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Bamotra S, Kaushal D, Yadav S, Tandon A. Variations in the concentration, source activity, and atmospheric processing of PM 2.5-associated water-soluble ionic species over Jammu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:601. [PMID: 35864231 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, sources, and atmospheric processing of water-soluble ionic species associated with PM2.5 collected from 2015 to 2017 were studied in Jammu, an urban location in the North-Western Himalayan Region (NWHR). Being ecologically sensitive and sparsely studied for dynamics in PM2.5 and associated WSIS, the present study is important for developing robust air pollution abatement strategies for the air-shed of NWHR. Twenty-four hourly PM2.5 samples were collected on weekly basis at a receptor site and analyzed for WSIS using ion chromatography system. On annual basis, total sum of WSIS (ΣWSIS) contributed about 28.5% of PM2.5, where the contribution of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium, a proxy for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), was found to be 18.7% of PM2.5. The ΣWSIS and PM2.5 concentration showed a seasonal cycle with the maximum concentration during winters and the minimum in summers. Mass fraction of ΣWSIS in PM2.5 showed an anti-phase seasonal pattern indicating more source activity during summers. Season-wise, dominant WSIS constituting PM2.5 were NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, and K+ during winters; whereas summer was marked with dominant contributions from SO42-, NH4+, Ca2+, and K+. Seasonal variability exhibited among SIA constituents underscored the crucial role of air temperature and relative humidity regime. It was observed that nss-K+ + NH4+ were sufficient to neutralize most of the acidic species arising from precursor gases (NOx and SOx). Using principal component analysis, five major sources and processes, viz. (a) biomass burning activities, (b) secondary inorganic aerosol formation, (c) input from re-suspended dust, (d) transported dust, and (e) fertilizer residue, were identified for the emissions of PM2.5-associated WSIS over Jammu. In future studies, impacts of dry and/or wet deposition of aerosol-associated WSIS on the crop productivity in the region should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bamotra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India.
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India.
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Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Open biomass burning (BB) has contributed severely to the ambient levels of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) in upper northern Thailand over the last decade. Some methods have been reported to identify the sources of burning using chemical compositions, i.e., ions, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. However, recent advances in nuclear techniques have been limited in use due to their specific instrumentation. The aims of this study were to investigate the sources of ambient PM2.5 in Chiang Mai city using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N). The mean concentrations of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in PM2.5 were 12.2 ± 5.42 and 1.91 ± 1.07 μg/m3, respectively, whereas δ13C and δ15N PM2.5 were −26.1 ± 0.77‰ and 10.3 ± 2.86‰, respectively. This isotopic analysis confirmed that biomass burning was the source of PM2.5 and that C3 and C4 plants contributed about 74% and 26%, respectively. These study results confirm that the stable isotope is an important tool in identifying the sources of aerosols.
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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sarma VVSS, Deshmukh DK. Unraveling the sources of atmospheric organic aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Insights from the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154260. [PMID: 35248629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in marine aerosols influenced by the continental outflows are useful proxies for understanding the aging and secondary formation processes. Every winter, the haze pollutants transported from South Asia significantly affect the chemical composition of marine atmospheric boundary layer of the Arabian Sea. Here, we assessed the δ13C of total carbon (TC) and δ15N of total nitrogen (TN) in marine aerosols collected over the Arabian Sea during a winter cruise (6-24 December 2018). TC (2.1-13.4 μg m-3) is strongly correlated with TN (0.9-5.0 μg m-3), likely because of their common source-emissions, biomass burning and fossil-fuel combustion in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and South Asia (corroborated by backward-air mass trajectories and satellite fire counts). Besides, the linear relationship between the mass ratios of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) to TC (0.04-0.65) and δ13CTC (-25.1‰ to -22.9‰) underscores the importance of aging process. This means oxidation of organic aerosols during transport not only influences the WSOC levels but also affects their δ13CTC. Likewise, the prevalent inverse linear relationship between the equivalent mass ratio of (NH4+/non-sea-salt- or nss-SO42-) and δ15NTN (+15.3‰ to +25.1‰) emphasizes the overall significance of neutralization reactions between major acidic ([nss-SO42-] ≫ [NO3-]) and alkaline species (NH4+) in aerosols. Higher δ15NTN values in winter than the spring inter-monsoon clearly emphasizes the significance of the anthropogenic combustion sources (i.e., biomass burning) in the South Asian outflow. A comparison of δ13CTC and δ15NTN with the source emissions revealed that crop-residue burning emissions followed by the coal fired power plants mostly dictate the atmospheric abundance of organic aerosols in the wider South Asian outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
