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Eissen M. Synthesis design using mass related metrics, environmental metrics, and health metrics. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The efforts to integrate environmental aspects, health aspects as well as safety aspects into chemical production has led to the development of measurable and thus objectifying metrics. The application of these metrics is considered to be most promising, especially during the earliest phases of synthesis design. However, the operability in daily work suffers from the lack of available data, or a large variety of data, and the complexity of data processing. If a life cycle assessment is not practical in the early development phase, environmental factor and process mass intensity can give a quick and reliable overview. I will show that this often says the same in advance as a subsequently prepared life cycle assessment. Readers will realise that, based on preparative descriptions, they can quickly determine these metrics for individual syntheses or extensive synthesis sequences applying the available software support. Environmental relevance in terms of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) can be presented using a modification of the European ranking method ‘DART’ (Decision Analysis by Ranking Techniques). Based on corresponding PBT data, readers can determine a hazard score between 0 and 1 for any substance using the spreadsheet file provided, with which the mass of (potentially emitted) substances can be weighted. Occupational health can be represented using a modification of the recognized ‘Stoffenmanager’. Both concepts are presented and spreadsheet files are offered. This article is based on a presentation which was given at the Green Chemistry Postgraduate Summer School in Venice, 6th–10th July 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Eissen
- Gymnasium Ganderkesee , Am Steinacker 12, 27777 Ganderkesee , Germany
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Nepal S, Giri A, Bhandari R, Chand S, Nepal S, Aryal S, Khanal P, Moktan JB, Shastry CS. Poor and Unsatisfactory Disposal of Expired and Unused Pharmaceuticals: A Global Issue. Curr Drug Saf 2021; 15:167-172. [PMID: 32589562 DOI: 10.2174/1574886315666200626164001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are beneficial to humankind and emerged as crucial arms to treat/manage multiple disease pathogenesis in the present era. In analogous, these medicines/ medical devices should be used cautiously as they possess a potential threat to induce multiple undesired effects that may be related to human health or the environment. Daunting effects may arise due to the improper disposal of unused/expired medicines. Hence, to minimize such harm, there should be adequate knowledge and practice among the population regarding the safe disposal of unused/expired medicines or related pharmaceutical devices. The lack of approved information regarding safe disposal of such substances may invite serious concerns like environmental pollution, which may induce immediate health hazards to the present population and upcoming future generations. There are numerous ways to dispose of, or manage the unused and expired pharmaceutical substances. Sharing the medicines among siblings, friends, and family members are never free from serious health risks. Storing the unused and expired medicines in the home increases the risk of intentional or accidental ingestion of such substances and may create a health emergency. Disposing medicines like household and municipal waste may lead to environmental pollution and harm to humans and animals. The present review finds the multiple unsafe ways of disposal of unutilized medications/tools. Furthermore, it also summarizes the disposal pattern of unutilized medications among the few developed and undeveloped nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nepal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Lekhnath 33700, Nepal
| | - Anil Giri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Lekhnath 33700, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, India
| | - Sharad Chand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - Sudip Nepal
- District Coordinator- The Leprosy Mission Nepal, Rupandehi, Butwal, Nepal
| | - Santosh Aryal
- District Coordinator- The Leprosy Mission Nepal, Rupandehi, Butwal, Nepal
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, India
| | - Jeet Bahadur Moktan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara-571448, India
| | - Chakrakodi Shashidhara Shastry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Toma A, Crişan O. Green pharmacy - a narrative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 91:391-398. [PMID: 30564014 PMCID: PMC6296717 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Active pharmaceutical ingredients are present in various sections of the environment, because of both the human and veterinary use of medicinal products. Ways of minimizing the risk of environmental contamination should be observed during all pharmaceutical activities (research, manufacturing, prescribing, dispensing and disposal of medicinal products). Methods For the present study we searched specific literature on this subject, using the main international databases (Thomson Reuters – Web of Science, SCOPUS and Science Direct). Results This narrative review focuses on the main aspects concerning environmental contamination with medicinal products. Consequently, the present study is structured on four different topics: environmental research on medicinal products, minimizing environmental contamination, waste disposal management and towards a greener community pharmacy. Conclusion Waste management activities are important for reducing the presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the environment. Pharmacists should inform patients on proper pharmaceutical waste disposal and organize collection programs for unused and expired medicines, in order to develop a greener pharmacy for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Toma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Legislation and Management, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ofelia Crişan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Legislation and Management, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Singleton JA, Lau ETL, Nissen LM. Waiter, there is a drug in my soup - using Leximancer ® to explore antecedents to pro-environmental behaviours in the hospital pharmacy workplace. