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Lara R, van Drooge BL, Canals-Angerri A, Amato F, Alastuey A, Querol X, Negral L. Key factors for abating particulate matter in a highly industrialized area in N Spain: Fugitive emissions and secondary aerosol precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139959. [PMID: 37640211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In highly industrialized areas, abating particulate matter (PM) is complex owing to the variety of emission sources with different chemical profiles that may mix in the atmosphere. Gijón-an industrial city in northern Spain-was selected as a case study to better understand the key emission sources and improve air quality in highly industrialized areas. Accordingly, the trends of various air quality indicators (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3) during the past decade (2010-2019) were analyzed. Additionally, the inorganic and organic PM10 compositions were analyzed for source apportionment studies and to assess the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on PM10 levels. The results revealed that over the past decade, PM10 concentrations decreased, whereas PM2.5 concentrations dominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) remained relatively constant. Notably, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the PM10 concentration increased by 9.1%, primarily owing to an increase in regional SIA (>65%) due to specific meteorological conditions that favor the formation of secondary PM from gaseous precursors. Overall, eight key PM10 sources were identified: "industrial fugitive PM resuspension" (FPM, 28% of mean PM10 concentration), "aged sea spray" (SSp, 16%), "secondary nitrate" (SN, 15%), "local diffuse source" (LPM, 12%), "solid fuel combustion" (SFC, 7.8%), "biomass burning" (BB, 7.4%), "secondary sulphate" (SSu, 6.0%), and "sinter" (SIN, 4.5%). The PM10 concentration in Gijón is significantly influenced by the integrated steel industry (FPM, SFC, and SIN; 41% of PM10) and fugitive primary PM emissions were the main source (FPM and LPM; 40%). To reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, industrial fugitive emissions, which are currently poorly regulated, and SIA precursors must be abated. This study provides a methodological approach that combines trend analysis, chemical speciation, and source apportionment for assessing pollution abatement strategies in industrialized areas with a complex mix of emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Canals-Angerri
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Giannossa LC, Cesari D, Merico E, Dinoi A, Mangone A, Guascito MR, Contini D. Inter-annual variability of source contributions to PM 10, PM 2.5, and oxidative potential in an urban background site in the central mediterranean. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115752. [PMID: 35982560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is studied because of its effects on human health and climate change. PM long-term characterisation allows identifying trends and evaluating the outcomes of environmental protection policies. This work is aimed to study the inter-annual variability of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and chemical composition in an urban background site (Italy). A dataset of daily PM2.5 and PM10 was collected in the period 2016-2017, including the content of OC, EC, major water-soluble ions, main metals, and compared to a similar dataset collected in the period 2013-2014. Oxidative potential using DTT assay (dithiothreitol) was evaluated and expressed in DTTV as 0.39 nmol/min·m3 in PM10 and 0.29 in PM2.5 nmol/min·m3. PM source apportionment was computed using the EPA PMF5.0 model and source contributions compared with those of a previous dataset collected between 2013 and 2014. Multi linear regression analysis identified which source contributed (p < 0.05) to the oxidative potential of each size fraction. Inter-annual trends were more evident on PM2.5 with reductions of biomass burning contribution and increases in traffic contribution in the 2016-2017 period. Crustal contributions were similar for the two periods, in both size fractions. Carbonates were comparable in PM10 with a slight increase in PM2.5. Sea spray decreased in PM10. The DTTV of PM2.5 peaked during cold periods, while, the DTTV of the PM10-2.5 fraction peaked in summer, suggesting that different sources, with different seasonality, influence OP in the PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 fractions. Analysis showed that sea spray, crustal, and carbonates sources contribute ∼13.6% to DTTV in PM2.5 and ∼62.4% to DTTV in PM10-2.5. Combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic) contribute to the majority of DTTV (50.6%) in PM2.5 and contribute for ∼26% to DTTV in PM10-2.5. Secondary nitrate contributes to DTTV in both fine and coarse fraction; secondary sulphate contribute to DTTV in PM2.5 with negligible contributions to DTTV in PM10-2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
| | - Eva Merico
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Chemistry, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rachele Guascito
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
