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Tuna Tuygun G, Elbir T. Comparative analysis of CAMS aerosol optical depth data and AERONET observations in the Eastern Mediterranean over 19 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:27069-27084. [PMID: 38503950 PMCID: PMC11052789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is an essential metric for evaluating the atmospheric aerosol load and its impacts on climate, air quality, and public health. In this study, the AOD data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) were validated against ground-based measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, a region characterized by diverse aerosol types and sources. A comparative analysis was performed on 3-hourly CAMS AOD values at 550 nm against observations from 20 AERONET stations across Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Egypt, and Turkey from 2003 to 2021. The CAMS AOD data exhibited a good overall agreement with AERONET AOD data, demonstrated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.77, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.08, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.11. Nonetheless, spatial and temporal variations were observed in the CAMS AOD data performance, with site-specific correlation coefficients ranging from 0.57 to 0.85, the lowest correlations occurring in Egypt and the highest in Greece. An underestimation of CAMS AOD was noted at inland sites with high AOD levels, while a better agreement was observed at coastal sites with lower AOD levels. The diurnal variation analysis indicated improved CAMS reanalysis performance during the afternoon and evening hours. Seasonally, CAMS reanalysis showed better agreement with AERONET AODs in spring and autumn, with lower correlation coefficients noted in summer and winter. This study marks the first comprehensive validation of CAMS AOD performance in the Eastern Mediterranean, offering significant enhancements for regional air quality and climate modeling, and underscores the essential role of consistent validation in refining aerosol estimations within this complex and dynamic geographic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tuna Tuygun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey.
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Tuna Tuygun G, Elbir T. Long-term spatiotemporal variation in atmospheric aerosol properties over Türkiye based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data: aerosol classification based on city type. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27920-3. [PMID: 37268812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to their complex aerosol characteristics, it is crucial to analyze the trends and properties of atmospheric aerosols over the eastern Mediterranean countries. This study comprehensively evaluates Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angström Exponent (AE) trends and aerosol classification over Türkiye, using the MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2019. The spatial distributions of AOD and AE were determined across various temporal scales, including multiannual, 5-year intervals, seasonal, and monthly periods. The analysis of the spatial distribution of AOD values revealed that the mean values in the northwestern areas, ranging from 0.20 to 0.25, were comparatively higher than those observed in the eastern regions, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.15. Between 1980 and 1994, the AOD values gradually increased, followed by a subsequent decline from 1995 to 2019. Based on 5-year intervals between 1980 and 2019, the coastal regions exhibited higher AOD values than the inland areas. Specifically, higher AOD values were noted between May and August, whereas lower values were observed during autumn and winter. Additionally, higher AE values were detected over the northwestern region, while the southeastern region had the lowest AE values, particularly during spring, attributed to the frequent occurrence of dust transport events in this area. The AOD and AE values were also examined in different city types, using the population thresholds of the European Commission. The global city category consisting only of Istanbul showed the highest AOD values across all seasons, while the category of very small cities, which includes 12 cities, had the lowest AOD values. Furthermore, this study investigated the contributions of dominant aerosol categories across various city types based on multiannual and seasonal variations of AOD and AE. The results showed that mixed and continental aerosols had higher portions across all city types. However, biomass burning/industrial and mixed aerosol categories were more prominent in global and large cities. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric aerosol properties in Türkiye and can serve as a useful guide for researchers intending to conduct future studies utilizing AOD and AE data obtained through MERRA-2 aerosol diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tuna Tuygun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Buca, Türkiye.
