproduction. In this study, we used histology, lipidome profiling (UHPLC-MS), and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) on the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Demospongiae, Bubarida), a key species of North-Atlantic sponge grounds, with the goal to (i) assess the reproductive strategy and seasonality of this species, (ii) examine the relative changes in the lipidome signal and the gene expression patterns of the enzymes participating in lipid metabolism during oogenesis. Phakellia ventilabrum is an oviparous and most certainly gonochoristic species, reproducing in May and September in the different studied areas. Half of the specimens were reproducing, generating two to five oocytes per mm2. Oocytes accumulated lipid droplets and as oogenesis progressed, the signal of most of the unsaturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerides increased, as well as of a few other phospholipids. In parallel, we detected upregulation of genes in female tissues related to triacylglyceride biosynthesis and others related to fatty acid beta-oxidation. Triacylglycerides are likely the main type of lipid forming the yolk in P. ventilabrum since this lipid category has the most marked changes. In parallel, other lipid categories were engaged in fatty acid beta-oxidation to cover the energy requirements of female individuals during oogenesis. In this study, the reproductive activity of the sponge P. ventilabrum was studied for the first time uncovering their seasonality and revealing 759 lipids, including 155 triacylglycerides. Our study has ecological and evolutionary implications providing essential information for understanding the molecular basis of reproduction and the origins and formation of lipid yolk in early-branching metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
- RD3 Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Calle de José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gorczyca G, Wartalski K, Wiater J, Samiec M, Tabarowski Z, Duda M. Anabolic Steroids-Driven Regulation of Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Favors the Onset of Their Neoplastic Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111800. [PMID: 34769230 PMCID: PMC8583785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nandrolone (Ndn) and boldenone (Bdn), the synthetic testosterone analogues with strong anabolic effects, despite being recognized as potentially carcinogenic compounds, are commonly abused by athletes and bodybuilders, which includes women, worldwide. This study tested the hypothesis that different doses of Ndn and Bdn can initiate neoplastic transformation of porcine ovarian putative stem cells (poPSCs). Immunomagnetically isolated poPSCs were expanded ex vivo in the presence of Ndn or Bdn, for 7 and 14 days. Results show that pharmacological doses of both Ndn and Bdn, already after 7 days of poPSCs culture, caused a significant increase of selected, stemness-related markers of cancer cells: CD44 and CD133. Notably, Ndn also negatively affected poPSCs growth not only by suppressing their proliferation and mitochondrial respiration but also by inducing apoptosis. This observation shows, for the first time, that chronic exposure to Ndn or Bdn represents a precondition that might enhance risk of poPSCs neoplastic transformation. These studies carried out to accomplish detailed molecular characterization of the ex vivo expanded poPSCs and their potentially cancerous derivatives (PCDs) might be helpful to determine their suitability as nuclear donor cells (NDCs) for further investigations focused on cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Such investigations might also be indispensable to estimate the capabilities of nuclear genomes inherited from poPSCs and their PCDs to be epigenetically reprogrammed (dedifferentiated) in cloned pig embryos generated by SCNT. This might open up new possibilities for biomedical research aimed at more comprehensively recognizing genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying not only tumorigenesis but also reversal/retardation of pro-tumorigenic intracellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gorczyca
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Zbigniew Tabarowski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.D.)