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2017; 26:341-350. [PMID: 29972612 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/S The aim of this study was to explore Queensland hospital pharmacists' and pharmacy technicians' knowledge and understanding of the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment and the handling of pharmaceutical waste. METHODS This study followed a mixed methods research design. Purposive sampling techniques were used to recruit 64 hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in five public and private hospitals, in metropolitan and regional Queensland, Australia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Qualitative data were analysed using both the text analytics using descriptive statistics. KEY FINDINGS Lack of environmental knowledge regarding the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment and lack of understanding of systems thinking concepts (that all living things are part of the one environment or system, and therefore any negative impacts on the environment will ultimately have negative impacts on human health) were the key findings of this research. Interviewees expressed concern, but most expressed minimal personal concern, about the impact of pharmaceuticals entering the environment. Most interviewees were unsure as to best practice methods for the disposal of pharmaceutical waste, and by complying with hospital policy assumed appropriate disposal occurred. CONCLUSION Before the pharmacy profession can take up a leadership role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians require environmental information regarding the negative impacts of pharmaceuticals on the environment, and education on systems thinking to enable them to understand that any negative impacts on the environment will ultimately have negative impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Singleton
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Esther T L Lau
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Lisa M Nissen
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Estimation of kinetic parameters and UV doses necessary to remove twenty-three pharmaceuticals from pre-treated urban wastewater by UV/H2O2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A. Singleton J, M. Nissen L, Barter N, McIntosh M. The global public health issue of pharmaceutical waste: what role for pharmacists? JOURNAL OF GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/jgr-03-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Pharmaceuticals have played an important role in improving the quality of life of the human population in modern times. However, it must also be acknowledged that both the production and use of pharmaceuticals have a significant, negative impact on the environment and consequently, a negative impact on the health of humans and wildlife. This negative impact is due to the embedded carbon in pharmaceuticals' manufacture and distribution and the waste generated in their manufacture, consumption and disposal. Pharmaceutical waste is comprised of contaminated waste (unwanted pharmaceuticals and their original containers) and non-contaminated waste (non-hazardous packaging waste). The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
– The article is a literature review.
Findings
– The article identified a gap in the literature around pharmacist attitudes and behaviour toward the environmentally responsible handling of pharmaceutical waste.
Originality/value
– Pharmacists, with their professional commitment to the quality use of medicines and their active participation in the medicines management pathway, already play an important role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals. Even so, they have the potential to play an even greater role with the environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste (including packaging waste) and the education of other health professionals and the general public on this topic.
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Dohle S, Campbell VEA, Arvai JL. Consumer-perceived risks and choices about pharmaceuticals in the environment: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2013; 12:45. [PMID: 23734758 PMCID: PMC3680168 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing concern that pollution from pharmaceuticals used in human medicine and agriculture can be a threat to the environment. Little is known, however, if people are aware that pharmaceuticals may have a detrimental influence on the environment. The present study examines people's risk perception and choices in regard to environmental risks of pharmaceuticals used in human medicine and for agricultural purposes. METHODS A representative sample of the U.S. population (N = 640) was surveyed. Respondents completed a hypothetical choice task that involved tradeoffs between human and environmental health. In addition, it was examined how much people would support an environment policy related to drug regulation. RESULTS For agricultural pharmaceuticals, respondents reported a high level of satisfaction for a policy requiring farms to limit their use of antibiotics. In the domain of pharmaceuticals used in human medicine, we found that people were willing to consider environmental consequences when choosing a drug, but only when choices were made about treatment options for a rather harmless disease. In contrast, when decisions were made about treatment options for a severe disease, the drug's effectiveness was the most important criterion. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the environmental impact of a drug will be hardly considered in decisions about pharmaceuticals for severe diseases like cancer, and this may be due to the fact that these decisions are predominantly affective in nature. However, for less severe health risks, people are willing to balance health and environmental considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dohle
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria E A Campbell
- Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joseph L Arvai
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Decision Research, Eugene, OR, USA
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