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Pereira DCA, Custódio D, de Andrade MDF, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Air quality of an urban school in São Paulo city. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:659. [PMID: 31630273 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major campaign was carried out in indoor and outdoor environments in a school located in the university campus of the city of São Paulo. Elements, PAH, oxy-PAH, water-soluble ions and black carbon were determined and compared with preliminary campaigns. The results indicated that the concentrations of particles and organic compounds were higher indoors. Some high molecular weight compounds, attributed to vehicular emissions, were more abundant outdoors. The associated health risk was found to be low. 2-Methylanthraquinone and benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione were detected in the indoor samples, denoting the infiltration of vehicle exhaust. The observation of black carbon also corroborates the contribution of traffic emissions. For most of the elements, except for chromium, iron and manganese, the concentrations obtained in indoors were higher than outdoors, mainly due to soil resuspension. Chromium and manganese likely derived from emissions of the vehicle powered by mixtures of ethanol and gasoline. Water-soluble inorganic ions species denoted the influence of soil resuspension and human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Custódio
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima de Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Departamento de Ambiente, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Application of gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the assessment of PAH levels in non industrial indoor air. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gosai HB, Sachaniya BK, Dudhagara DR, Rajpara RK, Dave BP. Concentrations, input prediction and probabilistic biological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along Gujarat coastline. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:653-665. [PMID: 28801833 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation was conducted in order to assess the levels of PAHs, their input prediction and potential risks to bacterial abundance and human health along Gujarat coastline. A total of 40 sediment samples were collected at quarterly intervals within a year from two contaminated sites-Alang-Sosiya Shipbreaking Yard (ASSBRY) and Navlakhi Port (NAV), situated at Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch, respectively. The concentration of ΣPAHs ranged from 408.00 to 54240.45 ng g-1 dw, indicating heavy pollution of PAHs at both the contaminated sites. Furthermore, isomeric ratios and principal component analysis have revealed that inputs of PAHs at both contaminated sites were mixed-pyrogenic and petrogenic. Pearson co-relation test and regression analysis have disclosed Nap, Acel and Phe as major predictors for bacterial abundance at both contaminated sites. Significantly, cancer risk assessment of the PAHs has been exercised based on incremental lifetime cancer risks. Overall, index of cancer risk of PAHs for ASSBRY and NAV ranged from 4.11 × 10-6-2.11 × 10-5 and 9.08 × 10-6-4.50 × 10-3 indicating higher cancer risk at NAV compared to ASSBRY. The present findings provide baseline information that may help in developing advanced bioremediation and bioleaching strategies to minimize biological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haren B Gosai
- Department of Life Sciences, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India
| | - Bhumi K Sachaniya
- Department of Life Sciences, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India
| | - Dushyant R Dudhagara
- Department of Life Sciences, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India
| | - Rahul K Rajpara
- Department of Life Sciences, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India
| | - Bharti P Dave
- Department of Life Sciences, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India.
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Semiautomatic sequential extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental bio-accessible fraction by accelerated solvent extraction on a single particulate matter sample. Talanta 2017; 174:838-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Magaril E. Improvement of the environmental and operational characteristics of vehicles through decreasing the motor fuel density. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6793-6802. [PMID: 26662790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and operational characteristics of motor transport, one of the main consumers of motor fuel and source of toxic emissions, soot, and greenhouse gases, are determined to a large extent by the fuel quality which is characterized by many parameters. Fuel density is one of these parameters and it can serve as an indicator of fuel quality. It has been theoretically substantiated that an increased density of motor fuel has a negative impact both on the environmental and operational characteristics of motor transport. The use of fuels with a high density leads to an increase in carbonization within the engine, adversely affecting the vehicle performance and increasing environmental pollution. A program of technological measures targeted at reducing the density of the fuel used was offered. It includes a solution to the problem posed by changes in the refining capacities ratio and the temperature range of gasoline and diesel fuel boiling, by introducing fuel additives and adding butanes to the gasoline. An environmental tax has been developed which allows oil refineries to have a direct impact on the production of fuels with improved environmental performance, taking into account the need to minimize the density of the fuel within a given category of quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Magaril
- Research and Educational Centre ENGEC, Ural Federal University, Mira str., 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia.