| | - V V S S Sarma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Cente Waltair, Visakhapatnam 530017, India
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
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Zhou J, Liu G, Zhang H, Liu K, Arif M. Pollution characterization and source identification of nitrogen-containing species in fine particulates: A case study in Hefei city, East China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131316. [PMID: 34265707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To identify the nitrogen sources in atmospheric particulate matter, the stable isotope technique has been proven as an effective method. In this study, PM2.5 samples at different pollution levels were collected from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei to analyze and compare the chemical composition. The results showed that the concentrations of PM2.5, total nitrogen (TN) and nitrogenous species, as well as the total nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) increased with the aggravation of pollution. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N, 54%) was the dominant nitrogen-containing specie during the whole campaign, followed by nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N, 34%) and organic nitrogen (ON, 12%). The δ15N was positively correlated with NH4+-N/TN but negatively correlated with NO3--N/TN. NH4NO3 and NH4HSO4 were the dominant forms of the secondary inorganic aerosols. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the temperature and δ15N. Nitrogen source identification of PM2.5 was conducted using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, δ15N values and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results indicated that the contributions of the four main nitrogen sources were obtained and shown in descending order: combustion and industrial emission (42.06%) > secondary aerosols (24.04%) > vehicle exhaust (23.57%) > re-suspended dust (10.33%). The nitrogen aerosols might be mainly influenced by local emissions on normal and slight pollution days, while by both local emissions and transport from other areas on moderate and serious pollution days. Furthermore, nitrogen-containing species in PM2.5 primarily originated from long/medium-distance transportation in two serious pollution events during the entire campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Keke Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
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Sharma SK, Mukherjee S, Choudhary N, Rai A, Ghosh A, Chatterjee A, Vijayan N, Mandal TK. Seasonal variation and sources of carbonaceous species and elements in PM 2.5 and PM 10 over the eastern Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51642-51656. [PMID: 33990919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The study represents the seasonal characteristics (carbonaceous aerosols and elements) and the contribution of prominent sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in the high altitude of the eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling) during August 2018-July 2019. Carbonaceous aerosols [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC)] and elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Cl, P, S, K, Zr, Pb, Na, Mg, Ca, and B) in PM2.5 and PM10 were analyzed to estimate their possible sources. The annual concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were computed as 37±12 μg m-3 and 58±18 μg m-3, respectively. In the present case, total carbonaceous species in PM2.5 and PM10 were accounted for 20.6% of PM2.5 and 18.6% of PM10, respectively, whereas trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were estimated to be 15% of PM2.5 and 12% of PM10, respectively. Monthly and seasonal variations in mass concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were also observed during the observational period. In PM2.5, the annual concentrations of POC and SOC were 2.35 ± 1.06 μg m-3 (66% of OC) and 1.19±0.57 μg m-3 (34% of OC), respectively, whereas annual average POC and SOC concentrations in PM10 were 3.18 ± 1.13 μg m-3 (63% of OC) and 2.05±0.98 μg m-3 (37% of OC), respectively. The seasonal contribution of POC and SOC were ranging from 55 to 77% and 33 to 45% of OC in PM2.5, respectively, whereas in PM10, the seasonal contributions of POC and SOC were ranging from 51 to 73% and 37 to 49% of OC, respectively. The positive relationship between OC & EC and OC & WSOC of PM2.5 and PM10 during all the seasons (except monsoon in case of PM10) indicates their common sources. The enrichment factors (EFs) and significant positive correlation of Al with othe crustal elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, and Ti) of fine and coarse mode aerosols indicate the influence of mineral dust at Darjeeling. Principal component analysis (PCA) resolved the four common sources (biomass burning + fossil fuel combustion (BB + FFC), crustal/soil dust, vehicular emissions (VE), and industrial emissions (IE)) of PM2.5 and PM10 in Darjeeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Narayanswami Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Tian J, Guan H, Zhou Y, Zheng N, Xiao H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Xiao H. Isotopic source analysis of nitrogen-containing aerosol: A study of PM 2.5 in Guiyang (SW, China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143935. [PMID: 33348151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been a longstanding subject of debate, the nitrogen-15 isotope (δ15N) has been used to identify the major sources of atmospheric nitrogen. In this study, PM2.5 samples (n = 361) were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 in the urban area of Guiyang (SW, China), to investigate the chemical composition and potential sources of PM2.5. The results showed an average PM2.5 of 33.0 μg m-3 ± 20.0 μg m-3. The concentration of PM2.5 was higher in Winter, lower in Summer. The major water resolved inorganic ions (WSIIs) were Ca2+, NH4+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-. Nitrogen-containing aerosols (i.e., NO3- and NH4+) suddenly strengthened during the winter, when NO3- became the dominant contributor. Over the sampling period, the molar ratio of NH4+/(NO3- + 2 × SO42-) ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, thus indicating the full fixation of NH4+ by existing NO3- and SO42- in PM2.5. The annual value of NOR was 0.1 while rised to 0.5 in Winter. The variations of NOR (Nitrogen oxidation ratio) (0.1-0.5) values suggest that the secondary formation of NO3- occurred every season and was most influential during the winter. The total particulate nitrogen (TN) δ15N value of PM2.5 ranged from -5.9‰ to 25.3‰ over the year with annual mean of +11.8‰ ± 4.7‰, whereas it was between -5.9‰ and 14.3‰ during the winter with mean of 7.0‰ ± 3.8‰. A Bayesian isotope mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R; SIAR) was applied to analyze the nitrogen sources. The modeling results showed that 29%, 21%, and 40% of TN in PM2.5 during the winter in Guiyang was due to nitrogen-emissions from coal combustion, vehicle exhausts, and biomass burning, respectively. Our results demonstrate that biomass burning was the main contributor to PM during the winter, 80% of the air mass comes from rural areas of Guizhou border, this transport process can increase the risk of particulate pollution in Guiyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yunhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nengjian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Kaushal D, Yadav S, Tandon A. Water-soluble ionic species in atmospheric aerosols over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41475-41487. [PMID: 32683627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ionic species (WSIS) have been used as potential markers for different source(s) and underlining process(es) emitting and transforming atmospheric aerosols. PM10 aerosol sampling was performed once in a week for a complete one year, at a mid-altitude urban and a low-altitude rural location simultaneously in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya. Aerosol samples were analysed for major WSIS (anions: F-, Cl-, NO3-, PO43- and SO42-; cations: Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) using the ion chromatography system. Results showed that WSIS constitutes around 15% of PM10 aerosol load in the region. SO42- contributes the maximum (~ 50%) followed by NO3- (~ 12.5%) and NH4+ (~ 12.5%) to the total concentration of WSIS analysed. During all the seasons, average concentrations of PM10 and associated WSIS were observed to be higher over the rural location in comparison to the urban location. The total concentration of WSIS was found to be maximum during the winter season. Principal component analysis performed on the WSIS concentration dataset revealed four major sources of PM10-associated WSIS viz. re-suspension of soil or local sediments; conversion of pollutant gases (SOx, NOx and NH3) to particles, i.e., secondary inorganic aerosol formation; evaporative loss or re-suspension of inorganic (NPK) fertilizers' residues and biomass/crop-residue burning emissions in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India.
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Kaushal D, Bamotra S, Yadav S, Tandon A. Aerosol-associated n-alkanes over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya: seasonal variations in sources and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:517. [PMID: 32666386 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate n-alkanes are major constituents of organic aerosols (OA). Being primary in origin, chemically stable and thus long-lived, n-alkanes retains source signatures and along with diagnostic parameters have extensively been used to identify source(s) of OA. Systematic, yearlong study was carried out in the Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya (NWH) to investigate dynamics in the composition and concentration of aerosol-associated n-alkanes. PM10 samples were collected for 24 h, once every week, at an urban mid-altitude location (Dharamshala) and a rural low-altitude site (Pohara). Particulate bound n-alkanes were identified and quantified using thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS). Annual mean concentrations of total n-alkanes (TNA) were 211 ± 99 ng m-3 and 223 ± 83 ng m-3, while mass fractions of TNA in PM10 were 4410 ± 1759 ppm and 3622 ± 1243 ppm at Dharamshala and Pohara, respectively. At both sites, a slight dominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes was noticed. The TNA concentration and associated diagnostic parameters indicated unique source profiles at rural and urban locations. Significant seasonal variations were attributed to the contrasting land-use settings and meteorological variations. Influence of petrogenic contributions at urban location and predominance of biogenic contributions at rural location were observed in spring and autumn seasons. Preliminary insights on sources of organic aerosols are presented here. The diagnostic parameters allowed apportionment of biogenic and petrogenic sources. Biogenic emissions from agricultural practices viz. harvesting and threshing were predominant in the rural settings, while tourism-led anthropogenic contributions significantly add to petrogenic contributions in urban environment of the NWH region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
| | - Sarita Bamotra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, (J&K), 181143, India.