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Buca, Türkiye
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Jiménez T, Pollán M, Domínguez-Castillo A, Lucas P, Sierra MÁ, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, González-Sánchez M, Salas-Trejo D, Llobet R, Martínez I, Pino MN, Martínez-Cortés M, Pérez-Gómez B, Lope V, García-Pérez J. Residential proximity to industrial pollution and mammographic density. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154578. [PMID: 35304152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographic density (MD), expressed as percentage of fibroglandular breast tissue, is an important risk factor for breast cancer. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between MD and residential proximity to pollutant industries in premenopausal Spanish women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1225 women extracted from the DDM-Madrid study. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association of MD percentage (and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs)) and proximity (between 1 km and 3 km) to industries included in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. RESULTS Although no association was found between MD and distance to all industries as a whole, several industrial sectors showed significant association for some distances: "surface treatment of metals and plastic" (β = 4.98, 95%CI = (0.85; 9.12) at ≤1.5 km, and β = 3.00, 95%CI = (0.26; 5.73) at ≤2.5 km), "organic chemical industry" (β = 6.73, 95%CI = (0.50; 12.97) at ≤1.5 km), "pharmaceutical products" (β = 4.14, 95%CI = (0.58; 7.70) at ≤2 km; β = 3.55, 95%CI = (0.49; 6.60) at ≤2.5 km; and β = 3.11, 95%CI = (0.20; 6.01) at ≤3 km), and "urban waste-water treatment plants" (β = 8.06, 95%CI = (0.82; 15.30) at ≤1 km; β = 5.28; 95%CI = (0.49; 10.06) at ≤1.5 km; β = 4.30, 95%CI = (0.03; 8.57) at ≤2 km; β = 5.26, 95%CI = (1.83; 8.68) at ≤2.5 km; and β = 3.19, 95%CI = (0.46; 5.92) at ≤3 km). Moreover, significant increased MD was observed in women close to industries releasing specific pollutants: ammonia (β = 4.55, 95%CI = (0.26; 8.83) at ≤1.5 km; and β = 3.81, 95%CI = (0.49; 7.14) at ≤2 km), dichloromethane (β = 3.86, 95%CI = (0.00; 7.71) at ≤2 km), ethylbenzene (β = 8.96, 95%CI = (0.57; 17.35) at ≤3 km), and phenols (β = 2.60, 95%CI = (0.21; 5.00) at ≤2.5 km). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest no statistically significant relationship between MD and proximity to industries as a whole, although we detected associations with various industrial sectors and some specific pollutants, which suggests that MD could have a mediating role in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jiménez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Alejandro Domínguez-Castillo
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Sierra
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Mario González-Sánchez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Dolores Salas-Trejo
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain; Valencian Breast Cancer Screening Program, General Directorate of Public Health, Valencia, Spain; Center for Public Health Research CSISP, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Llobet
- Institute of Computer Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Martínez
- Valencian Breast Cancer Screening Program, General Directorate of Public Health, Valencia, Spain; Center for Public Health Research CSISP, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marina Nieves Pino
- Servicio de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Madrid Salud, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Martínez-Cortés
- Servicio de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Madrid Salud, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Virginia Lope
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
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Vardar S, Demirel B, Onay TT. Impacts of coal-fired power plants for energy generation on environment and future implications of energy policy for Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40302-40318. [PMID: 35318602 PMCID: PMC8940263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Turkish government aimed to increase the installed capacities of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) according to several policies and strategic plans published in recent years. Energy production from CFPPs and subsidizing the coal sector were selected for reducing the import dependency as a cheaper option. CFPPs with gaseous emissions as well as fly ash and fine dust, along with ash storage, coal storage, and coal mining operations and water use for cooling of the plants, affect the environmental quality. Hence, the health of inhabitants of the environment is affected. CFPPs to be built, according to strategic plans, will emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and would severely undermine the targets for a 1.5 ℃ or 2 ℃ warmer world. Subsidies to the coal sector, along with exemptions from environmental regulations, combined with slower growth of energy production from renewable energy sources (RES), may lead to a path dependence on coal, while the rest of the world increases their energy production from RES. This study demonstrates the concrete examples of pollution caused by CFPPs in Turkey, along with health effects with the addition of policy context toward utilization of CFPPs, to point out the risks these plants constitute both for the environment and economy. Increasing the share of RES in the energy mixture is particularly important for Turkey due to being in a geographical region that is highly vulnerable to climate change effects. This study also briefly discusses how the increase of RES and de-carbonization in Turkey could be conducted in the short- and long-term, upon the literature provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Vardar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak Demirel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut T Onay
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 72:244-253. [PMID: 34985835 PMCID: PMC8785112 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental particulate matter (PM), outdoor air pollution in particular, has long been associated with adverse health effects. Today, PM has widely been accepted as a systemic toxicant showing adverse effects beyond the lungs. There are numerous studies, from those in vitro to epidemiological ones, suggesting various direct and indirect PM toxicity mechanisms associated with cardiovascular risks, including inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, changes in blood pressure, autonomic regulation of heart rate, suppression of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thrombogenesis, myocardial infarction, and fibrinolysis. In addition to these and other health risks, considerations about air quality standards should include individual differences, lifestyle, and vulnerable populations such as children. Urban air pollution has been a major environmental issue for Turkey, and this review will also address current situation, research, and measures taken in our country.