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Balgoma D, Kullenberg F, Calitz C, Kopsida M, Heindryckx F, Lennernäs H, Hedeland M. Anthracyclins Increase PUFAs: Potential Implications in ER Stress and Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:1163. [PMID: 34064765 PMCID: PMC8151859 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and personalized interventions in cancer treatment require a better understanding of the relationship between the induction of cell death and metabolism. Consequently, we treated three primary liver cancer cell lines with two anthracyclins (doxorubicin and idarubin) and studied the changes in the lipidome. We found that both anthracyclins in the three cell lines increased the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and alkylacylglycerophosphoethanolamines (etherPEs) with PUFAs. As PUFAs and alkylacylglycerophospholipids with PUFAs are fundamental in lipid peroxidation during ferroptotic cell death, our results suggest supplementation with PUFAs and/or etherPEs with PUFAs as a potential general adjuvant of anthracyclins. In contrast, neither the markers of de novo lipogenesis nor cholesterol lipids presented the same trend in all cell lines and treatments. In agreement with previous research, this suggests that modulation of the metabolism of cholesterol could be considered a specific adjuvant of anthracyclins depending on the type of tumor and the individual. Finally, in agreement with previous research, we found a relationship across the different cell types between: (i) the change in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and (ii) the imbalance between PUFAs and cholesterol and saturated lipids. In the light of previous research, this imbalance partially explains the sensitivity to anthracyclins of the different cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that the modulation of different lipid metabolic pathways may be considered for generalized and personalized metabochemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Fredrik Kullenberg
- Translational Drug Development and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (M.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Maria Kopsida
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (M.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (M.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational Drug Development and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110606. [PMID: 33187340 PMCID: PMC7696474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Androgens play a significant role in the development of male reproductive organs. The clinical use of synthetic testosterone derivatives, such as nandrolone, is focused on maximizing the anabolic effects and minimizing the androgenic ones. Class II anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), including nandrolone, are rapidly becoming a widespread group of drugs used both clinically and illicitly. The illicit use of AAS is diffused among adolescent and bodybuilders because of their anabolic proprieties and their capacity to increase tolerance to exercise. This systematic review aims to focus on side effects related to illicit AAS abuse, evaluating the scientific literature in order to underline the most frequent side effects on AAS abusers’ bodies. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed using the PubMed database and the keywords “nandrolone decanoate”. The inclusion criteria for articles or abstracts were English language and the presence of the following words: “abuse” or “adverse effects”. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, from a total of 766 articles, only 148 were considered eligible for the study. Results: The most reported adverse effects (found in more than 5% of the studies) were endocrine effects (18 studies, 42%), such as virilization, gynecomastia, hormonal disorders, dyslipidemia, genital alterations, and infertility; cardiovascular dysfunctions (six studies, 14%) such as vascular damage, coagulation disorders, and arteriosus hypertension; skin disorders (five studies, 12%) such as pricking, acne, and skin spots; psychiatric and mood disorders (four studies, 9%) such as aggressiveness, sleep disorders and anxiety; musculoskeletal disorders (two studies, 5%), excretory disorders (two studies, 5%), and gastrointestinal disorders (two studies, 5%). Conclusions: Based on the result of our study, the most common adverse effects secondary to the abuse of nandrolone decanoate (ND) involve the endocrine, cardiovascular, skin, and psychiatric systems. These data could prove useful to healthcare professionals in both sports and clinical settings.
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Gil-de-Gómez L, Balgoma D, Montero O. Lipidomic-Based Advances in Diagnosis and Modulation of Immune Response to Cancer. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080332. [PMID: 32824009 PMCID: PMC7465074 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapies for diverse types of cancer are effective in many cases, relapse is still a lingering problem. Like tumor cells, activated immune cells have an anabolic metabolic profile, relying on glycolysis and the increased uptake and synthesis of fatty acids. In contrast, immature antigen-presenting cells, as well as anergic and exhausted T-cells have a catabolic metabolic profile that uses oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for cellular processes. One goal for enhancing current immunotherapies is to identify metabolic pathways supporting the immune response to tumor antigens. A robust cell expansion and an active modulation via immune checkpoints and cytokine release are required for effective immunity. Lipids, as one of the main components of the cell membrane, are the key regulators of cell signaling and proliferation. Therefore, lipid metabolism reprogramming may impact proliferation and generate dysfunctional immune cells promoting tumor growth. Based on lipid-driven signatures, the discrimination between responsiveness and tolerance to tumor cells will support the development of accurate biomarkers and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. These findings may improve existing immunotherapies and ultimately prevent immune escape in patients for whom existing treatments have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Center, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husarg. 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Olimpio Montero
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Boecillo’s Technological Park Bureau, Av. Francisco Vallés 8, 47151 Boecillo, Spain;
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