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India.
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Bhattarai H, Zhang YL, Pavuluri CM, Wan X, Wu G, Li P, Cao F, Zhang W, Wang Y, Kang S, Ram K, Kawamura K, Ji Z, Widory D, Cong Z. Nitrogen Speciation and Isotopic Composition of Aerosols Collected at Himalayan Forest (3326 m a.s.l.): Seasonality, Sources, and Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12247-12256. [PMID: 31558018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous aerosols are ubiquitous in the environment and thus play a vital role in the nutrient balance as well as the Earth's climate system. However, their abundance, sources, and deposition are poorly understood, particularly in the fragile and ecosensitive Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau (HTP) region. Here, we report concentrations of nitrogen species and isotopic composition (δ15N) in aerosol samples collected from a forest site in the HTP (i.e., Southeast Tibet). Our results revealed that both organic and inorganic nitrogen contribute almost equally with high abundance of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and water-insoluble organic nitrogen (WION), contributing ∼40% each to aerosol total nitrogen (TN). The concentrations and δ15N exhibit a significant seasonality with ∼2 times higher in winter than in summer with no significant diurnal variations for any species. Moreover, winter aerosols mainly originated from biomass burning emissions from North India and East Pakistan and reached the HTP through a long-range atmospheric transport. The TN dry deposition and total deposition fluxes were 2.04 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 6.12 kg ha-1 yr-1 respectively. Our results demonstrate that the air contamination from South Asia reach the HTP and is most likely impacting the high altitude ecosystems in an accepted scenario of increasing emissions over South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , 210044 Nanjing , China
| | | | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Peilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , 210044 Nanjing , China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , 210044 Nanjing , China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science , Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies , Chubu University , Kasugai 487-8501 , Japan
| | - Zhenming Ji
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - David Widory
- Geotop/Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , 201 Ave Président Kennedy , Montréal , QC H2X 3Y7 , Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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Wei N, Xu Z, Wang G, Liu W, Zhouga D, Xiao D, Yao J. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols during haze days in Shanghai based on dual carbon isotopes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Masalaite A, Holzinger R, Ceburnis D, Remeikis V, Ulevičius V, Röckmann T, Dusek U. Sources and atmospheric processing of size segregated aerosol particles revealed by stable carbon isotope ratios and chemical speciation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:286-296. [PMID: 29747112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Size-segregated aerosol particles were collected during winter sampling campaigns at a coastal (55°37' N, 21°03'E) and an urban (54°64' N, 25°18' E) site. Organic compounds were thermally desorbed from the samples at different temperature steps ranging from 100 °C to 350 °C. The organic matter (OM) desorbed at each temperature step is analysed for stable carbon isotopes using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) and for individual organic compounds using a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). The OM desorbed at temperatures <200 °C was classified as less refractory carbon and the OM desorbed at temperatures between 200 °C and 350 °C was classified as more refractory carbon. At the coastal site, we identified two distinct time periods. The first period was more frequently influenced by marine air masses than the second time period, which was characterized by Easterly wind directions and continental air masses. During the first period OM contained a large fraction of hydrocarbons and had a carbon isotopic signature typical of liquid fossil fuels in the region. Organic mass spectra provide strong evidence that shipping emissions are a significant source of OM at this coastal site. The isotopic and chemical composition of OM during the second period at the coastal site was similar to the composition at the urban site. There was a clear distinction in source contribution between the less refractory OM and the more refractory OM at these sites. According to the source apportionment method used in this study, we were able to identify fossil fuel burning as predominant source of the less refractory OM in the smallest particles (D50 < 0.18 μm), and biomass burning as predominant source of the more refractory OM in the larger size range (0.32 < D50 < 1 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masalaite
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - D Ceburnis
- School of Physics & Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - V Remeikis
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - V Ulevičius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - T Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - U Dusek