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Ari PE, Ari A, Dumanoğlu Y, Odabasi M, Gaga EO. Organic chemical characterization of size segregated particulate matter samples collected from a thermal power plant area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114360. [PMID: 32443206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kütahya city, a thermal power plant (TPPs) affected region of Turkey, has serious air quality problems like similar industrial regions of the world due to the emissions from three closely-located coal-fired TPPs, residential coal combustion along with the contribution of several industrial stacks. The organic chemical speciation of ambient size-segregated particulate matter (PM) was investigated during two seasons at two sites with different pollution characteristics (urban and rural). The ambient PM was collected using a high volume cascade impactor, with 6 stages: PM>10.2, PM10.2-4.2, PM4.2-2.1, PM2.1-1.3, PM1.3-0.69 and PM<0.69. Collected PM samples were extracted with organic solvents and the organic composition (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes and carboxylic acids) was determined by GC-MS. Sources of the organic species were assessed using molecular PAH diagnostic ratios, carbon preference index and wax percentages. More than 70% of the PM-bound PAHs were quantified in submicron particles. Similarly, 34-42% of n-alkanes and approximately 30% of the carboxylic acids were found on the smallest particles. The main sources of the PM-bound organic species were considered as the anthropogenic emissions such as coal and biomass combustion and also vehicular emissions rather than the biogenic sources. Considerably high cancer risk levels were obtained through inhalation of PAHs. Seasonal variations and size distributions of the carboxylic acids and levoglucosan were also evaluated. Polar organic compound concentrations were higher in the summer period at both locations probably due to the higher sunlight intensity and temperature favoring their photochemical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ertürk Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoğlu
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Onay TT, Copty NK, Gökçe HB, Aydın-Sarıkurt D, Mumcu M, Arıoğlu E. Air quality impact assessment for the Eurasia Tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:195. [PMID: 30815743 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Eurasia Tunnel, a 5.4-km tunnel connecting the Asian and European sides of Istanbul, Turkey, was opened for operation in December 2016. This paper describes the air quality modeling that was conducted during the design phase of the structure, to evaluate the impact of the tunnel traffic on ambient air quality in the vicinity of the tunnel. The ventilation of the tunnel consists of longitudinal forced ventilation with vertical extraction through two stacks located near the Asian and European portals of the tunnel. The analysis was conducted using the AERMOD computer program for three pollutants CO, NO2, and PM10. Model results show that pollutants will rapidly disperse once released from the stack and will not affect air quality in the vicinity of the tunnel. The most critical parameters which controlled the ventilation system design were found to be NO2 and PM10. Maximum concentrations are not expected to violate the pertinent Turkish and EU air quality standards. Overall, this analysis shows that the ventilation system is efficient for the dispersion of the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut T Onay
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nadim K Copty
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Melih Mumcu
- Eurasia Tunnel Operation Construction and Investment Co. (ATAŞ), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ergin Arıoğlu
- Yapı Merkezi Construction and Industry Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
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Çakmak G, Ertürk Arı P, Emerce E, Arı A, Odabaşı M, Schins R, Burgaz S, Gaga EO. Investigation of spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in relation to the elemental composition. Mutat Res 2019; 842:22-34. [PMID: 31255223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the outdoor air pollution and its major component Particulate Matter (PM) are recently classified as human carcinogen, attempts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PM toxicity are still crucial and continuing with in vitro approaches in various environmental circumstances. Present study investigated the genotoxicity (Comet assay) and the cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assays) of 30 daily PM2.5 samples collected in the Kütahya province, to address their daily variability in effects with season (i.e. winter versus summer) and location (i.e. rural versus urban) using A549 human lung cancer epithelial cell line, as well as in relation to their chemical composition, specifically trace elements, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The genotoxicity, measured by the percentage tail intensity (TI), of the daily PM2.5 samples at the traffic dense urban station was higher than that of the rural site for 80% of the parallel days. The genotoxicity was significant in the winter at the urban and in the summer at the rural site. Cytotoxicity was the highest for the winter urban samples. The PM2.5 mass, OC, and EC concentrations were not correlated to DNA damage, while there were correlations with Mn, Fe, Cu and Ba at the rural PM2.5 samples, and Mn, Co and Ni at the urban samples, respectively. The present study is confirming that the complex composition of PM2.5 originating from spatial and temporal changes can cause differences in the health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Çakmak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabaşı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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