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Alves CA, Barbosa C, Rocha S, Calvo A, Nunes T, Cerqueira M, Pio C, Karanasiou A, Querol X. Elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in exhaust particles emitted by light-duty vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11526-42. [PMID: 25827652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) emitted by eight different light-duty vehicles. Exhaust samples from petrol and diesel cars (Euro 3 to Euro 5) were collected in a chassis dynamometer facility. To simulate the real-world driving conditions, three ARTEMIS cycles were followed: road, to simulate a fluid traffic flow and urban with hot and cold starts, to simulate driving conditions in cities. Samples were analysed for the water-soluble ions, for the elemental composition and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively, by ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nitrate and phosphate were the major water-soluble ions in the exhaust particles emitted from diesel and petrol vehicles, respectively. The amount of material emitted is affected by the vehicle age. For vehicles ≥Euro 4, most elements were below the detection limits. Sodium, with emission factors in the ranges 23.5-62.4 and 78.2-227μg km(-1), for petrol and diesel Euro 3 vehicles, respectively, was the major element. The emission factors of metallic elements indicated that diesel vehicles release three to five times more than petrol automobiles. Element emissions under urban cycles are higher than those found for on-road driving, being three or four times higher, for petrol vehicles, and two or three times, for diesel vehicles. The difference between cycles is mainly due to the high emissions for the urban cycle with hot start-up. As registered for elements, most of the PAH emissions for vehicles ≥Euro 4 were also below the detection limits. Regardless of the vehicle models or driving cycles, the two- to four-ring PAHs were always dominant. Naphthalene, with emission factors up to 925 μg km(-1), was always the most abundant PAH. The relative cancer risk associated with naphthalene was estimated to be up to several orders of magnitude higher than any of the chemical species found in the PM phase. The highest PAH emission factors were registered for diesel-powered vehicles. The condition of the vehicle can exert a decisive influence on both element and PAH emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia A Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Callén MS, Iturmendi A, López JM. Source apportionment of atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a PMF receptor model. Assessment of potential risk for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:167-77. [PMID: 25240190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One year sampling (2011-2012) campaign of airborne PM2.5-bound PAH was performed in Zaragoza, Spain. A source apportionment of total PAH by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied in order to quantify potential PAH pollution sources. Four sources were apportioned: coal combustion, vehicular emissions, stationary emissions and unburned/evaporative emissions. Although Directive 2004/107/EC was fulfilled regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), episodes exceeding the limit value of PM2.5 according to Directive 2008/50/EC were found. These episodes of high negative potential for human health were studied, obtaining a different pattern for the exceedances of PM2.5 and the lower assessment threshold of BaP (LATBaP). In both cases, stationary emissions contributed majority to total PAH. Lifetime cancer risk exceeded the unit risk recommended by the World Health Organization for those episodes exceeding the LATBaP and the PM2.5 exceedances for the warm season. For the cold season, the risk was higher for the LATBaP than for the PM2.5 exceedances.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Callén
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - Amaia Iturmendi
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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Oakes M, Baxter L, Long TC. Evaluating the application of multipollutant exposure metrics in air pollution health studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:90-9. [PMID: 24815342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health effects associated with air pollution are typically evaluated using a single pollutant approach, yet people are exposed to mixtures consisting of multiple pollutants that may have independent or combined effects on human health. Development of exposure metrics that represent the multipollutant environment is important to understand the impact of ambient air pollution on human health. OBJECTIVES We reviewed existing multipollutant exposure metrics to evaluate how they can be applied to understand associations between air pollution and health effects. METHODS We conducted a literature search using both targeted search terms and a relational search in Web of Science and PubMed in April and December 2013. We focused on exposure metrics that are constructed from ambient pollutant concentrations and can be broadly applied to evaluate air pollution health effects. RESULTS Multipollutant exposure metrics were identified in 57 eligible studies. Metrics reviewed can be categorized into broad pollutant grouping paradigms based on: 1) source emissions and atmospheric processes or 2) common health outcomes. DISCUSSION When comparing metrics, it is apparent that no universal exposure metric exists; each type of metric addresses different research questions and provides unique information on human health effects. Key limitations of these metrics include the balance between complexity and simplicity as well as the lack of an existing "gold standard" for multipollutant health effects and exposure. CONCLUSIONS Future work on characterizing multipollutant exposure error and joint effects will inform development of improved multipollutant metrics to advance air pollution health effects research and human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Oakes
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Lisa Baxter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Thomas C Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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