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sen A, Karapurkar SG, Saxena M, Shenoy DM, Chaterjee A, Choudhuri AK, Das T, Khan AH, Kuniyal JC, Pal S, Singh DP, Sharma SK, Kotnala RK, Mandal TK. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of PM 10 over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), adjoining regions and Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR) during a winter 2014 campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26279-26296. [PMID: 29978315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For source identification, a field campaign involving simultaneous sampling of particulate matter (PM10) was conducted at eight sampling sites in the Indian mainland during winter 2014. The sampling sites include Delhi (upper IGP), Lucknow (middle IGP), and Kolkata (lower IGP) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP); Mohal-Kullu and Darjeeling in the Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR). In addition, Ajmer, located upwind of the IGP in NW-India and Giridih and Bhubaneswar, in the downwind to the IGP has also been chosen. To characterize the sources of the ambient PM10, stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13CTC) and nitrogen (δ15NTN) for the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) fractions have been considered. Ancillary chemical parameters, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ionic components (WSIC) mass concentrations are also presented in this paper. There was very small variation in the daily average δ13CTC ratios (- 24.8 to - 25.9‰) among the sites. Comparison with end-member stable C isotopic signatures of major typical sources suggests that the PM10 at the sites was mainly from fossil fuel and biofuel and biomass combustion. Daily average δ15NTN ratios were not observed to vary much between sites either (8.3 to 11.0‰), and the low δ15NTN levels also indicate substantial contributions from biofuel and biomass burning of primarily C3 andC4 plant matter. Graphical abstract Scatter plot of the average (± 1 standard deviation (SD)) δ13CTC (‰) compared to δ15NTN (‰) at the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avirup Sen
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Mohit Saxena
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Damodar M Shenoy
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Abhijit Chaterjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Trupti Das
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Altaf H Khan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Srimata Pal
- Indian Statistical Institute, B.T. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Chen Y, Du W, Chen J, Hong Y, Zhao J, Xu L, Xiao H. Chemical composition, structural properties, and source apportionment of organic macromolecules in atmospheric PM 10 in a coastal city of Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5877-5887. [PMID: 28064392 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM10) associated with the fractions of organic macromolecules, including humic acid (HA), kerogen + black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC), was determined during summer and winter at urban and suburban sites in a coastal city of southeast China. The organic macromolecules were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their sources were identified by using stable carbon/nitrogen isotope (δ13C/δ15N) and the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) Model. The results showed that HA, kerogen (K), and BC accounted for the range of 3.89 to 4.55 % in PM10, while they were the dominant fractions of total organic carbon (TOC), ranging from 64.70 to 84.99 %. SEM analysis indicated that BC particles were porous/nonporous and consisted of spherical and non-spherical (i.e., cylindrical and elongate) structures. The FTIR spectra of HA, KB, and BC exhibited similar functional groups, but the difference of various sites and seasons was observed. HA in PM10 contained a higher fraction of aliphatic structures, such as long-chain fatty and carbohydrates with a carboxylic extremity. The C/N ratio, SEM, and δ13C/δ15N values provided reliable indicators of the sources of HA, K, and BC in PM10. The results suggested that HA and K majorly originated from terrestrial plants, and BC came from the mixture of combustion of terrestrial plants, fossil fuel, and charcoal. The air masses in winter originated from Mongolia (4 %), the northern area of China (48 %), and northern adjacent cities (48 %), suggesting the influence of anthropogenic sources through long-range transport, while the air masses for the summer period came from South China Sea (34 %) and Western Pacific Sea (66 %), representing clean marine air masses with low concentrations of organic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wenjiao Du
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Higueras PL, Sáez-Martínez FJ, Reyes-Bozo L. Characterization and remediation of contamination: the influences of mining and other human activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5997-6001. [PMID: 26983808 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo L Higueras
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica y Minera, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza de Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sáez-Martínez
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional CYTEMA, Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Política Científica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza de la Universidad, 2, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Reyes-Bozo
- Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Central de Chile, Toesca 1783, floor 2, Santiago, Chile
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